Abstract
The earliest attempts to formulate a theory of electrical conductivity of metals brought into prominence the variation of conductivity with temperature. As lower and lower temperatures were reached toward the end of the nineteenth century, physicists began to study the resistivity of metals as a function of temperature.
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Notes
J. Dewar, J. A. Fleming, 1893, (p. 296). See also J. Dewar, J. A. Fleming, 1896, (p. 81): “These measurements, therefore, afford a further confirmation of the law we have enunciated as a deduction from experimental observations, that the electrical resistivity of a pure metal vanishes at the absolute zero of temperaturex.”
A. M. Clerke, 1901, (p. 705).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, J. Clay, 1906a, (p. 39).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, J. Clay, 1907a, (p. 18). See also H. Kamerlingh Onnes, J. Clay, 1907b.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, J. Clay, 1908, (p. 26).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1911a. For a detailed presentation of the discovery of superconductivity and the work done during the first years following the discovery see P. F. Dahl, 1984, 1986.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1913e, (p. 330).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1913d, (p. 59). The electrical resistance of alloys does not, in general, become very small at low temperatures and this suggested that the purity of the metals is of great importance for temperature-resistance investigations.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1911a.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1911 e, (p. 13).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 191 If, (p. 24).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1913a, b; p. 3 and p. 35.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1913b, (p. 31). This may be a reason why the otherwise careful E. Cohen says that superconductivity was discovered in 1913.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1913e, (p. 330).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1913d, (pp. 58–59).
Ibid., (pp. 59–60).
W. Nernst, 1911, (p. 313). F. A. Lindemann, 1911.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1913d, (p. 62).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1912, (p. 10).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1912, (p. 10).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1913b, (pp. 43–44).
Ibid., (p. 44).
See Ibid., (p. 46).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1913a.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1914b, (p. 11).
See J. J. Thomson, 1915, esp. pp. 192–3 and 198.
Ibid., (p. 198).
Lindemann’s view later developed by Borelius, 1918, and Haber, 1919.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1921, (pp. 49–50).
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, B. Beckman, 1912a.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, B. Beckman, 1912b.
W. Tuyn, H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1926. The conclusions are expressed in Kamerlingh Onnes’s characteristic way: “... on the faith of the results obtained up till now we think we may accept the hypothesis of Silsbee as being correct”. [Ibid., (p. 37)].
G. J. Sizoo, H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1925, (p. 13).
G. J. Sizoo, W. J. De Haas, H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1926, (p. 29).
See G. J. Sizoo, H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1925, and G. J. Sizoo, W. J. De Haas, H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1926.
H. Kamerlingh Onnes, W. Tuyn, 1922, (p. 13). However, ordinary lead and uranium lead were found to have the same T c within the accuracy of 0.025 °K.
See, H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1924, and W. Tuyn, 1929. Cf. K. Mendelssohn, 1964, (p. 8): “I think the reason is that none of us checked the details of the experiment with a lead sphere-which unfortunately was hollow-and we took this result for granted”. Cf. also H. Casimir, 1983, (p. 339).
H. B. G. Casimir, 1977, (p. 170).
F.Bloch, 1980,(p. 27).
F.London, 1950, (p. 142).
See text to footnote 20.
See the discussion on H. Kamerlingh Onnes’ (1924) report, presented by Keesom, esp. (pp. 285–289).
P. H. Van Laer, W. H. Keesom, 1938. See also C. J. Gorter, 1964, esp. (p. 4).
C.J. Gorter, 1964, (p. 4).
W. J. de Haas, J. Voogd, 1931. See also W. J. de Haas, J. Voogd and J. M. Jonker, 1934.
H. B.G.Casimir, 1973, (p. 486).
H. B. G. Casimir, 1977, (p. 178).
C. J. Gorter, H. Casimir, 1934. See also B. S. Chandrasekhar, 1969, (pp. 24–25).
A general proof has been given by Von Laue. See: M. von Laue 1949, pp. 7f.
F. London, H. London, 1935, p. 87.
See L. Brillouin, 1935. See also F. London, 1935, (p. 25) and 1937, (p. 7). For a more formal proof of the theorem see M. R. Schafroth, 1960, (pp. 404–406).
F.London, 1935, (p. 31).
Ibid., (p. 21).
F.London, 1950, (p. 150).
See W. Heisenberg, 1949.
B. B. Goodman, 1953. The Heisenberg-Koppe theory could be interpreted in terms of an energy gap.
F. London, 1949a.
H. Fröhlich, 1961, (p. 7).
H. Fröhlich, 1961, (p. 7). See also H. Fröhlich, 1980.
H. Fröhlich, 1966, (p. 539).
H. Fröhlich, 1966, (p. 551).
See J. Bardeen, 1952.
J. Bardeen, 1963, (p. 25).
P.W.Anderson, 1969, p. 1349.
G. Rickayzen, 1965, (p. 24). Actually, the idea of bound electron pairs emerged for the first time in an attempt by Ogg, 1946, to explain the phase separation and superconductivity of metal-ammonia solutions. See also J. M. Blatt, 1964, (pp. 86–87).
J. Bardeen, 1973c, (p. 31).
J. Bardeen, 1963, (p. 26).
J. Bardeen, 1973c, (pp. 35–36). In (pp. 36–41) of the same paper one can find interesting information on the reception of the B.C.S. theory by the scientific community. For a summary of results obtained after the proposal of the B.C.S. theory, see J. Bardeen and J. R. Schrieffer, 1961. See also J. Bardeen, 1969, and M. J. Buckingham, 1961.
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Gavroglu, K., Goudaroulis, Y. (1989). Superconductivity: the paradox that was not. In: Methodological Aspects of the Development of Low Temperature Physics 1881–1956. Science and Philosophy, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2556-4_3
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