Abstract
By July of 1915 the young Dr. Martin Heidegger was ready to apply for a license to teach at Freiburg University.1 Two years earlier, in the summer of 1913, he had obtained the doctorate in philosophy with his inaugural dissertation, The Doctrine of Judgment in Psychologism. He had then set to work on his qualifying dissertation (Habilitationsschrift), but events had conspired to interrupt him. On August 1, 1914 the First World War broke out, and between August and October Heidegger was in and out of active military service twice, both times with Infantry Reserve Battalion 113, once as a volunteer (ca. August 2–10, 1914) and once as a draftee (October 9–20, 1914). In both cases he was dismissed for reasons of health.2
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Notes
Much of the research for the present article was conducted in Freiburg and Messkirch in late August, 1977 (it was then that I discovered Heidegger’s handwritten 1915 Lebenslauf, herein called ‘CV-1915’), although a first draft of the article was completed only in April of 1987. In July of 19871 discovered for the first time Professor Hugo Ott’s two invaluable articles on the young Heidegger: ‘Der junge Martin Heidegger. Gymnasial-Konviktszeit und Studium,’ Freiburger Diözesanarchiv, 104 (1984), 315–325, and ‘Der Habilitand Martin Heidegger und das von Schaezler’sche Stipendium. Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftsförderung der katholischen Kirche,’ Freiburger Diözesanarchiv 108 (1986), 141–160. I have drawn heavily on these articles for the present version of the article, completed in December of 1987.
The work that Heidegger commented on in his dissertation, Tractatus de modis significandi (or Grammatica speculativa) was later shown to have been authored not by Duns Scotus (1266–1308) but by the late-thirteenth century follower of Scotus, Magister Thomas of Erfurt (Thomas de Erfordia, Thomas Erfordiensis), ca. 1379. See Martin Grabmann, ‘De Thoma Erfordiensi auctore Grammaticae quae Ioanni Duns Scoto adscribitur Speculativae,’ Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, 15 (1922), 273–277: ‘Novissime cum codices De modo significandi seu Grammatica speculativa diversorum scholasticorum perscrutarer, verus huius Grammaticae auctor ex Bibliothecarum latebris prodiit, nempe Magister Thomas de Erfordia. Hanc thesim, ea quae in iis materiis litterariis possibilis est, certitudine gaudere, testimonio codicum manuscriptorum confirmatur’ (275). Concerning Heidegger’s published volume Grabmann writes: ‘Martinus Heidegger, qui in opere perdocto Grammaticam speculativam explicat et cum modernorum philosophorum praeprimis E. Husserl confert, quaestionem et dubium de authenticitate movere praetermittit’ (274).
3a. See also John D. Caputo, ‘Phenomenology, Mysticism and the “Grammatica Speculativa”: A Study of Heidegger’s “Habilitationsschrift,”’ Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 5, 2 (May, 1974), 101–117;
3b. John D. Caputo, Heidegger and Aquinas: An Essay on Overcoming Metaphysics (New York: Fordham University Press, 1982), 36–45. Throughout the present essay I shall mention Heidegger’s dissertation by reference to its presumed subject, Duns Scotus.
Victor Farias, Heidegger et le nazisme, translated from the Spanish and the German by Myriam Benarroch and Jean-Baptiste Grasset (Lagrasse: Verdier, 1987), 58, makes the startling claim that Heidegger’s qualifying dissertation ‘fut lui aussi dirigé par A. Schneider, du moins si l’on en croit un rapport de Heidegger adressé à Georg Misch, dans le cadre d’un appel d’offres pour l’université de Göttingen....’ Farias, without having seen such a document addressed by Heidegger to Misch, postulates (pp. 62 and 68) that it must underlie a report that Misch drew up on or soon after November 2, 1923 (see p. 67) that dealt with possible candidates for a position at Göttingen University and that is found in the university archives. At 312, n. 130, Farias cites the location of the report as ‘Archives de l’université de Göttingen XIV. IV. 13.7. Bd. II Ersatzvorschläge für Professoren 28.10.1920–1930. 9.1933’ [sic; perhaps: ‘28.10.1920–30.9.1933’?].
See ‘Exkurse XIX. Habilitationsordnung der philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg 1894,’ in E. Th. Nauck, Die Privatdozenten der Universität Freiburg i. Br. 1818–1955 (Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Eberhard Albert Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1956), 142–143; here, 143.
CV-1914 appears in Martin Heidegger, Die Lehre vom Urteil im Psychologismus. Ein kritisch-positiver Beitrag zur Logik [the title page continues: ‘Inaugural-Dissertation zu Erlangung der Doktorwürde der hohen philosophischen Fakultät der Albert Ludwigs-Universität zu Freiburg i. Breisgau vorgelegt von Martin Heidegger aus Messkirch, Baden’] (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1914), 111.
An English translation by Therese Schryne-makers appears in Joseph J. Kockelmans, Martin Heidegger: A first Introduction to his Philosophy (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press; and Louvain: Editions E. Nauwelaerts, 1965), If., and is reprinted in Listening, 12, 3 (Fall, 1977), 110.
The text of Rickert’s Gutachten appears in Appendix IV
A text based on the lecture was published as ‘Der Zeitbegriff in der Geschichtswissenschaft,’ Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 161 (1916), 173–188; the first footnote, keyed to the title, reads: ‘Das Folgende fällt inhaltlich mit der Probevorlesung zusammen, die der Verfasser am 27. Juli 1915 vor der philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg i. Br. hielt zur Erlangung der venia legendi. Die Form ist hier mehr dem Charakter eines Aufsatzes angepasst’ (173, n. 1). The text has been republished in Martin Heidegger, Frühe Schriften (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1972), 358–375, with the footnote recorded in Friedrich-Wilhelm von Herrmann’s ‘Bibliographischer Nachweis,’ 376;
Martin Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe, I/1, edited by Friedrich-Wilhelm von Herrmann (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1978), 415–433, with the footnote at 436.
English translation by Harry S. Taylor and Hans W. Uffelmann, ‘The Concept of Time in the Science of History,’ Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 9, 1 (January, 1978), 3–10.
The conscription date of August 18, 1915, is from Heidegger’s Standesliste-1915 under ‘Militärverhältnisse’ (‘Seit 18.VIII.1915 als Rekrut beim 2. Regr. E.B. 142, Müllheim, Berlin). The dates of September 18 and October 16, 1915, are from Farias, 59, with the source given as: ‘Les documents que nous avons pu consulter au Krankenbuchlager der Berlin...’ The date of November 1 is from Standesliste-1928 under ‘Militär- und Kriegsdienstzeit.’ (And in a letter dated December 13, 1915, and addressed to the chancellery office of the archdiocese of Freiburg, Heidegger described himself as ‘z. Z. bei der Überwachungsstelle Freiburg i. Br. militärisch verwendet’: cited in Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 159.) But in a letter to Hermann Köstler, dated Friday, May 11, 1979, Mrs. Elfriede Heidegger provided the following (in part conflicting) information (the text is Kostler’s): ‘Martin Heidegger stand mit Ausnahme von sechs Wochen, in denen er nach einem langen Lazarettaufenthalt in Müllheim nach Hause entlassen wurde, vom Frühjahr 1915 bis zum Frühjahr 1918 ununterbrochen in Militärdienst als Landsturmmann bei der Postüberwachungsstelle Freiburg...’ Hermann Köstler, ‘Heidegger schreibt an Grabmann,’ Philosophisches Jahrbuch, 83 (1980), 96–109, here 98 (emphasis added). During the last year of the war Heidegger was drafted once again (according to Standesliste-1928, on January 1; but Husserl wrote to him at Lerchenstrasse in Freiburg on January 30,1918: R I Heidegger, 30.1.18, Husserl-Archives, Leuven). According to Standesliste-1928, Heidegger spent from January 1 through May 15, 1918, in training with Ersatz-Bataillon [Infantry Reserve Batallion] 113, Fourth Company (at the Truppenübungsplatz in Heuberg, southern Germany: information, August 1977, from the late Prof. Franz Josef Brecht, who served in the army with Heidegger, and confirmed by Husserl’s letter, R I Heidegger, 28.III.18; but Heidegger was in Freiburg on Friday, April 26,1918: Husserl, R I Heidegger 11[?].V.18). Standesliste-1928 says that from May 15 through July 20 he served at the main meteorological station (Hauptwetterwarte) in Berlin-Charlotty, and from the beginning of August of 1918 ‘bis Waffenstillstand, Frontwetterwarte 414. Stellungskämpfe vor Verdun [until the cease-fire, at Weather Station 414 at the Front. Combat in the trenches at Verdun].’ However, Ott, in ‘Der Habilitand,’ 156 and n. 42, reports that according to the Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart EA 3/1, Heidegger was already transferred to the front — to Frontwetterwarte 414 of the Third Army — on July 8, 1918. In any case it is sure that on Tuesday, July 2, 1918 Heidegger was still in Charlotty, for on that date he wrote to Husserl from there (cf. Husserl, R I Heidegger, 10.IX.18). On August 11, 1977, Mrs. Elfriede Heidegger informed me orally that Heidegger arrived back in Freiburg from military service in December of 1918.
During the war it was common for professors to maintain their academic post while serving in a military capacity; see Köstler, 98, n. 14; also the remarks of Edith Stein (1891–1942): ‘While the war lasted, he [Professor Körte of classical studies, at that time dean of the Philosophy Department] was a Captain of the Reserves and drilled recruits in Freiburg; in his free time, he discharged his duties as Dean. That is why he was wearing his field gray uniform when he received me.’ Edith Stein, A us dem Leben einer jüdischen Familie. Das Leben Edith Steins: Kindheit und Jugend, vol. 7 of Edith Steins Werke, L. Gelber and Romaeus Leuven, eds. (Louvain: E. Nauwelaerts, and Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1965), 284
English translation by Josephine Koeppel, Life in a Jewish Family: Her Unfinished Autobiographical Account, vol. 1 of The Collected Works of Edith Stein, L. Gelber and Romaeus Leuven, eds., (Washington, D.C.: ICS Publications, 1986), 404.
For information on the course see Bernhard Casper, ‘Martin Heidegger und die Theologische Fakultät Freiburg 1909–1923’ in Remigius Bäumer, Karl Suso Frank, and Hugo Ott, eds., Kirche am Oberrhein. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Bistümer Konstanz und Freiburg(Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Herder, 1980), 534–541, here, 539 and n. 14.
Bernhard Casper, Freiburger Diözesanarchiv, 100 [1980] 534–541.) In the 1915 Bursar’s Record Book (Quästur-Journal) of Freiburg University the course bears the title ‘Geschichte der antiken Philosophie.’ Heidegger himself in his letter of December 13, 1915, addressed to the chancellery office of the archdiocese of Freiburg speaks of his course ‘über Geschichte der antiken und scholastischen Philosophie’: Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 157 and 159. The title ‘Grundlinien der antiken und scholastischen Philosophie’ is found in Heinrich Finke’s memo of November 20, 1915 (see n. 17 below) as well as in the Kollegienbuch of Fräulein Elfriede Petri. Because Heidegger was expected to be on active duty at the time, this course does not appear in the university catalogue of that year (Ankündigung der Vorlesungen der Grossherzoglich Badischen Albert-Ludwigs-Umversität zu Freiburg im Breisgau für das Winter-Halbjahr 1915/16 [Freiburg i. B.: Universitäts-Buchdruckerei U. Hochreuther, 1915])
and therefore it is not found in the list given in William J. Richardson, S.J. Heidegger: Through Phenomenology to Thought (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1963), 663–671.
On Engelbert Gustav Hans Krebs, see Albert Junghanns’ doctoral dissertation, Der Frei-burger Dogmatiker Engelbert Krebs (1881–1950): Ein Beitrag zur Theologiegeschichte, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg im Breisgau (Altendorf: D. Gräbner, 1979), especially ‘Der ‘Supplementauftrag’ und das Tauziehen um die Professor für christliche Philosophie’ and ‘Engelbert Krebs und Martin Heidegger — Begegnung mit Edith Stein,’ pp. 50–60, and the bibliography of Krebs’ works, 318–36. The archives of the Dogmatics Seminar of the Theology Department at Freiburg University possesses relevant, unpublished materials of Krebs, which I have not seen. Junghanns, 318, lists some of them as follows: (1) ‘Tagebuchnotizen in Taschenkalendern 1910–1914 (5 Kalender [sic]),’ (2) ‘Tagebücher 1914–1932 (11 Mappen),’ and (3) ‘Stichworte A-Z (4-Mappen).’ Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ refers simply to Krebs’ ‘Tagebuch’ and usually cites it by date (142ff.). Casper (538, n. 10, etc.) refers to Stichworte ‘H’ as ‘Notizbücher, Buchstab H.’ At 539, n. 14, he cites that source: ‘Im Winter 1915/16 las er [= Heidegger] auf meinem Rat Geschichte der griechischen und mittelalterlichen Philosophie im Überblick.
Henry Barnard, ed., Memoirs of Eminent Teachers and Educators with Contributions to the History of Education in Germany [Republished from The American Journal of Education’] (Hartford: Brown & Gross, 1878), 644, notes that in the late nineteenth century the ten years of Volksschule (which Barnard calls ‘common’ school) were divided into four ‘periods,’ each two years long, with admission to the first period at the age of six. According to CV-1913, Heidegger would have left the Volksschule after the second period (at ten years of age) and completed the remaining years in the Bürgerschule (but see n. 23).
For further information on elementary schooling and middle schools see G.J. Tamson, A General View of the History and Organisation of Public Education in the German Empire, translated by Wilhelm Lexis (Berlin: A. Asher & Co., 1904), 89–106, with mention of the Grand Duchy of Baden on p. 105
Friedrich Paulsen, German Education Past and Present, translated by T. Lorenz (London and Leipsic [sic]: T. Fisher Unwin, 1908, reprinted, New York: AMS Press, 1976), 236ff., and especially the translator’s ‘Terminological Notes,’ xi-xix
I.L. Kandel’s chapter, ‘Germany,’ in Peter Sandiford, ed., Comparative Education: Studies of the Educational Systems of Six Modern Nations (London: Dent and Sons; New York: E.P. Dutton, 1918), esp. 121–130 and 140–155
Alina M. Lindegren, Education in Germany, United States Department of the Interior, Office of Education, Bulletin 1938, No. 15 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1939), 1–7.
On the development of the höhere Bürgerschule in Baden see Mary Jo Maynes, Schooling for the People: Comparative Local Studies of Schooling History in France and Germany, 1750–1850 (New York and London: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 161–178. The Bürgerschule system that Heidegger went through was discontinued in the educational reform of 1918.
In Martin Heidegger. Zum 80. Geburtstag von seiner Heimatstadt Messkirch (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Kostermann, 1969), facing 29; reprinted in Walter Biemel, Martin Heidegger in Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1973), 15
English translation by J.L. Mehta, Martin Heidegger: An Illustrated Study (New York and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich/Original Harvest, 1976), 17, no. 4.
Professor Ott, ‘Der junge Heidegger,’ 316f., is, as far as I know, the first to mention Father Brandhuber, assistant pastor (1898–1900) and then pastor (1900–1906) at St. Martin’s Church, Messkirch. For a biographical note on Brandhuber see the unsigned, one-paragraph obituary ‘Brandhuber Camillus’ in ‘Necrologium Friburgense 1931–1935’ in Freiburger Diözesanarchiv, 64 (1936), 2.
On Gröber see Erwin Keller, Conrad Gröber, 1872–1948: Erzbischof in schwerer Zeit, second edition (Freiburg, Basel, Wien: Herder, 1981).
Also Hugo Ott, ‘Gröber, Conrad,’ in Bernd Ottnad, ed., Badische Biographien, Neue Folge (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1982), I.144–148. For the period of Gröber’s rectorate of the minor seminary see Keller, Chapter VII, esp. pp. 55–59. Konradihaus, which had reopened in 1884, was rebuilt and expanded in 1901 in order to accommodate over a hundred young seminarians, many of whom otherwise would have attended school in Rastatt, Sigmaringen, or Sasbach. Gröber was appointed the first rector of the new building with its increased studentbody. His reputation as a teacher was eminent; however, in the summer of 1905, while Heidegger was still a student there, Archbishop Thomas Nörber of Freiburg visited Konradihaus and came away with the unfavorable impression that there were ‘manche Lausbubengesichter darunter’ (cited in Keller, 58). Gröber was soon removed and appointed pastor of Trinity Church, where it was felt his administrative talents would be better employed.
Konrad Gröber, Geschichte des Jesuitenkollegs und —Gymnasiums in Konstanz (Constance: A. Streicher, 1904). For the date of the beginning of his book (‘im Oktober vergangenen Jahres’) see p. iii.
Information from Ott, ‘Der junge Martin Heidegger,’ 318 and 319. Ott, 319, also discovered the information about Friedrich Heidegger’s occasional work as a cooper; see Georg Wöhrle, ‘Pie Lage des Handwerks in Messkirch, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Schmiede, Wagner und Sattler,’ in Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik (published in Leibniz by Duncker and Humblot from 1873 to 1939), 69 (1897) 1–55; concerning Friedrich Heidegger, p. 51, end of the first paragraph: ‘Ein weiterer Küfer [in Messkirch] ist Messner [sic Wöhrle in the original; Ott, in citing the text, corrects it to ‘Mesner’]. Er macht nur nebenbei etwas Küferarbeit,’ (‘Another cooper [in Messkirch] is a sacristan. He only occasionally does some cooperage.’) The conversion of marks into American dollars is based on the then official exchange rate of $.238 per mark, which in 1924 was officially reconfirmed for the Weimar Republic’s Reichsmark.
Ott, ‘Der junge Martin Heidegger, 319. The foundation was established by the Fürstenberg family (whose ancestors had ruled Messkirch from 1627 to 1806) and was named for Catholic historian and theologian Father Johann Baptist Weiss (1820–1899), author of the 22-volume Lehrbuch der Weltgeschichte (Vienna: W. Braumüller, 1859–1898): Farias, 24, 27, 55, 311, n. 103 (but Farias’ bibliographical data are incorrect).
The source of the information on Heidegger’s reception of the Eliner Grant is a brief, 111-word document (cited later in our text) written on Friday, September 10, 1909, by Father Leonhard Schanzenbach (see n. 49 below), rector of the minor seminary in Freiburg and professor of religion and Hebrew at Freiburg’s Bertholdsgymnasium. The letter concerned the candidacy of the recently graduated Heidegger for university-level studies in theology. Professor Ott has discovered the document (Erzbischöfliches Archiv Freiburg, Ordinariat Freiburg, Generalia. B 2–32/157) and published it in ‘Der junge Heidegger,’ 323. Ott provides further information on the history and conditions of the grant, ibid., 320–321.
Concerning his last full year at Constance, Heidegger reports that in 1905 (therefore, either during the second half of his Obertertia or the first half of his Untersekunda) he discovered the Austrian author Adelbert Stifter and first read his collection of stories, Bunte Steine (‘Colored Stones’): Frühe Schriften, x; Gesamtausgabe, I/l, 56; English translation by Hans Seigfried, ‘A Recollection,’ in Thomas Sheehan, ed., Heidegger, the Man and the Thinker (Chicago: Precedent Press, 1981), 22.
On the Berthold-Gymnasium see Freiburg im Breisgau. Stadtkreis und Landkreis. Amtliche Kreisbeschreibung, vol. 1/2 (Freiburg im Breisgau: Rombach & Co., 1965), 801 and 936–938.
Biemel, 18–19 in both the German and English editions.
The rulings on the Pentateuch are given in Conrad Louis, ed., Rome and the Study of Scripture: A Collection of Papal Enactments on the Study of Holy Scripture together with the Decisions of the Biblical Commission, 6th revised and enlarged edition (St. Meinrad, Indiana: Grail Publications, 1958), 115–122.
For biographical information on Schanzenbach see the obituary ‘Schanzenbach Leonhard’ (signed ‘A.’) in ‘Necrologium Friburgense, 1936–1940’ in Freiburger Diözesanarchiv, 68 (1941), 27–28. Schanzenbach became director of the (old) minor seminary in Freiburg in 1881, but he officially became ‘rector’ only in 1889 when the seminary moved into its new quarters on Zähringenstrasse. He retired from teaching in 1919 but remained rector until 1934.
Heidegger’s education was to be very much under the influence of Father Dreher’s works, including his Kleine Grammatik der hebräischen Sprache mit Übungs- und Lesestücke für Obergymnasien bearbeitet (Freiburg: Herder, 1898), which Father Schanzenbach used in teaching Heidegger Hebrew. Father Dreher’s work on apologetics, which Heidegger studied during Obersekunda, was the 67-page Kleine katholische Apologetik für reifere Schüler höherer Lehranstalten (Freiburg: Herder, various years and editions). During the Unterprima and Oberprima he used the four-part Lehrbuch der katholischen Religion für Obergymnasium, originally published in Sigmarigen by M. Liehner, 1876, but in later editions published by R. Oldenbourg in Munich. For the Unterprima course in modern Church history there was Dreher’s 108-page Abriss der Kirchengeschichte für Obergymnasium (Sigmarigen: M. Liehner, 1882; adapted also as Part IV of his Lehrbuch), adapted and translated into English by Bonaventure Hammer, Outlines of Church History (St. Louis: Herder, 1896).
Dreher’s interest in the Collegium Sapientiae, the major seminary where Heidegger lived from 1909 to 1911, is mentioned by Wolfgang Müller, ‘Dreher, Theodor’ in Bernd Ottnad, ed., Badische Biographien, Neue Folge (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1982), I, 102.
See also L. Bopp, ‘Dreher, Theodor,’ in Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, III (1959), 543.
Martin Heidegger, Zur Sache des Denkens (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1969), 81
English translation by Joan Stambaugh, On Time and Being (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 74.
Franz Brentano, Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles (Freiburg: Herder, 1862; reprinted, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1960); in English: On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle, trans. Rolf George (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975).
Frühe Schriften, x; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 56; ‘A Recollection,’ 22.
I am grateful to the late Professor Franz Josef Brecht of Mannheim for communicating to me (August 9, 1977) this information about the literary circle.
On Heidegger’s discovery of Hölderlin’s poems: Frühe Schriften, x; Gesamtausgabe, I/l, 56; ‘A Recollection,’ 22.
Ott, ‘Der junge Heidegger,’ 322.
Zur Sache des Denkens, 81f.; On Time and Being, 74f. Heidegger uses the alternate spelling: Carl rather than Karl. On Braig, see n. 74 below.
Frühe Schriften x; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 56; ‘A Recollection,’ 22.
Farias, 33. See also Gerd Haeffner, ‘Martin Heidegger (1889–1976)’ in Otfried Höffe, ed., Klassiker der Philosophie (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1981), II, 361–362.
J.A. McDowell, A Genese da Ontologia Fundamental de Martin Heidegger: Ensaio de caracterização do modo de pensar de ‘Sein und Zeit (Säo Paulo: Herder, 1970), 155 n. 116.
On the Theology Department of Freiburg University, see Bernhard Weite, ‘Die Theologie zwischen Erbe und Neubeginn,’ in Festschrift der Universität Freiburg zur Eröffnung des zweiten Kollegiengebäudes’, Johannes Vincke, ed., (Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Eberhard Albert Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1961) 9–30. The Theology Department at the time was composed of eleven professors, all priests, and had about 225 students out of the 2600 registered at the university
see Joseph Lins, ‘Freiburg,’ The Catholic Encyclopaedia, VI (1909), 266 and 269
Joseph Lins, ‘Baden, Grand Duchy of,’ The Catholic Encyclopaedia, II (1907) 199.
On Heidegger’s entry into the Sapientia, Farias, 309, n. 26, refers to documentation in: ‘Erzbischöfliches Archiv Freiburg. Generalia. Rubrik: Klerus, betr. Theologisches Konvikt. Volume 7, 1908/1909/1910/1911. B 2–32/174.’ On the Collegium Sapientiae see Adolf Weisbrod, Die Freiburger Sapienz und ihr Stifter Johannes Kerer von Wertheim (Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Eberhard Albert Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1966). On its modern use as a theology seminary see Freiburg im Breisgau. Stadtkreis und Landkreis, 791 and 929; on the Protestant seminary (mentioned just below in the text)
Adolf Weisbrod, Die Freiburger Sapienz und ihr Stifter Johannes Kerer von Wertheim (Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Eberhard Albert Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1966), 798.
McDowell, 155 n. 116.
Martin Heidegger, Schellings Abhandlung Über das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit (1809), Hildegard Feick, ed. (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1971), 33
English translation by Joan Stambaugh, Schelling’s Treatise on the Essence of Human Freedom (Athens, Ohio and London: Ohio University Press, 1985), 27.
Martin Heidegger, Die Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie, Gesamtausgabe, 11/24, Friedrich-Wilhelm von Herrmann, ed. (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1975), 113
English translation by Albert Hofstadter, The Basic Problems of Phenomenology (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1982), 80.
Julius Mayer (1857–1926) was the author of Geschichte der Benediktinerabtei St. Peter auf dem Schwartzwald (1893), Die christliche Ascèse (1894), and Predigten von Alban Stolz. Aus dessen Nachlass zu seinem hundertsten Geburtstag herausgegeben (1908), all published by Herder in Freiburg.
Gottfried Hoberg (1857–1924), an arch-conservative Old Testament exegete and, beginning in 1903, consultor to the Pontifical Biblical Commission, taught at Freiburg University from 1890 to 1919 and wrote widely on the Pentateuch. His works include (all the following were published by Herder in Freiburg) Die Genesis nach dem Literalsinn erklärt (1899), Moses und der Pentateuch (1905), two short lectures published as Über die Pentateuchfrage. Mit Berücksichtigung der Entscheidung der Bibel-Kommission ‘De mosaica authentia pentateuchi’ vom Jahre 1906 (1906), Exegetisches Handbuch zum Pentateuch, mit hebräischem und lateinischem Text (Freiburg: Herder, 1908ff.). On Hoberg see Raimondo Köbert, ‘Hoberg, Gottfried,’ Enciclopedia Cattolica (Città del Vaticano, 1948–54), VI, 1452–3
and Alfons Diessler, ‘Hoberg, Gottfried,’ Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche V (1960), 397.
Simon Weber (1866–1929), a conservative theologian, came to Freiburg in 1898 as professor of apologetics and from 1908 to 1916 was professor of New Testament exegesis. He authored the monumental, 532-page Die katholische Kirche in Armenian, ihre Begründung und Entwicklung vor der Trennung. Ein Beitrag zur christlichen Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte (Freiburg: Herder, 1903) and Christliche Apologetik (Freiburg: Herder, 1907); see S. Hirt’s obituary in ‘Necrologium Friburgense’ in Freiburger Diözesanarchiv, 59 (1931), 22–21; and H. Riedlinger, ‘Weber, Simon,’ in Lexikon für Theologie and Kirche, X (1965), 973.
The noted church historian Georg Pfeilschifter (1870–1936) held the chair of church history at Freiburg from 1903 to 1917 (when he was succeeded by Emil Göller; cf. infra) and in 1925, while at Munich, founded the Deutsche Akademie. See J. Oswald, ‘Georg Pfeilschifter 1870–1936,’ Historisches Jahrbuch, 56 (1936), 437–440.
Heinrich Straubinger had just taken over the chair of apologetics (which had been separated off from the chair of dogmatics and bestowed on Andreas Schill in 1889) that autumn of 1909, and he held it until 1949. See Weite, ‘Die Theologie,’ 14f.
Johann Uebinger (1854–1912) held the chair of Christian philosophy (Lehrstuhl der christlichen Philosophie) in Seminar I of the Philosophy Department from 1903 to 1911 as the successor of Adolf Dyroff (1866–1943), who held it from 1901–1903. He took the doctorate at Würzburg with the dissertation Philosophie des Nikolaus Cusanus (Würzburg: J.B. Fleischmann, 1880) and went on to publish Die Gotteslehre des Nikolaus Cusanus (Münster and Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1888) and to edit various works of Cusanus in Zeitschrift für Philosophie (1894–96).
For all the citations in this paragraph: Zur Sache des Denkens, 81f.; On Time and Being, 74f.
Ibid., 82 = 75 for this and the following citation.
Stein, Aus dem Leben, 174; Life, 250. Koeppel’s translation is misleading at this point and has been corrected here.
Martin Heidegger, Unterwegs zur Sprache (Pfullingen: Günther Neske, 1959), 96; English translation by Peter D. Hertz, On the Way to Language (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 9f. Hoberg, who taught the course on hermeneutics, published Katechismus der biblischen Hermeneutik (Freiburg: Herder, 1914; but Köbert, in ‘Hoberg,’ 1452, lists its first publication as 1904).
Die Einheit des Seelenlebens aus den Principien der Aristotelischen Philosophie entwickelt, (Freiburg im Breisgau: F.J. Schenble, 1873; reprinted unchanged, Frankfurt am Main: Minerva, 1967). This is Schell’s doctoral dissertation in philosophy, done under Brentano at Würzburg.
Das Wirken des Dreieinigen Gottes (Mainz: Kirchheim, 1885). This is Schell’s doctoral dissertation in theology.
Katholische Dogmatik, 4 vols. (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1889–1893).
Die Göttliche Wahrheit des Christentums. This work was projected in four books; the first book (which, as far as I know, was the only one of the four to be published) is in two volumes: Gott und Geist, 2 vols, Erster Teil, Grundfragen (Paderborn, Ferdinand Schöningh, 1895), Zweiter Teil, Beweisführung (ibid., 1896).
Der Katholizismus als Princip [sie] des Fortschritts (Würzburg: Andreas Göbel, 1897).
Die neue Zeit und die alte Glaube (Würzburg: Andreas Göbel, 1898).
Apologie des Christentums, 2. vols., I. Religion und Offenbarung (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1901 [3rd ed.: 1907]); II. Jahwe und Christus (ibid. 1905 [2nd ed., 1908]).
Christus: Das Evangelium und seine weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung (Mainz: Kirchheim 1903); English translation, translator not listed, The New Ideals in the Gospel (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1913).
Kleineren Schriften, Karl Hennemann, ed. (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1908).
On Schell see Josef Hasenfuss, ‘H. Schells Synthese von scholastischem und modernem Denken und Glauben im Sinne eines christlichen Personalismus,’ in Joseph Ratzinger and Heinrich Fries, eds., Einsicht und Glaube [Festschrift for Gottlieb Söhngen] (Freiburg: Herder, 1962), 377–398.
Also: Thomas Franklin O’Meara, Romantic Idealism and Roman Catholicism: Schelling and the Theologians (Notre Dame, Indiana, and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1982), 194–196.
In Section X the Syllabus condemned what it called ‘errors regarding contemporary liberalism,’ such as: ‘LXXX. Romanus Pontifex potest ac debet cum progressu, cum liberalismo et cum recenti civiltate sese reconciliare et componere.’
See Norbert Trippen, Theologie und Lehramt im Konflikt. Die kirchlichen Massnahmen gegen den Modernismus im Jahre 1907 und ihre Auswirkungen in Deutschland (Freiburg: Herder, 1977). For Schell, see 189–220.
See Weite, ‘Die Theologie,’ 23f. Also Junghanns, Der Freiburger Dogmatiker, 41–46.
Tn arch-Catholic Freiburg I do not want to stand out as a corrupter of the youth, as a proselytizer, as an enemy of the Catholic Church.’ Edmund Husserl, R I Otto 5.III.19, Husserl-Archives, Leuven. An English translation of the entire text is published as: Edmund Husserl, ‘Letter to Rudolf Otto (1919),’ in Sheehan, ed., Heidegger, 23–26; here, 24. ‘Arch-Catholic’: According to the census of December 1,1905, Freiburg had a population of 76,286, of whom 53,133 (70%) were Catholic: Lins, ‘Freiburg,’ The Catholic Encyclopaedia, VI (1909), 264.
Henry Duméry, ‘Blondel et la philosophie contemporaine (Etude critique),’ Etudes blondeliennes, 2 (1952), 92 n. 1 ad fin. During the summer of 1910 Heidegger published a brief article, his first, in the journal Allgemeine Rundschau, vol. 7, about the inauguration of a monument to Abraham a Sancta Clara (see n. 48 above) on Monday, August 15, 1910, in Abraham’s native town of Kreenheinstetten near Messkirch: Farias, 39, 47–49, and 309, n. 45. Farias claims that the brief article ‘articulates all the determining elements’ of ‘Martin Heidegger’s early ideological and spiritual evolution’ (39).
Braig (1853–1923) was a student of the last of the great Catholic Tübinger theologians, J. Kuhn, and an outstanding Leibniz scholar. He began teaching at Freiburg University in 1893 and held the chair in dogmatic theology from 1897 to 1919, when he was succeeded by Engelbert Krebs. Under the general title of Die Grundzüge der Philosophie he published (all with Herder in Freiburg) Vom Denken. Abriss der Logik (1896), Vom Sein. Abriss der Ontologie (1896) and Vom Erkennen. Abriss der Noetik (1897). See Friedrich Stegmüller, ‘Braig, Carl,’ Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, II (1958), 642; Weite, ‘Die Theologie zwischen Erbe and Neubeginn,’ 13f.; and Farias, 63.
See Farias, 36–37.
Archeologist and historian of ecclesiastical art Joseph Sauer (1872–1949), a student of church historian Franz Xaver Fraus at Freiburg, wrote his qualifying dissertation under Pfeilschifter and was appointed Privatdozent for church history in 1902. In 1905 he was named ausserordentlicher Professor with a contract to teach the history of Christian literature and theological science in the Middle Ages, and his lecture courses were on the Council of Trent, the history of mysticism and scholasticism, and the church and theology in pre-Reformation Europe. See Johannes Vincke, ‘Joseph Sauer, 1872–1949,’ in Johannes Vincke, ed., Freiburger Professoren des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Eberhard Albert Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1957), 109–119, with excerpts from his diary (1924–1939), 119–137, and a photograph of Sauer facing 128.
Frühe Schriften, 344 n. 2; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 402 n. 2. In his letter to Grabinann, dated January 7, 1917, Heidegger mentions his enthusiasm ‘für weitere Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der mittelalterl. Scholastik u. Mystik.’ Cited in Köstler, 102 and 104.
For example, Casper, 540, Köstler, 98, and (following Casper) Farias, 63.
The course was announced on p. 23 of Ankündigung der Vorlesungen der Badischen Albert Ludwigs- Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau für das Winterhalbjahr 1919/1920 (Freiburg im Breisgau: Universitäts-Buchdruckerei Emil Gross, 1919).
Cf. Sein und Zeit, 11th ed. (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1967), 72 n. 1; English translation by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson, Being and Time (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), 490 n. H. 72.
On Heinrich Finke see ‘Heinrich Finke’ in Sigfrid Steinberg, ed., Die Geschichtswissenschaft der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellungen (Leipzig: Felix Meiner, 1925), I, 1–34, with bibliography 34–38;
Johannes Spörl, ‘Heinrich Finke 1855–1938,’ Historisches Jahrbuch, 58 (1938), 241–248;
G. Schreiber, ‘Finke, Heinrich’ in Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, X (1965), 140–141, with further secondary sources.
Farias, 33.
Martin Heidegger, ‘Der Feldweg’ in Martin Heidegger. Zum 80. Geburtstag, 11–15, here 11; English translation by Thomas F. O’Meara, revised by Thomas Sheehan, Listening, 8 (1973), 33–39, here 33;
reprinted in Thomas Frick, ed., The Sacred Theory of the Earth (Berkeley; North Atlantic Books, 1986), 45–48, here 45.
Fritz Heidegger, ‘Ein Geburtstagsbrief des Bruders,’ in Martin Heidegger. Zum 80. Geburtstag, 60.
Joseph Geyser, Grundlagen der Logik und Erkenntnislehre. Eine Untersuchung der Formen und Prinzipien objektiv wahrer Erkenntnis (Münster: H. Schöningh, 1909). At this time Geyser held the chair in Christian philosophy at Münster. He would hold the comparable chair at Freiburg from 1917 until 1924, when he left for Munich.
See Fritz-Joachim von Rintelen, ‘Joseph Geyser zum Gedächtnis,’ Philosophisches Jahrbuch, 58 (1948), 307–311.
Edmund Husserl, ‘Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft,’ Logos, 1,3 (1910–1911), 289–341.
On the appearance of the article in March, 1911: Karl Schuhmann, Husserl-Chronik. Denkund Lebensweg Edmund Husserls (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1977), 154.
Herbert Spiegelberg, The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Introduction, 2nd. edition, vol. 1 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1971), 276. In a footnote Spiegelberg notes that this is an ‘[o]ral communication’ from Heidegger.
On the history of the Philosophy Department as presented in this paragraph and the following one, see Siegfried Gutenbrunner, ‘Die Philosophische Fakultät 1961’ in Vincke, Festschrift der Universität Freiburg, 105–124. In 1909 the philological-historical section of philosophy had forty-three professors, and the mathematics-and-natural-sciences section had thirty: Lins, ‘Freiburg,’ The Catholic Encyclopaedia, VI (1909), 269. On the history of the teaching of mathematics at University of Freiburg see H. Gericke, Zur Geschichte der Mathematik an der Universität Freiburg i. Br. (Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Eberhard Albert Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1955). As late as the 1911 catalogue of courses, mathematics and the natural sciences were still listed under the Philosophy Department, although this changed thereafter. (The other three departments or Fakultäten in the university after the split remained the same: theology, law and political science, and medicine, with, respectively, eleven, sixteen, and fifty lecturers.)
Die Lehre vom Urteil (1914), 111; English translation by Therese Schrynemakers in Kockelmans, 2; in Listening, 110.
See Section III for the complete text.
Heidegger, Frühe Schriften, x; Gesamtausgabe, I/l, 56; ‘A Recollection,’ 22. Heidegger remarks a misinterpretation of Nietzsche that was current at that time: Nietzsche, 2 vols (Pfullingen: Neske, 1961) I, 252–253; English trans, by David Krell, Nietzsche, 4 vols. (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), I, 218–219.
Gaspers, 538 n. 9.
Heidegger mentions his course or courses with Vöge in Frühe Schriften, xi; Gesamtausgabe, I/l, 57; ‘A Recollection,’ 22. See Karl Bauch, ‘Wilhelm Vöge,’ in Vincke, Freiburger Professoren, 183–190, with a photograph of Vöge facing 184.
Zur Sache des Denkens, 82; On Time and Being, 75. Heidegger frequently mentions Braig; e.g.: Frühe Schriften, xi; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 57; ‘A Recollection,’ 22. See also O’Meara, 195. The structure of metaphysics that Heidegger refers to here is what he later called ‘ontotheology.’ That word was first used by Kant, but in a different sense, in his lectures on philosophy of religion: ‘Philosophische Religionslehre nach Pölitz,’ in Kants gesammelte Schriften, ed., Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1972), XXVIII. 2, 2 (Vorlesungen 5, 2/2), 1003, 1004, 1013; English trans, by Allen W. Wood and Gertrude M. Clark: Immanuel Kant, Lectures on Philosophical Theology (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1978), 31, 33, 44.
On Heidegger’s teachers of mathematics, Alfred Loewy and Lothar Heffter, see Gericke, Zur Geschichte der Mathematik, 69–72. Also on Loewy see E.Th. Nauck, Die Privatdozenten, 113. A list of teachers in the natural sciences during Heidegger’s student days is given in E.Th. Nauck, Zur Vorgeschichte der naturwissenschaftlich-mathematischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. Die Vertretung der Naturwissenschaften durch Freiburger Medizinprofessoren (Freiburg im Breisau: Verlag Eberhard Albert Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1954), 62f.
Arthur Carl August Schneider, who took the doctorate in philosophy at the University of Breslau in 1900, had studied for a while under Husserl, as he mentions (without giving the exact period) in the Lebenslauf printed at the end of the excerpt from his doctoral dissertation, Beiträge zur Psychologie Alberts des Grossen (Münster: Aschendorff, 1900) 41; Prof. Karl Schuhmann has suggested (see Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 144, n. 12) that ‘Schneider habe vermutlich Heidegger auf Husserl aufmerksam gemacht.’ (But did Husserl share Johannes Daubert’s opinion that Schneider was a ‘dolt’? Cf. ‘dieses Kamel,’ in Daubert’s letter to Husserl, dated Tuesday, October 29, 1907, printed in Reinhold N. Smid, ‘Zwei Briefe von Johannes Daubert an Edmund Husserl aus dem Jahr 1907,’ Husserl Studies, 1 [1984], 143–156; the letter is given at 151–153, and the cited phrase is on 153.) Schneider was a Privatdozent at Munich from 1903 until 1908, when he was appointed ausserordentlicher Professor for Catholic philosophy there, taking the place of Georg Freiherrn von Hertling. He held the chair of Catholic philosophy at Freiburg from the fall of 1911 until the fall of 1913, when he left for Strassburg. In 1920 he went to Frankfurt and in 1921 to Cologne. Before coming to Freiburg he published Die Psychologie Alberts des Grossen. Nach den Quellen dargestellt, 2 vols. (Münster: Aschendorff, 1903–06).
Heidegger provides this information about the Grieshaber-Pino Grant in Standeslist-1928 under the category ‘Stipendium (während der Ausbildungszeit und Beihelfen aus staatlichen Mitteln.’ Ott too mentions the grant (‘ein Stipendium aus der Stiftung Grieshaber... ca. 400 Mk. jährlich’) in ‘Der junge Martin Heidegger,’ 321, n. 20, as well as in ‘Der Habilitand,’ 141 (‘das sogenannte Grieshaber’sche Stipendium...’).
Farias, 58, mistakenly cites the title of Rickert’s course as ‘Introduction to Logic and Metaphysics.’
Frühe Schriften, 3.; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 61. In the original 1914 edition: vii. In CV-1915 Heidegger also credits Rickert with helping to open his eyes to history.
Literarische Rundschau, 39, 4 (April 1, 1913), col. 179; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 46. For a roughly contemporaneous reading of value philosophy see Joseph Fischer, ‘Die Philosophie der Werte bei Wilhelm Windelband und Heinrich Rickert’ in Joseph Geyser et al., eds., Festgabe zum 60. Geburtstag Clemens Bauemker (Münster: Aschendorff, 1913), 449–466.
Frühe Schriften, 133; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 191.
On October 8, 1917, in a letter to Professor Paul Natorp of Marburg Edmund Husserl could report that Heidegger was no longer satisfied with the philosophy of Rickert: Husserl-Archives, R I Natorp 8.X.17; partial translation in Sheehan, ‘Heidegger’s Early Years: Fragments for a Philosophical Biography’ in Sheehan, ed., Heidegger, 8. On August 9, 1977, the late Professor Franz Josef Brecht of Mannheim informed me that Heidegger himself frequently communicated the same dissatisfaction to Brecht while the two were on military guard duty in southern Germany in January of 1918.
Sein und Zeit, 155f.; Being and Time, 198f.
‘Gespräch mit M. Heidegger im Rahmen des Pro-Seminars von Prof. Spoerri. Zürich, den 6. November 1951,’ ad fin, unpublished.
Frühe Schriften, x; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 56; ‘A Recollection,’ 22. HO. Sein und Zeit, 218 n.; Being and Time, 493f. n. H. 218.
Both works have been reprinted by the original publisher in Emil Lask, Gesammelte Schriften, Eugen Herrigel, ed., vol. 2 (Tübingen: J.C.B.Mohr [Paul Siebeck]), 1923, 1–282 and 283–463 respectively. Rickert’s attempt to reconcile his own ‘subjective’ approach with Lask’s ‘objective’ approach — especially as expressed in Lask’s critique of Rickert mentioned in his 1908 lecture ‘Gibt es einen ‘Primat der praktischen Vernunft’ in der Logik?’ At the Third International Congress for Philosophy in Heidelberg — is found in Rickert, ‘Zwei Wege der Erkenntnistheorie. Transscendentalpsychologie und Transscendentallogik’ Kant Studien, 14(1909), 169–228; cf. 210.
On Lask see Georg von Lukacs, ‘Emil Lask,’ Kantstudien 22 (1918), 349–370;
Georges Gurvitch, Les tendances actuelles de la philosophie allemande: E. Husserl, M. Scheler, E. Lask, M. Heidegger (Paris: J. Vrin, 1949), 153–186;
Hans Peter Sommerhäuser, Emil Lask in der Auseinandersetzung mit Heinrich Rickert (Berlin: Ernst-Reuter-Gesellschaft, 1965), as well as his ‘Emil Lask, 1875–1915: Zum neunzigsten Geburtstag des Denkers,’ Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung, 21 (1967), 136–145.
See Heidegger, ‘Neuere Forschungen über Logik,’ Literarische Rundschau für das katholische Deutschland, 38, 10 (October 1, 1912), col. 471; also in Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 24–25.
On Rousselot and Maréchal see Thomas Sheehan, Karl Rahner: The Philosophical Foundations (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1987), 55–102. Rousselot was killed at Les Eparges, near Verdun, on April 25, 1915. Lask was killed in the Carpathians at Turza-Mala (Galicia, now in southern Poland) one month later, on May 26, 1915.
Die Grundprobleme, 253; Basic Problems, 178. Heidegger earlier offered similar criticisms of Lask in his courses: summer semester, 1922: ‘Phänomenologische Interpretation ausgewählter Abhandlungen des Aristoteles zur Ontologie und Logik’ (on Friday, July 21, and Monday, July 24, 1922); and summer semester, 1923: ‘Ontologie. Hermeneutik der Faktizität,’ (on Wednesday, June 13, 1923).
Martin Heidegger, ‘Das Realitätsproblem in der modernen Philosophie,’ Philosophisches Jahrbuch, 25 (1912), 353–363; reprinted in Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 1–15;
English translation by Philip J. Bossert, ‘The Problem of Reality in Modern Philosophy,’ Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 4, 1 (January, 1973), 64–71.
On this article see Karl Lehmann, ‘Metaphysik, Transzendentalphilosophie und Phänomenologie in den ersten Schriften Martin Heideggers (1912–1916),’ Philosophisches Jahrbuch, 71 (1963), 331–357, here 334.
Also Philip J. Bossert, ‘A Note on Heidegger’s ‘Opus One’,’ Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 4, 1 (January, 1973), 61–63. In 1916 Martin Grabmann sent Heidegger a copy of Grabmann’s own article on Külpe, ‘Der kritische Realismus Oswald Külpes und der Standpunkt der aristotelisch-scholastischen Philosophie,’ Philosophisches Jahrbuch, 29 (1916), 333–369 — perhaps because Heidegger had sent Grabmann a copy of his Duns Scotus book (which appeared in late 1916) and maybe even his own 1912 article on Külpe. In his return letter to Grabmann dated January 7, 1917, Heidegger mentions Külpe both favorably and somewhat critically; see Köstler, ‘Heidegger schreibt an Grabmann,’ 98 (99), 103, and 104 ad fin.
‘Das Realitätsproblem,’ 356; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 5; ‘The Problem of Reality,’ 66.
‘Das Realitätsproblem,’ 360; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 10; ‘The Problem of Reality,’ 68.
‘Das Realitätsproblem,’ 362,357, and 358; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 13, 7, and 8; ‘The Problem of Reality,’ 13, 7, and 8.
Literarische Rundschau, 38, 10 (October 1, 1912), cols. 465–472; 38, 11 (November 1, 1912), cols. 517–524; 38, 12 (December 1, 1912), cols. 565–570. The article appeared under the rubric of ‘Übersichten’ rather than ‘Rezensionen und Referate.’ It is reprinted in Gesamtausgabe, I/l, 17–43. Sauer was the chief editor of the Rundschau from 1905 to 1914: Vincke, ‘Joseph Sauer,’ 114.
Literarische Rundschau, 38, 10 (October 1, 1912), col. 466; Gesamtausgabe, I/l, 18.
Literarische Rundschau, 38, 11 (November 1, 1912), col. 520; Gesamtausgabe, I/l, 30.
Sein und Zeit, 166, cf. note 1; Being and Time, 209; cf. 492, note x.
A review of F. Ohmann, ed., Kants Briefe in Auswahl (Leipzig: Insel-Verlag, 1911): Literarische Rundschau, 39, 2 (February 1, 1912), col. 74; and a review of Nikolai von Bubnoff s qualifying dissertation, Zeitlichkeit und Zeitlosigkeit, (Heidelberg, 1911): Literarische Rundschau, 39, 4 (April 1, 1913), cols. 178–179; both reprinted in Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 45–46. On von Bubnoff, with a bibliography of his works, see Erich Th. Hock, ‘von Bubnoff, Nicolai, Religionsphilosoph’ in Bernd Ottnad, ed., Badische Biographien, I, 83–85.
Literarische Rundschau, 39, 4 (April 1, 1913), col. 179; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 46.
Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie, I. Buch, in Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, 1/1 (1913), 1–323. The journal appeared irregularly, e.g.: 2 (1916); 3 (1916); 4 (1921).
Untitled first and second pages in Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, 1/1 (1913).
Zur Sache des Denkens, 83; On Time and Being, 76.
Ibid., German, 85 and 86; English, 78.
Ibid., German, 86; English, 78.
Ibid., German, 83f.; English, 76.
Ibid., German, 84; English, 77.
Loc. cit.
Ibid., German, 85; English, 78.
Ibid., German, 85; English, 77f.
Ibid., German, 87; English, 79. On the categorial intuition and Heidegger’s later insight into the meaning of being, see Sheehan, Karl Rahner, 291–294.
See Stein, Aus dem Leben, 284; Life, 404; cf. (only in the English edition) 505 n. 194.
‘Erklärung./Der Unterzeichnete gibt hiermit sein Ehrenwort an Eides Statt, das derselbe die an einer hohen philosophischen Fakultät vorgelegte Arbeit selbsständig verfasst hat./Freiburg in Breisgau, 30. Juni 1913/Martin Heidegger, Cand. Math.’
The text of CV-1913 appears in Appendix I.
The text of Schneider’s Gutachten appears in Appendix II.
The grade of summa cum laude is noted in Standesliste-1915: ‘Promoviert, Prädikat: Summa cum laude.’ (Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 143, n. 10, has also found this information in the archdiocesan archives: Erzbischöfliches Ordinariatsarchiv Nr. 7247, 229–231.) Husserl’s remark that this grade is reserved for those going on to the Habilitation is found in Stein, Aus dem Leben, 288; Life, 408.
The source of this information is the note made on November 14, 1913 (either in Taschenkalender 1913 or under Stichworte ‘H’) by Krebs, who, according to Ott’s report (‘Der Habilitand,’ 145–6; Casper, 538, also alludes to the information) wrote that Heidegger felt ‘ganz zu Hause’ with the topic ‘das logische Wesen des Zahlbegriffs... weil er die höhere Mathematik ganz beherrscht (Infinitesimal-, Integralrechnung, Gruppenordungen [??] und dergleichen mehr).’ (The material in brackets is added by Ott.) The topic was probably suggested in part by Rickert’s essay that greatly influenced the young Heidegger, ‘Das Eine, die Einheit und die Eins. Bemerkungen zur Logik des Zahlbegriffs,’ Logos 2 (1911–12); indeed it is probable that from 1913 on, Heidegger wanted Rickert to direct the qualifying dissertation. In his letter of July 2, 1915, addressed to the Philosophy Department (see n. 5 above) Heidegger included ‘der Zahlbegriff as the third possible topic for his Probevortrag.
In CV-1915 Heidegger refers to Rickert’s Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung (Tübingen: Mohr, [2nd. ed.] 1913). About one third of the work is translated as: Heinrich Rickert, The Limits of Concept Formation in Natural Science: A Logical Introduction to the Historical Sciences (abridged edition), ed. and trans, by Guy Oakes (London and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
See Casper, 540–541.
On Krebs see n. 16 above.
The lecture of October 8, 1912, was published in 1913 as ‘Erkenntniskritik und Gotteserkenntnis, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Vaihingers Als-Ob-Philosophie,’ in Geyser et al., eds., Festgabe zum 60. Geburtstag Clemens Baeumker, 467–491. Krebs’ general thesis (cf. 469, 491, etc.) was that human knowledge cannot be adequately explained if epistemology excludes a concept of God as the grounding unity of the relation of finite subjects and objects. For details on Krebs’ lecture and the circumstances leading to this meeting with Heidegger see Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 143–4.
‘Ein scharfer Kopf, bescheiden, aber sicher in Auftreten,’ cited in Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 143, without date; presumably from either Krebs’ Taschenkalender, 1913, or his Stichworte ‘H.’
See R. Padberg, ‘Knecht, Friedrich Justus,’ in Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, VI (1961), 356–7.
‘... dem Geiste der thomistischen Philosophie getreu bleiben...’: Knecht’s letter to Heidegger, September 29, 1913, cited in Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 154. For information on the von Schaezler Foundation (the ‘Constantin und Olga von Schaezler’sche Stiftung zu Ehren des hl. Thomas von Aquin’) see R. Padberg, ‘Knecht, Friedrich Justus,’ in Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, VI (1961), 151–154. Only theologians and priests were supposed to be eligible for awards; Heidegger seems to have been the only layman ever to receive one. To the best of my knowledge, Heidegger does not mention the von Schaezler grant in either the 1915 or the 1928 Standesliste.
‘Der gehorsamst Unterzeichnete gedenkt sich dem Studium der christlichen Philosophie zu widmen und die akademische Laufbahn einzuschlagen.’ In his letter of acceptance of the grant (October 10, 1913) Heidegger wrote: ‘Nach Kräften werde ich mich bemühen, durch mein wissenschaftliches Arbeiten das in mich gesetzte Vertrauen zu erfüllen.’ Both texts are found in Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 154. The grant was renewed again on November 18, 1914 (but with the archdiocese’s advice that, for financial security, Heidegger get certified for high-school teaching while pursuing the Habilitation) and (with only a half-award) on January 12, 1916: R. Padberg, ‘Knecht, Friedrich Justus,’ in Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, VI (1961), 155–159.
Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 147.
The German text is in Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 145; from Stichworte ‘H’ (as noted in Junghanns, 54), dated September 2, 1913.
For information in this and the following paragraph, see Junghanns, 51.
See Junghanns, 41–46, and 52; Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 150. The text of the oath is in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis 2 (1910), 655–680; an English translation is found in American Catholic Quarterly Review, 35 (1910), 712–731.
Farias, 62.
Junghanns, 51f.
Junghanns, 52.
Krebs is the source of our information on the meeting of Finke and Heidegger; see notes 163 and 164. Finke continued to support Heidegger at least through the fall of 1916 (and probably until Joseph Geyser’s appointment to the chair in the spring of 1917), as we learn from Husserl’s letter R I Natorp 8.X.17, cited in part in Sheehan, ed., Heidegger, 7.
In a letter to Privatdozent Friedrich Nauen, dated January 2, 1914, Krebs wrote: ‘Er [Finke] hat ihn [Heidegger] nun aufgefordert,... für die Erlernung der Methode das Historische Seminar Finkes zu besuchen.’ Cited in Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 147.
Krebs, Stichworte ‘H,’ November 14, 1913, cited in Casper, 538, n. 10, and partially in Junghanns, 55. (Farias, 57–8, misquotes the entry slightly.)
Krebs, Taschenkalender, November 14, 1913, cited in Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 146.
Junghanns, 52.
Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 146, where the text is called ‘De origine Praedicamentorum.’ On Krebs’ doctoral studies in philosophy see Junghanns, 16–20. Krebs passed the rigorosum on July 23, 1903, and later that year published the 79-page third chapter (‘Meister Dietrichs Philosophie’) of his doctoral dissertation as Studien über Meister Dietrich (Freiburg: Herder, 1903). A longer (385-page) version of his work was published in Münster three years later as Meister Dietrich (Theodoricus Teutonicus de Vriberg). Sein Leben, seine Werke, seine Wissenschaft (Münster: Aschendorff, 1906). Krebs provides the bibliographical information on and the contents of ‘De origine rerum praedicamentalium,’ ibid., 10*-11*.
Die Lehre vom Urteil (1914), vii; Frühe Schriften, 3; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 61.
Part of Krebs’ letter to Nauen is cited in Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 147.
Julius Ebbinghaus, in Philosophie in Selbstdarstellungen, Ludwig J. Pongratz, ed. vol. 3 (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1977), 31.
For the German text of Heidegger’s letter see Ott, ‘Der Habilitand,’ 148.
In Ideen (Section 79), 158, n. 2, Husserl criticized two articles, by August Messer and Jonas Cohn, that appeared in the first volume of Jahrbücher der Philosophie: ‘Beiden haben... den Sinn meiner Darstellungen missverstanden...’
The book version of the dissertation has been noted above, n. 7. Heidegger also published much of the dissertation as an article: ‘Die Lehre vom Urteil im Psychologismus,’ Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 155 (1914), 148–172; and 156 (1915), 41–78. In the first footnote Heidegger refers to the publication as ‘Abschnitte’ of his dissertation; the ‘V. Abschnitt’ of the book-version is omitted. The three book reviews were of: Franz Brentano, Von der Klassifikation der psychischen Phänomene (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1911): Literarische Rundschau, 40, (May 1, 1914), cols. 233–234; Charles Sentroul, Kant und Aristoteles, trans. L. Heinrichs (Kempten and Munich: Kösel, 1911)
Charles Sentroul, Kant und Aristoteles, 40, 7 (July 1, 1914), cols. 330–332;
and F. Gross, ed., Kant — Laienbrevier (Munich: Bruckmann, 1912)
F. Gross, ed., Kant — Laienbrevier, 40, 8 (August 1,1914), cols 376–377. These reviews are reprinted in Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 47–54.
Literarische Rundschau, 40, 7 (July 1, 1914), col. 331; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 51.
Frühe Schriften, 133; Gesamtausgabe, I/1, 191.
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Sheehan, T. (1988). Heidegger’s Lehrjahre . In: Sallis, J.C., Moneta, G., Taminiaux, J. (eds) The Collegium Phaenomenologicum, The First Ten Years. Phaenomenologica, vol 105. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2805-3_5
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