Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cancer Cachexia

  • Chapter
Influence of Tumor Development on the Host

Part of the book series: Cancer Growth and Progression ((CAGP,volume 3))

Abstract

Cancer cachexia is a complex syndrome that embraces all of the systemic deterioration of late cancer and all the distant systemic effects of any phase of cancer. It involves every system to some extent and, eventually, is physiologically catastrophic (106, 313). The word ‘cachexia’ simply means ‘poor condition’ and is descriptive of any emaciative disease state.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abasov IT: Changes in the gustatory sensitivity of cancer patients. Sovetskaya Meditsina 25:47, 1961

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Adams DH: A biochemical simulation of some metabolic effects of tumor growth in mice. In: Biological Interactions in Normal and Neoplastic Growth. Ed. M. J. Brennan and Little Brown, pp. 595–605, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  3. Adolph EF: Urges to eat and drink in rats. Am J Physiol 151:110, 1947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Agnew LRC, Mayer J: Mechanism of anorexia in vitamin-deficient hyperphagic animals. Nature 177:1235, 1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Algire GH, Chalkley HW: Vascular reactions of normal and malignant tissue in vivo. I. Vascular reactions of mice to wounds and to normal and neoplastic transplants. J Nat Cancer Inst 6:73, 1945

    Google Scholar 

  6. Anand BK, Brobeck JR: Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats. Yale J Biol Med 24:123, 1951

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Al-Sharraf M, Go TS, Kithier K, Vaitkevicius VK: Primary liver cancer. Cancer 33:574, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  8. Anderson MR, Green HN: Tumor host relationships. Brit J Cancer 213:27, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  9. Arbeit JM, Burt ME, Rubinstein LV, Gorschboth CM, Brennan MF: Glucose metabolism and percentage of glucose derived from alanine: response to exogenous glucose infusion in tumor bearing and non-tumor bearing rats. Cancer Res 42:4936, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Baillie P, Millar FK, Pratt AW: Food and water intakes and tumor growth in rats with hypothalamic lesions. Am J Physiol 209:293, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Baillie P, Millar FK, Morrison SD, Pratt AW: Gastric ulceration in tumor-bearing rats. J Nat Cancer Inst 38:939, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Baker RD: Intestinal absorption of fat in tumor-bearing rats. Cancer Res: 23:928, 1963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Baker N, Hill V, Ookhtens M: Regulation of plasma free fatty acid mobilization by dietary glucose in Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice. Cancer Res 38:2372, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Barac-Nieto M, Spurr GB, Lotero H, Maksud MG, Dahners HW: Body composition during nutritional repletion of severely undernourished men. Am J Clin Nutr 32:981, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Barnes RH, MacCay EM: Influence of protamine zinc insulin upon appetite during anorexia of vitamin B1 deficiency. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 45:759, 1940

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Barry RE: Malignancy, weight loss and the small intestinal mucosa. Gut 15:562, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Battocletti JH: NMR proton imaging. CRC Crit Rev Biomed Eng 11:313, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Beall PT, Brinkley BR, Chang DC, Hazlewood CF: Microtubule complexes correlated with growth rate and water proton relaxation times in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 82:4124, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  19. Beaton JR, Szlavko AJ, Stevenson JAF: Extraction and chemical characteristics of anorexigenic and fat-mobilizing substances from rat urine. Canad J Physiol Pharmacol 423:647, 1964

    Google Scholar 

  20. Beaton JR, Szlavko AJ, Box BM, Stevenson JAF: Biological aspects of anorexigenic and fat mobilizing substances from rat urine. Canad J Physiol Pharmacol 42:657, 1964

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Beaton JR, Szlavko AJ, Stevenson JAF: Factors influencing the excretion of a fat-mobilizing substance in the urine of rats. Canad J Physiol Pharmacol 44:95, 1966

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Beaton JR, Uehara PS: Observations on an anorexigenic material isolated from urine. Canad J Physiol Pharmacol 47:291, 1969

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Becker C, Beudreau GS, Beard JW: Glucose and lactate concentration in plasma of chickens with myeloblastosis and erythroblastosis. J Nat Cancer Inst 24:387, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Begg RW: Tumor-host relations. Adv Cancer Res 5:1–54, 1958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Begg RW, Dickinson TE: Systemic effects of tumors in force-fed rats. Cancer Res 11:409, 1951

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bell WB: The malignant functions of the chorionic epithelium. J Obst Gyn Brit Emp 35:233, 1928

    Google Scholar 

  27. Benedict FG: The influence of inanition on metabolism. Carnegie Inst Washington, Bull 77, 1907

    Google Scholar 

  28. Benedict FG: A study of prolonged fasting. Carnegie Inst Washington Publ No. 203, 1915

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bell WB, Cunningham L, Jowett M, Millet H, Brooks J: The metabolism and acidity of the foetal tissues and fluids. Brit Med J i:126, 1928

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bennegard K, Eden E, Ekman L, Schersten T, Lundholm K: Metabolic balance across the leg in weight-losing cancer patients compared to depleted patients without cancer. Cancer Res 42:4293, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Benton DA: Growth of sarcoma 180 in adrenalectomized mice. Cancer Res 22:1220, 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Berndt H: Malabsorption in cancer of and outside the bowel. Digestion 1:305, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bernstein IL: Physiological and psychological mechanisms of cancer anorexia. Cancer Res 42:7155, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bernstein IL, Bernstein ID: Learned food aversion and cancer anorexia. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65(Suppl 5):43, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  35. Bernstein IL, Sigmundi RA: Tumor anorexia: a learned food aversion? Science 209:412, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  36. Bignall JR: Bronchial carcinoma: a survey of 317 patients. Lancet i:786, 1955

    Google Scholar 

  37. Bizzi A, Garratini S, Guaitani A: Mobilization of plasma free fatty acids during growth of various experimental tumors. Eur J Cancer 4:117, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Blackburn GL, Moldauer LL, Usi S, Bothe A, O’Keefe SJD, Bistrian BR: Branch chain amino acid administration and metabolism during starvation, injury and sepsis. Surgery 86:307, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bland KI, Adcock RA, Ratcliffe DJ, Fry DE: Inefficient substrate utilization: a mechanism of cachexia in cancer. J Surg Res 28:416, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bloch JH, Millar FK, Harris R, Berlin NI, White J: Water exchange in animal and human tumors. J Appl Physiol 16:181, 1961

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Block JB, Bronson WR, Bell WR: Metabolic abnormalities of lactic acid in Burkitt-type lymphoma with malignant effusions. Ann Int Med 65:101, 1966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Blundell JE: Is there a role for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in feeding? Int J Obes 1:15, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bolles RC: Effect of food deprivation upon the rat’s behavior in its home cage. J Comp Physiol Psychol 56:456, 1963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Borai B, DeWys W: Assay for presence of anorexic substance in urine of cancer patients. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 21:378, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  45. Boulos BM, MacDougall M, Shoeman DW, Azarnoff DL: Evidence that inhibition of hepatic drug oxidation by tumors is mediated by a circulating humor. Proc Soc Exp Biol Mex 139:1353, 1972

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bovée W, Huisman P, Smidt J: Tumor detection and nuclear magnetic resonance. J Natl Cancer Inst 52:595, 1974

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bower BF, Gordon GS: Hormonal effects of non-endocrine tumors. Am Rev Med 16:83, 1965

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Boyd EM iioyd CE, Hill JJ, Ravinsky E: The lipid and water content of carcass, skeletal muscle, and testicle in the host component of the albino-rat-Walker carcinoma 256 dual organism at progressive stages of tumor growth. Canad J Biochem Physiol 32:359, 1954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Boyd EM, Connell ML, McEwen HD: The lipid composition and water content of carcass, skeletal muscle and testicle in the host component of the albino rat-Walker carcinoma 256 dual organism. Canad J Med Sci 30:471, 1952

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Boyd EM, Fontaine V, Hill JG: Significant changes in the lipid and water content of the thymus gland in albino rats bearing Walker carcinoma 256. Canad J Biochem Physiol 33:69, 1955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Boyd EM, Jarzylo S, Shanas MN: Organ lipids and water in tumor-induced and drug-induced cachexia. Cancer 13:850, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Boyd EM, Kelly EM, Murdoch ME, Boyd CE: Lipid and water levels in five organs of albino rats bearing Walker Carcinoma 256. Cancer Res 16:535, 1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Boyd EM, McEwen HD, Shanas MN: The lipid composition and water content of brain, heart, lung, liver, gut and skin in the host component of the albino rat-Walker carcinoma 256 dual organism. Canad J Med Sci 31:493, 1953

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Boyd EM, Tikkala AO: Lipid and water levels in the kidneys of albino rats bearing Walker carcinoma 256. Canad J Bio-chem Physiol 34:259, 1956

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Boyland E, Gasson JE, Williams DC: 5-hydroxytryptamine excretion in patients with carcinoma of the larynx and bronchi. Lancet ii:975, 1956

    Google Scholar 

  56. Brackenridge CJ: The tyrosine and tryptophan content of blood serum in malignant disease. Clin Chim Acta 5:539, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Bramante PO, Nunn AS, Steiner MC, Beaulieu DE: A method of quantitation of oxygen consumption of tumor-bearing rats. J Appl Physiol 18:216, 1963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Braun T, Fabry P, Petrasek R, Rudinger J: Factor in human urine inhibiting lipid metabolism. Experientia 19:319, 1963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bray GA, Campfield LA: Metabolic factors in the control of energy stores.Metabolism 24:99, 1975

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Bray GA, York DA: Genetically transmitted obesity in rodents. Physiol Rev 51:598, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Brennan MF: Uncomplicated starvation versus cancer cachexia. Cancer Res 37:2359, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Brennan MF: Total parenteral nutrition in the cancer patient. New Engl J Med 305:375, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Brennan MF, Burt ME: Nitrogen metabolism in cancer patients. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65:(Suppl 5), 67, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  64. Brennan MF, Copeland EM, Fischer J, Rosenberg I, Herbert V, Wilmore D, Blackburn G: Panel report on nutritional support of patients with cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1199, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Brobeck JR: Effects of variations in activity, food intake and environmental temperature on weight gain in the albino rat. Am J Physiol 143:1, 1945

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Brobeck JR: Food and temperature. Recent Progr Hormone Res 16:439, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Brosnan JT: Pathways of carbon flux in gluconeogenesis. Fed Proc 41:91, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Brouha L, Maxfield ME, Smith PE, Stopps GJ: Discrepancy between heart rate and oxygen consumption during work in the warmth. J Appl Physiol 18: 1095, 1963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Burgess EA, Sylven B: Changes in glucose and lactate content of ascites fluid and blood plasma during growth and decay of the ELD ascites tumor. Brit J Cancer 16:298. 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Burgess EA, Sylven B: Glucose, lactate and lactic dehydrogenase activity in normal interstitial fluid and that of solid mouse tumors. Cancer Res 22:581, 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Burke M, Bryson EI, Kark AE: Dietary intakes, resting metabolic rates, and body composition in benign and malignant gastrointestinal disease. Brit Med J 280:211, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Burt ME, Gorschboth CM, Brennan MF: A controlled, prospective, randomized trial evaluating the metabolic effects of enteral and parental nutrition in the cancer patient. Cancer 49:192, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  73. Burt ME, Lowry SF, Gorschboth C, Brennan MF: Metabolic alterations in a non-cachectic animal tumor system. Cancer 47:2138, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Busch H: An introduction to the biochemistry of the cancer cell. Academic Press N.Y. 1962

    Google Scholar 

  75. Buzby GP, Mullen JL, Stein P, Miller EE, Hobbs CC, Rosa-to EF: Host-tumor interaction and nutrient supply. Cancer 45:2940, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Buzby GP, Mullen JL, Stein TP, Rosato EF: Manipulation of TPN caloric substrate and fatty infiltration of the liver. J Surg Res 31:46, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Buzby GP, Steinberg JJ: Nutrition in cancer patients. Surg Clin North America 61:691, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cabanac M, Duclaux R, Spector NH: Sensory feedback in regulation of body-weight: is there a ponderostat? Nature 229:125, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Cahill GF: Starvation in man. New Engl Med 282:668, 1970

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Cairnie AB, Campbell RM, Pullar JD, Cuthbertson DP: The heat production consequent on injury. Brit J Exp Pathol 38:504, 1957

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Cameron IL: Effect of total parenteral nutrition on tumor-host response in rats. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65 (Suppl. 5):93, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Cameron IL, Pavlat WA: Stimulation of growth of a transplantable hepatoma in rats by parenteral nutrition. J Natl Cancer Inst 56:597, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Carlisle HJ, Stellar E: Caloric regulation and food preference in normal, hyperphagic and aphagic rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 69:107, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Carruthers C: Lipid composition of the carcass of mice bearing the Krebs-2 sarcoma. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 125:953, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Carson JAS, Gormican A: Taste acuity and food attitudes of selected patients with cancer. J Am Diet Assoc 70:361, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Chalmers TM, Kekwick A, Pawan GLS, Smith I: On the fat-mobilizing activity of human urine. Lancet i:866, 1958

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Chalmers TM, Pawan GLS, Kekwick A: Fat-mobilizing and ketogenic activity of urine extracts: relation to corticotrophin and growth hormone. Lancet ii:6, 1960

    Google Scholar 

  88. Chance WT, Von Meyenfeldt M, Fischer JE: Delay of cancer anorexia following intraventricular injection of para-chlorophenylalanine. Pharmac Biochem Behav 17: 1982

    Google Scholar 

  89. Chance WT, Von Meyenfeldt M, Fischer JE: Serotonin depletion by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine or para-chloroam-phetamine does not affect cancer anorexia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18: 1983

    Google Scholar 

  90. Chesters JK, Quarterman J: Effects of zinc deficiency on food intake and feeding patterns of rats. Brit J Nutr 24: 1061, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Chisholm GD, Roy RR: The systemic effects of malignant renal tumors. Brit J Urol 43:687, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Chorazy M: The nitrogen balance in tumor-bearing rats. Bull Acad Polon Sci 4:7, 1956a

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Chorazy M: The effect of removal of tumor on the nitrogen balance in rats. Bull Acad Polon Sci 4:351, 1956b

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Cizek LJ, Nocenti MR: Relationship between food and water ingestion in the rat. Am J Physiol 1208:615, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  95. Clark CM, Goodlad GAJ: Depletion of proteins of phasic and tonic muscles in tumor-bearing rats. Europ J Cancer 7:3, 1971

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Clarke EF, Lewis AM, Waterhouse C: Peripheral amino acid levels in patients with cancer. Cancer 42:2909, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Cohen IK, Schachter PJ, Henkin RI: Hypogeusia, anorexia and altered zinc metabolism following thermal burns. J Am Med Assoc 223:914, 1973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Copeland EM, Daly JM, Dudrick SJ: Nutrition as an adjunct to cancer treatment in the adult. Cancer Res 37:2451, 1977

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Copeland EM, Macfayden BV, Dudrick SJ: Intravenous hyperalimentation in cancer patients. J Surg Res 16:241, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Cohn C, Joseph D, Bell L, Allweiss MD: Studies on the effects of feeding frequency and dietary composition on fat deposition. Ann NY Acad Sci 131:507, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Cohn SH, Cartenhaus W, Sawitsky A, Rai K, Zanzi I, Vas-wani A, Ellis KJ, Yasamura S, Cortes E, Vartsky D: Com-partmental body composition of cancer patients by measurement of total body nitrogen, potassium and water: Metabolism 30:222, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  102. Cohn SH, Gartenhaus W, Vartsky D, Sawitsky A, Sanzi I, Vaswani A, Yasumura S, Rai K, Cortes E, Ellis KJ: Body composition and dietary intake in neoplastic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1997, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  103. Cohn SH, Vartsky D, Vaswani AN, Sawitsky A, Rai K, Gartenhaus W, Yasumura S, Ellis KJ: Changes in body composition of cancer patients following combined nutritional support. Nutr Cancer 4:107, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Cole HH, Hart GH: The effect of pregnancy and lactation on growth in the rat. Am J Physiol 123:589, 1938

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Cori CF, Cori GT: The carbohydrate metabolism of tumors. II. Changes in the sugar, lactic acid, and CO2-combining power of blood passing through a tumor. J Biol Chem 66:397, 1925

    Google Scholar 

  106. Costa G: Cachexia, the metabolic component of neoplastic disease. Progr Exptl Tumor Res 3:321, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  107. Costa G: Cachexia, the metabolic component of neoplastic disease. Cancer Res 37:2327, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Costa G, Bewley P, Aragon M, Siebold J: Anorexia and weight loss in cancer patients. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65 (Suppl. 5):3, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  109. Costa G, Holland JF: Effects of Krebs-2 carcinoma on the lipide metabolism of male Swiss mice. Cancer Res 22:1081, 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Costa G, Lane WW, Vincent RG, Siebold JA, Aragon M, Bewley PT: Weight loss and cachexia in lung cancer. Nutr and Cancer 2:98, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  111. Costa G, Lyles K, Ullrich L: Effects of human and experimental cancer on the conversion of 14C tripalmitin to 14CO2. Cancer 38:1259, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Costa G, Ullrich L, Kantor F: Changes in body composition during the growth of transplanted Krebs-2 carcinoma in mice. Acta Unio Internat Contra Cancrum 20:1585, 1964

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Craig AB, Waterhouse C: Body composition changes in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer 10:1106, 1957

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Cumming MC, Morrison SD: The total metabolism of rats during fasting and re-feeding. J Physiol (Lond) 154:219, 1960

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Cuthbertson DP: Physical injury and its effects on protein metabolism. In: Mammalian Protein Metabolism. Vol II. Eds Munro HN and Allison JB. Academic Press, NY 1964: pp. 373

    Google Scholar 

  116. Daly JM, Copeland EM, Dudrick SJ: Effects of intravenous nutrition on tumor growth and host immunocompetence in malnourished animals. Surgery 84:655, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Damadian R: Tumor detection by nuclear magnetic resonance. Science 171:1151, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Davies CTM, Edwards RHT, Halliday D, Krywawych S, Millward DJ, Rennie MJ: Increased branched-chain amino acid oxidation as a result of exercise in man. J Physiol (Lond) 305:89P, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  119. Davies CTM, Knibbs AV, Musgrove J: The effect of recovery exercise on the removal of lactic acid from the blood. J Physiol (London) 196:61, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  120. Davies IJ, Musa M, Dormandy TL: Measurements of plasma zinc. II In malignant disease. J Clin Pathol 21:363, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Davis JD, Gallagher RL, Ladove R: Food intake controlled by a blood factor. Science 156:1247, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Davis RH, McGowan L, Ryan JP: Running activity of ovarian tumorigenic mice. Experientia 28:93, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. de Vries EG, Mulder NH, Houwen B, de Vries-Hospers HG: Enteral nutrition by nasogastric tube in adult patients treated with intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia. Am J Clin Nutr 35:1490, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. DeWys WD: Abnormalities of taste as a remote effect of a neoplasm. Ann NY Acad Sci 230:427, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. DeWys WD: Anorexia in cancer patients. Cancer Res 37:2354, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. DeWys WD: Changes in taste sensation and feeding behavior in cancer patients: a review. J Hum Nutr 32:447, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. DeWys WD: Anorexia as a general effect of cancer. Cancer 43:3013, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  128. DeWys WD, Begg C, Lavin PT, Band PR, Bennett JM, Bertino JR, Cohen MH, Douglas HO, Engstrom PF, Ezdinli EZ, Horton J, Johnson GJ, Moertel CG, Oken MM, Perlia C, Rosenbaum C, Silverstein MN, Skeel RT, Sponzo RW, Tormay DC: Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Med 69:491, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. DeWys WD, Costa G, Henkin R: Chemical parameters related to anorexia. Cancer Trtment Repts 65 (Supl. 5):49, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  130. DeWys W, Pories WJ: Inhibition of a spectrum of animal tumors by dietary zinc deficiency. J Natl Cancer Inst 48:375, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. DeWys W, Pories WJ, Richter MC, Strain WH: Inhibition of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma growth by dietary zinc deficiency. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 135:17, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Donahoe J, Kleven S, Eidson C: Resistance to Marek’s disease. Effect of Corynebacterium parvum and Marek’s tumor cell vaccines on tumorigenesis in chickens. J Natl Cancer Inst 60:829, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Donaldson SS: Nutritional consequences of radiotherapy. Cancer Res 37:2407, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Donaldson SS: Effects of therapy on nutritional status of the pediatric cancer patient. Cancer Res (Suppl) 42:729S, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  135. Donaldson SS, Wesley MN, DeWys WD, Suskind RM, Jaffe N, VanEys J: A study of the nutritional status of pediatric cancer patients. Am J Dis Child 135:1107, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Donaldson SS, Wesley MN, Ghairimi F, Shils ME, Suskind RM, DeWys WD: A prospective randomized clinical trial of total parenteral nutrition in children with cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol 10:129, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Donovan H: Malignant cachexia. Proc Roy Soc Med 47:27, 1954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Dudrick SJ, MacFadyen BW, Souchon EA, Englert DM, Copeland EM: Parenteral nutrition techniques in cancer patients. Cancer Res 37:2440, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Dudrick SJ, Steiger E, Long JM, Rhoads JE: Role of parenteral hyperalimentation in management of multiple catastrophic complications. Surg Clin N America 50:1031, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Dymock IW, MacKay N, Miller V, Thomson TJ, Gray B, Kennedy E, Adams JF: Small intestinal function in neoplastic disease. Brit J Cancer 21:505, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Edstrom S, Bennegard K, Eden E, Lundholm K: Energy and tissue metabolism in patients with cancer during nutritional support. Arch Otolaryngol 108:697, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Elkort RJ, Baker FL, Vitale JJ, Cordano A: Long-term nutritional support as an adjunct to chemotherapy for breast cancer. J.P.E.N. 5:385, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Emery PW, Edwards RH, Rennie MJ, Souhani RL, Halliday D: Protein synthesis in muscle measured in vivo in cachectic patients with cancer. Brit Med J 289:84, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  144. Epstein AN, Teitelbaum P: Specific loss of the hypoglycemic control of feeding in recovered lateral rats. Am J Physiol 213:1159, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Erisman MD, Linnoila RI, Hernandez O, DiAugustine RP, Lazarus LH: Human lung small-cell carcinoma contains bombesin. Proc Natl Acad Sci 79:2379, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Ertl M: A contribution to the clarification of the relation between tumor cachexia and thymus involution. Oncology 26:329, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Ewing J: Neoplastic Disease. A Treatise on Tumors 4th ed. Chapter 1. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia and London, 1940

    Google Scholar 

  148. Falk JL: Conditions producing psychogenic polydipsia in animals. Ann NY Acad Sci 157:569, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Farbiszewski R, Rzeczycki W: Arginine rich low molecular peptides in human neoplastic serum. Experientia 30:855, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Felig P, Pozefsky T, Marliss E, Cahill GF: Alanine: key role in gluconeogenesis. Science 167:1003, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Fenninger LD, Mider GB: Energy and nitrogen metabolism in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2:229, 1954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ: Brain serotonin content: increase following ingestion of carbohydrate diet. Science 174:1023, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Fidanza F: Sources of error in dietary surveys. Bibl Nutrition Diet 20:105, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  154. Field M, Block JB, Levin R, Rall DP: Significance of blood lactate elevations among patients with acute leukemic and other neoplastic proliferative disorders. Am J Med 40:528, 1966

    Google Scholar 

  155. Fields AL, Cheema-Dhadli S, Wolman SL, Halperin ML: Theoretical aspects of weight loss in patients with cancer. Possible importance of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Cancer 50:2183, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Finerty JC: Parabiosis in physiological studies Physiol Rev 32:277, 1952

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Forbes JM: Interrelationships between physical and metabolic control of voluntary food intake in fattening, pregnant and lactating sheep: a model. Animal Prod 24:91, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  158. Forbes RM, Yohe M: Zinc requirement and balance studies with the rat. J Nutr 70:53, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Frederick GL, Begg RW: A study of hyperlipemia in the tumor-bearing rat. Cancer Res 16:548, 1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Fregly MJ: Water and electrolyte exchange in rats exposed to cold. Canad J Physiol Pharmacol 46:873, 1968

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Frey HE, Knispel RR, Kruuv J, Sharp AR, Thompson RT, Pintar MM: Proton spin-lattice relaxation studies of non-malignant tissues of tumorous mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 49:903, 1972

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Fritsch S, Heinecke H, Jungstand W: Morphology of ascites sarcoma RAB 1 of the mouse. Neoplasma 16:195, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Garcia J, Kimeidorf DJ, Koelling RA: Conditional aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science 122:157, 1955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Garratini S, Guaitani A: Animal models for the study of cancer-induced anorexia. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65 (Suppl. 5):23, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  165. Gershanovich ML, Danova LA, Ivin BA, Filov VA: Results of clinical study of antitumor action of hydrazine sulfate. Nutr Cancer 3:7, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Gold J: Proposed treatment of cancer by inhibition of gluco-neogenesis. Oncology 22:185, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Gold J: Inhibition of Walker 256 intramuscular carcinoma in rats by administration of L-tryptophan. Oncology 24:291, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Gold J: Inhibition of Walker 256 intramuscular carcinoma in rats by administrationi of hydrazine sulfate. Oncology 25:66, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Gold J: Inhibition by hydrazine sulfate and various hy-drazides of in vivo growth of Walker 256 intramuscular carcinoma, B-16 melanoma, Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma and L-1210 solid leukemia. Oncology 27:69, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Gold J: Cancer cachexia and gluconeogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sei 230:103, 1974

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Gold J: Inhibition of gluconeogenesis at the phosphoenolpy-ruvate carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase reactions as a means of cancer chemotherapy. Oncology 29:74, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Gold J: Enhancement by hydrazine sulfate of antitumor effectiveness of Cytoxan, mitomycin C, methotrexate and bleomycin, in Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats. Oncology 31:44, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Gold J: Anabolic profiles in late-stage cancer patients responsive to hydrazine sulfate. Nutr and Cancer 3:13, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Goldberg AL, Chang TW: Regulation and significance of amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle. Fed Proc 37:2301, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Goldberg AL, Tischler M, DeMartino G, Griffin G: Hormonal regulation of protein degradation and synthesis in skeletal muscle. Fed Proc 39:31, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Goodgame JT, Lowry SF, Brennan MF: Body weight change and nutritional adequacy in the parenterally alimented rat. J Surg Res 24:520, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Goodlad GAJ: Protein metabolism and tumor growth. In: Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Vol. II, Eds. Munro HN and Allison JB, Academic Press, NY, 1964, pp. 415

    Google Scholar 

  178. Goodlad CAJ, Clark CM: Leucine metabolism in skeletal muscle of the tumor-bearing rat. Europ J Cancer 16:1153, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Goodlad GAJ, Mitchell AJH, McPhail L, Clark CM: Serum insulin and somatomedin levels in the tumor-bearing rat. Europ J Cancer 11:733, 1975

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Goodlad GAJ, Raymond MJ: The action of the Walker 256 carcinoma on toxohormone on amino acid incorporation into diaphragm protein. Europ J Cancer 9:139, 1973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Gray LW, Crook JN, Cohn I: Carcinoma of the pancreas. In: Seventh National Cancer Conference, Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1973; p. 503

    Google Scholar 

  182. Greenstein JP: Biochemistry of Cancer. Academic Press, NY 1954

    Google Scholar 

  183. Grubbs B, Rogers W, Cameron I: Total parenteral nutrition and inhibition of gluconeogenesis on tumor-host responses. Oncology 36:216, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Grubbs B, Rogers W, Cameron IL: Total parenteral nutrition for maintenance of growth, carcass mass and positive nitrogen balance in rats with a small transplantable tumor. Oncology 38:315, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Guaitani A, Recchia M, Carli M, Rocchetti M, Bartosek I, Garratini S: Walker carcinoma 256: a model for studies on tumor-induced anorexia and cachexia. Oncology 39:173, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Gullino PM, Grantham FH: Studies on the exchange of fluids between host and tumor. II The blood flow of hepatomas and other tumors in rats and mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 27:1465, 1961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Gullino PM, Grantham FH, Courtney AH: Utilization of oxygen by transplanted tumors in vivo. Cancer Res 27:1020, 1967a

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Gullino PM, Grantham FH, Courtney AH: Glucose consumption by transplanted tumors in vivo. Cancer Res 27:1031, 1967b

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Gullino PM, Grantham FH, Courtney AH, Lozonczy I: Relationship between oxygen and glucose consumption by transplanted tumors in vivo. Cancer Res 27:1041, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Gutman A, Thilo E, Biran S: Enzymes of gluconeogenesis in tumor-bearing rats. Isr J Med Sci 5:998, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Hainsworth JD, Workman R, Greco A: Management of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in small cell lung cancer. Cancer 51:161, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Hall TC: Oncocognitive autoimmunity and other paraneoplastic syndromes yet to be described. Ann NY Acad Sci 230:565, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Hall JC, Staniland JR, Giles GR: Altered taste thresholds in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Gut 20:A949, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  194. Hambridge KM, Hambridge C, Jacobs MA: Taste acuity, appetite, stature and hair zinc concentration in normal children. Clin Res 20:256, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  195. Hamilton JR: Steatorrhea in rats with intestinal diverticula: effects of changing dietary disaccharide and of coprophagy. J Nutr 91:461, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Hammond KD, Balinsky D: Activities of key gluconeogenic enzymes and glycogen synthase in rat and human livers, hepatomas and hepatoma cell cultures. Cancer Res 38:1317, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Han PW, Mu J-Y, Lepkovsky S: Food intake of parabiotic rats. Am J Physiol 205:1139, 1963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Harding HR, Rosen F, Nichol CA: Effect of partial hepatectomy and pregnancy on tumor growth and alanine-ketoglutarate transaminase activity. Proc Soc Exp Bill Med 122:561, 1966

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Hardy JD: On the cause of death in cancer: systemic effects of nondrocine tumors. Surg Clin N America 42:305, 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Harnett WL: A Survey of Cancer in London. Brit Emp Cancer Campaign: London, 1952

    Google Scholar 

  201. Harper AE: Protein and amino acids in the regulation of food intake. In: Hunger: Basic Mechanism and Clinical Implications. Eds Novin D, Wyrwicka W, and Bray G. Raven Press, NY, 1976, pp 103 +

    Google Scholar 

  202. Harper AE, Benevenga NJ, Wohlheuter RM: Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Physiol Rev 50:428, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Hartveit F: Survival time and mode of death in treated and untreated mice with Bergen A4 ascites carcinoma. Cancer Res 27:95, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Haven FL, Bloor WR: Lipids in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 4:231, 1956

    Google Scholar 

  205. Haverback BJ, Dyce BJ: Gastrins, multiple endocrine adenomatosis, and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 230:297, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Hazlewood CF: Water content and proton spin relaxation time for malignant and non-malignant tissues from mice and humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 52:625, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Heber D, Chlebowski RT, Ishibashi DE, Herrold JN, Block JB: Abnormalities in glucose and protein metabolism in non cachectic lung cancer patients. Cancer Res 42:4815, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Hegsted DM: Energy needs and energy utilization. Nutr Rev 32:33, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Henkin RI, Graziadel PPG, Bradley DF: The molecular basis of taste and its disorders. Ann Int Med 71:791, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Henkin RI, Mattes-Kulig D, Lynch RA: Taste and smell acuity in patients with cancer. Fed Proc 42:550, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  211. Henkin RI, Schechter PJ, Hoye R, Mattern CFT: Idiopathic hypogeusia with dysgeusia, hyposmia and dysosmia: a new syndrome. J Am Med Assoc 217:434, 1971

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Henson RA: Neuromuscular disorders associated with malignant disease. In: Disorders of Voluntary Muscle. Ed. Walton JN, Churchill-Livingstone, London, 1974, p 760

    Google Scholar 

  213. Hervey GR: Regulation of energy balance. Nature 222:629, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Herzfeld A, Greengard O: The dedifferentiated pattern of enzymes in livers of tumor-bearing rats. Cancer Res 32:1862, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  215. Herzfeld A, Greengard O, Warren S: Tissue enzyme changes in parabiotic rats with subcutaneous lymphoma or fibrosarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 60:825, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Hetherington AW, Ranson SW: Hypothalamic lesions and adiposity in the rat. Anat Rec 78:149, 1940

    Google Scholar 

  217. Heuson JC, Legros N: Influence of insulin deprivation on growth of the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in rats subjected to alloxan diabetes and food restriction. Cancer Res 32:226, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Heuson JC, Legros N, Heimann R: Influence of insulin administration on growth of the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in intact, oop-horectomized, and hypophysectomized rats. Cancer Res 32:233, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Heymsfield SB, Bethel A, Ansley JD, Nixon DW, Rudman D: Enteral hyperalimentation: an alternative to central venous hyperalimentation. Am Int Med 90:63, 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Hiatt HH: Glycolytic activity in vivo of the mouse ascites tumor. Cancer Res 17:240, 1957

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Hill GL, King RF, Smith RC, Smith AH, Oxby CB, Sharafi A, Burkinshaw L: Multielement analysis of the living body by neutron activation analysis — application to critically ill patients receiving intravenous nutrition. Brit J Surg 66:868, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Hiroto DS, Seligman MEP: Generality of learned helplessness in man. J Personality and Social Psychol 32:311, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  223. Hoebl BG, Teitelbaum P: Weight regulation in normal hypothalamic hyperphagic rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 61:186, 1966

    Google Scholar 

  224. Hoffman FL: The Mortality from Cancer throughout the World. Prudential Press, Newark, NJ, 1915, p 44

    Google Scholar 

  225. Hoffman SA, Paschkis KE, DeBias DA, Cantarow A, Williams TL: The influence of exercise on the growth of transplanted rat tumors. Cancer Res 22:597, 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Holland JCB, Rowland J, Plumb M: Psychological aspects of anorexia in cancer patients. Cancer Res 37:2425, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Holmes D, Dickson JA, Pennington RJ: Activity of some peptide hydrolases in muscle from tumor-bearing rats. Eur J Cancer 10:683, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Holroyde CP, Reichard GA: Carbohydrate metabolism in cancer cachexia. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65 (Suppl. 5):55, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  229. Holroyde CP, Gabuzda TG, Pugnam RC, Paul P, Reichard GA: Cancer Res 35:3710, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Holroyde CP, Myers RN, Smink R-D, Putnam RC, Paul P, Reichard G: Metabolic response to total parenteral nutrition in cancer patients. Cancer Res 37:3109, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Hradec J: Metabolism of serum albumin in tumor-bearing rats. Brit J Cancer 12: 290, 1958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Inagaki J, Rodriguez V, Bodey GP: Causes of death in cancer patients. Cancer 33:568, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Inch WR, McCredie JA, Knispel RR, Thompson RT, Pintar MM: Water content and proton spin relaxation time for neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues from mice and humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 52:353, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Issell BF, Valdivieso M, Zaren HA, Dudrick SJ, Freireich EJ, Copeland EW, Bodey GP: Protection against chemotherapy toxicity by IV hyperalimentation. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 62:1139, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Jacobs HL, Sharma KN: Taste versus calories: sensory and metabolic signals in the control of food intake. Ann NY Acad Sci 157:1084, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Jasani B, Donaldson LJ, Ratcliffe D, Sokhi GS: Mechanism of impaired glucose tolerance in patients with neoplasia. Brit J Cancer 38:287, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Jewell WR, Hunter L: The effect of adrenalectomy and high protein diet on tumor-altered albumin metabolism. Cancer Res 31:257, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Johnston MW, Newburgh LH: Calculation of heat production from insensible loss of weight. J Clin Invest 21:357, 1942

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Kahler H, Moore B: pH of rat tumors and some comparisons with Lissamine-Green circulation test. J Natl Cancer Inst 28:561, 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Kahler H, Robertson WvB: Hydrogen-ion concentration of normal liver and hepatic tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 3:495, 1943

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Kakolewski JW, Deaux E, Christensen J, Case B: Diurnal patterns in water and food intake and body weight changes in rats with hypothalamic lesions. Am J Physiol 221:771, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  242. Kampschmidt RF: Mechanism of liver catalase depression in tumor-bearing animals: a review. Cancer Res 25:34, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Kampschmidt RF, Goodwin WL, Mayne MA: Iron metabolism and organ weights of rats with turpentine inflammation. J Natl Cancer Inst 24:673, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Kampschmidt RF, Mayne MA, Goodwin WL, Clabaugh WA: Duplication of some of the systemic effects of four different tumors by extracts of those tumors. Cancer Res 20:368, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Kampschmidt RF, Schultz GA: Absence of toxohormone in rat tumors free of bacterial contamination. Cancer Res 23:751, 1963

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Kampschmidt RF, Upchurch HF: Effect of bacterial contamination of the tumor on tumor-host relationship. Cancer Res 23:756, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  247. Kampschmidt RF, Upchurch HF: The effects of successive transplant generations of an induced tumor upon inbred rats. Cancer Res 26:990, 1966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Kampschmidt RF, Upchurch HF: Some effects of tumor implantation site on tumor-host relations. Cancer Res 32:334, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Karlberg L, Edstrom S, Ekman L, Johansson S, Schersten T, Lundholm K: Metabolic host reaction in response to the proliferation of non-malignant cells versus malignant cells in vivo. Cancer Res 41:4154, 1981

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Karlin DA, Jacoby B, Jones RD, Abadille L: Physical performance status, extent of metastasis, and assessment of nutritional status in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterol 82:1096, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  251. Keast D: Runting syndrome, autoimmunity and neoplasia. Adv Cancer res 11:43, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Kelly KH, Bierman HR, Shimkin MB: Blood volume, body water and circulation time in patients with advanced neoplastic diseases. Cancer Res 12:814, 1952

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Kennedy GC: The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proc Roy Soc (B) 140:578, 1952/53

    Google Scholar 

  254. Kinney JM: Energy requirements in injury and sepsis. Acta Anaesth Scand Suppl 55:15, 1974

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Kinney JM, Felig P: The metabolic response to injury and infection In: Endocrinology Vol 3. Ed DeGroot LJ, Grune and Stratton NY, 1979, pp 1963–1985

    Google Scholar 

  256. Kinsella TJ, Malcolm AW, Bothe A, Valerio D, Blackburn GL: Prospective study of nutritional support during pelvic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7:543, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Kitada S, Hays EF, Mead JF: A lipid mobilizing factor in serum of tumor-bearing mice. Lipids 15:168, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Kleiber M, Chernikoff T: Metabolic rate of old rats with spontaneous breast tumors. J Gerontol 11:140, 1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Klipstein FA, Smarth G: Intestinal structure and function in neoplastic disease. Am J Digest Dis 14:887, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Knoll J: Satietin: A highly potent anorexogenic substance in human serum. Physiol Behav 23:497, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Koretz RL: Parenteral nutrition: is it oncologically logical. J Clin Oncol 2:534, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Kralovic RC, Zepp EA, Genedella RJ: Studies of the mechanism of carcass fat depletion in experimental cancer. Eur J Cancer 13:1071, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Kratz CM, Levitswky DA, Lustick S: Differential effects of quinine and sucrose octaacetate on food intake in the rat. Physiol Behav 20:665, 1978a.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Kratz CM, Levitsky DA, Lustick SL: Long term effects of quinine on food intake and body-weight in the rat. Physiol Behav 21:321, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Krause R, Humphrey C, Von Meyenfeldt M, James H, Fischer JE: A central mechanism for anorexia in cancer: a hypothesis. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65 (Suppl. 5):15, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Krause R, James JH, Humphrey C, Fischer JE: Plasma and brain amino acids in Walker 256 carcinosarcoma-bearing rats. Cancer Res 39:3065, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Krause R, James JH, Ziparo V, Fischer JE: Brain tryptophan and the neoplastic anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Cancer 44:1003, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Krauss RM, Mayer J: Influence of protein and amino acids on food intake in the rat. Am J Physiol 209:479, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Krebs HA, Kornberg HL: Energy Transformations in Living Matter. A survey. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1957

    Google Scholar 

  270. Krishnan L, Krishnan EC, Jewell WR: Energy kinetics and role of nutrition in cancer patients. J Theor Biol 91:303, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Kudsk KA, Stone JM, Carpenter G, Sheldon GF: Effects of enteral vs parenteral feeding of malnourished rats on body composition. Current Surg. 322, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  272. LaBarba RC: Experiential and environmental factors in cancer. A review of research with animals. Psychosom Med 32:259, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  273. LaDue JS, Murison PJ, McNeer G, Pack GT: Symptomatology and diagnosis of gastric cancer. Arch Surg 60:305, 1950

    Google Scholar 

  274. Laurent JX, Jeanpierre RE: Endocrinologically active mesenchymal tumors. Ann NY Acad Sci 230:391, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Lavietes PH: The metabolic measurement of water exchange. J Clin Invest 14:57, 1935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Lawrence W: Nutritional consequences of surgical resection of the gastrointestinal tract for cancer. Cancer Res 37:2379, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Lawson DH, Nixon DW, Rudman D: Mineral and electrolyte abnormalities in patients with advanced cancer. In: Molecular Interrelations of Nutrition and Cancer, Eds. Arnott MS, Van Eys J and Wang Y-M, Raven Press, NY, 1982, p 151

    Google Scholar 

  278. Leung PMB, Rogers QR: Food intake: regulation by plasma amino acid pattern. Life Sci 8:1, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Leveille GA, O’Hea EK: Influence of periodicity of eating on energy metabolism in the rat. J Nutr 93:541, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Levine AS, Brennan MF, Ramu A, Fisher RI, Pizzo PA, Glaubiger DL: Controlled clinical trials of nutritional intervention as an adjunct to chemotherapy, with a comment on nutrition and drug resistance. Cancer Res 42:774S, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Levine RJ, Metz SA: A classification of ectopic hormone-producing tumors. Ann NY Acad Sci 230:533, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Lewander T, Bowers CY: Synthesis and lack of biological activity of glu-his-gly, a proposed anorexogenic agent. Acta Pharm Seuc 17:130, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  283. Liebelt RA, Gehring G, Delmonte L, Schuster G, Liebelt AG: Paraneoplastic syndromes in experimental animal model systems. Ann NY Acad Sci 230:547, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Liebelt RA, Liebelt AG, Johnston HM: Lipid mobilization and food intake in experimentally obese mice bearing transplanted tumors. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 138:482, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Lindsay JR: The early diagnosis of carcinoma of the oesophagus. Ann O to Rhino Laryngol 50:675, 1941

    Google Scholar 

  286. Ling CR, Foster MA, Mallard JR: Changes in NMR relaxation times of adjacent muscle after implantation of malignant and normal tissue. Brit J Cancer 40:898, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Lipsett MB: Effects of cancer of the endocrine and central nervous systems on nutritional status. Cancer Res 31:2313, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  288. Long CL, Kinney JM, Geiger JW: Non-suppressability of gluconeogenesis by glucose in septic patients. Metabolism 25:193, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Long CL, Merrick HW, Dennis RS, Holme DS, Geiger JW: Energy requirements for cancer patients. Cancer Bull 34:155, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  290. Lowry SF, Norton JA, Brennan MF: Glucose turnover and gluconeogenesis from alanine in tumor-bearing animals. Surg Forum 29:140, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  291. Lucké B, Berwick M, Zeckwer I: Liver catalase activity in parabiotic rats with one partner tumor-bearing. J Natl Cancer Inst 13:681, 1952

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Lundholm K, Bennegard K, Eden E, Svaninger G, Emery PW, Rennie MJ: Efflux of 3-methylhistidine from the leg in cancer patients who experience weight loss. Cancer Res 42:4807, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Lundholm K, Edström S, Karlberg I, Ekman L, Schersten T: Relationship of food intake, body composition and tumor growth to host metabolism in non-growing mice with sarcoma. Cancer Res 40:2516, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Lundholm K, Edström S, Ekman L, Karlberg I, Schersten T: Metabolism in peripheral tissues in cancer patients. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65 (Suppl 5):79, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  295. Lusk G: The Elements of the Science of Nutrition. 4th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1928

    Google Scholar 

  296. Macfie J, Burkinshaw L, Oxby C, Holmfield JH, Hill GL: The effect of gastrointestinal malignancy on resting metabolic expenditure. Brit J Surg 69:443, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. MacCay EM, Callaway JW, Barnes RH: Hyperalimentation in normal animals produced by protamine insulin. J Nutr 20:59, 1940

    Google Scholar 

  298. Madden JP, Goodman SJ, Guthrie HA: Validity of the 24 hr recall. J Am Dietet Assoc 68:143, 1976

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Marsh JT, Miller BE, Lamson BG: Effect of repeated brief stress on growth of Ehrlich carcinoma in the mouse. J Natl Cancer Inst 22;96l, 1959

    Google Scholar 

  300. Mason ET, Chin T, Li YW, Ziffren S: Cancer and human catalase. Cancer Res 20:1474, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Masuno H, Yamasaki N, Okuda H: Purification and characterization of a lipolytic factor (toxohormone-L) from cell-free fluid of ascites sarcoma 180. Cancer Res 41:284, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Maxfield ME, Brouha L: Validity of heart rate as an indicator of cardiac strain. J Appl Physiol 18:1099, 1963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. McBride R: Graft-versus-host reaction in lymphoid proliferation. Cancer Res 26:1135, 1966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Mayer J, Marshall NB, Vitale JJ, Christensen JH, Mashayek-hi MB, Stare FJ: Exercise, food intake and body-weight in normal rats and genetically obese adult mice. Am J Physiol 177:544, 1954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. McEwen HD: Effect of tumor on lipids. In: Proc First Canad Cancer Conf, ed. Begg RW, Academic Press, NY, 1955, pp. 141

    Google Scholar 

  306. McNeill KG, Mernagh JR, Jeejeebhoy KN: In vivo measurements of body protein based on the determination of nitrogen by prompt analysis. am J Clin Nutr 32:1955, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. McQuitty JT, DeWys W, Monaco L, Strain WH, Rob CG, Apgar J, Pories WJ: Inhibition of tumor growth by dietary zinc deficiency. Cancer Res 30:1387, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. McRae J: Studies of the graft host interaction in the mouse. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ Calif Lawrence Radiation Lab, 9448, 1960

    Google Scholar 

  309. Medelle R, Webb R, Waterhouse C: Lactic acidosis and associated hypoglycemia. Arch Int Med 128:273, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  310. Mermier P, Bakern N: Flux of free fatty acids among host tissues, ascites fluid, and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. I Lipid Res 15;339, 1974

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Middleton WRJ, Thompson GR: Mechanism of steator-rhoea in induced hyperthyroidism in the rat. J Lab Clin Med 74:19, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Mider GB: Some aspects of nitrogen and energy metabolism in cancerous subjects: A review. Cancer Res 11:821, 1951

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Mider GB: Neoplastic diseases: some metabolic aspects. Ann Rev Med 4:187, 1953

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Mider GB: Some tumor host relationships. Proc Canad Cancer Conf 1:120, 1955

    Google Scholar 

  315. Mider GB, Fenninger LD, Haven FL, Morton JJ: The energy expenditure of rats bearing Walker carcinoma 256. Cancer Res 11:731, 1951

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Mider GB, Sherman CD, Morton JJ: The effect of Walker carcinoma 256 on the total lipid content of rats. Cancer Res 9:222, 1949

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Mider GB, Tesluk J, Morton JJ: Effect of Walker carcinoma 256 on food intake, body weight and nitrogen metabolism of growing rats. Acta Unio Internat contra Cancrum 6:409, 1948

    Google Scholar 

  318. Millar FK, Brooks RH, White J: Energy expenditure and nitrogen metabolism of rats bearing a transplantable anterior pituitary tumor. J Natl Cancer Inst 42:51, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Millar FK, Morrison SD: Relation of tissue electrolyte losses to the relative polydipsia of early starvation in rats. J Nutr 94:211, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Millar FK, Toal JN, Brooks RH, Davis JO, White J: Increased aldosterone secretion by tumor-bearing rats. Am J Physiol 205:189, 1963

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. Millar FK, White J, Brooks RH, Mider GB: Walker carcinosarcoma 256 tissue as a dietary constituent. I Stimulation of appetite and growth in the tumor-bearing rat. J Natl Cancer Inst 19:957, 1957

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Millward DJ, Waterlow JC: Effect of nutrition on protein turnover in skeletal muscle. Fed Proc 37:2283, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Montemurro DG, Stevenson JAF: Survival and body composition of normal and hypothalamic obese rats in acute starvation. Am J Physiol 198:757, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Moody TW, Pert CB, Gazdar AF, Carney DN, Minna JD: High levels of intracellular bombesin characterize human small-cell lung carcinoma. Science 214:1246, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Mordes JP, Longscope C, Flatt JP, MacLean DB, Rossini AA: The rat LTW(m) Leydig cell tumor; cancer anorexia due to estrogens. Endocrinol 115:167, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Mordes JP, Rossini AA: Tumor-induced anorexia in the Wistar rat. Science 213:565, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Moreschi C: Beziehungen zwischen Ernährung und Tumorwachstum. Z Immunitätsforsch 10:100, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  328. Morgane PJ, Jacobs HL: Hunger and satiety. World Rev Nutr Dietet 10:100, 1969

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Morrison SD: The nitrogen balance of pregnant rats. J Physiol (Lond) 133:167, 1956

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Morrison SD: The total energy and water metabolism during pregnancy in the rat. J Physiol (Lond) 134:650, 1956

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Morrison SD: The constancy of the energy expended bv rats on spontaneous activity, and the distribution of activity between feeding and non-feeding. J Physiol (Lond) 197:305, 1968

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Morrison SD: Regulation of water intake by rats deprived of food. Physiol Behav 3:75, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  333. Morrison SD: Effect of growth of a tumor on the regulation of water intake. I Natl Cancer Inst 41:1241, 1968

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Morrison SD: Partition of energy expenditure between host and tumor. Cancer Res 31:98, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Morrison SD: Water intake and exchange and hydration of rats during growth of Walker 256 carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 46:825, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. Morrison SD: Work and water intake and water need of rats during growth of a tumor. Physiol Behav 8:5, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Morrison SD: Feeding response to change in absorbable food fraction during growth of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Cancer Res 32:968, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. Morrison SD: Control of food intake during growth of a Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Cancer Res 33:526, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. Morrison SD: Differences between rat strains in metabolic activity and in control systems. Am J Physiol 224:1305, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Morrison SD: Limited capacity for motor activity as a cause for declining food intake in cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 51:1535, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Morrison SD: Sodium and the cachexia and hypophagia of tumor growth. J Natl Cancer Inst 52:869, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. Morrison SD: Diurnal distribution of motor activity and feeding during growth of tumors. Cancer Res 34:1632, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Morrison SD: Origins of nutritional imbalance in cancer. Cancer Res 35:3339, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. Morrison SD: Generation and compensation of the cancer cachectic process by spontaneous modification of feeding behavior. Cancer Res 36:228, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Morrison SD: Control of food intake in cancer cachexia: a challenge and a tool. Physiol Behav 17:705, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Morrison SD: Origins of anorexia in neoplastic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 31:1104, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. Morrison SD: Cold-specific feeding response of rats to cold exposure and energy density of body weight change. J Appl Physiol 51:327, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Morrison SD: Extrahypothalamic mediation of changes in feeding behavior induced by growth of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats. Cancer Res 41:1710, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. Morrison SD: Impairment of feeding response to cold exposure of rats bearing Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Cancer Res 42:490, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. Morrison SD: Feeding response of tumor-bearing rats to insulin and insulin withdrawal and the contribution of autonomous tumor drain to cachectic depletion. Cancer Res 42:3642, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Morrison SD: In vivo estimation of size of experimental tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 71:407

    Google Scholar 

  352. Morrison SD, Coffey NF: Feeding activity and feeding efficiency as distinct modes of change in food intake. J appl Physiol 34:268, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. Morrison SD, Mackay C, Hurlbrink E, Wier JK, Nick MS, Millar FK: The water exchange and polyuria of rats deprived of food. Quart J Exp Physiol 52:51, 1967

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. Morrison SD, Moley JF, Norton JA: Contribution of inert mass to experimental cancer cachexia in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 73:991, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Mrosovsky N, Melnyk RB: Towards new models in obesity research. Internat J Obesity 6:121, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  356. Muhlbock O: Influence of environment on the incidence of mammary tumors in mice. Acta Unio internat contra Canc-rum 7:351, 1951

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. Mullen JL, Buzby GP, Gertner MH, Stein TP, Hargrove WC, Oram-Smith J, Roasato EF: Protein synthesis dynamics in human gastrointestinal malignancies. Surgery 87:331, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Muller JM, Dienst C, Brenner U, Pichlmaier H: Preoperative parenteral feeding in patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma. Lancet ii:68, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  359. Munro HN: Tumor-host competition for nutrients in the cancer patient. J Am Dietet Assoc 71:380, 1977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. Munro HN, Fleck A: Analysis of tissues and body fluids for nitrogenous constituents. In: Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Vol. III. Ed Munro HN, Academic Press, NY, 1969, p. 423,

    Google Scholar 

  361. Murray MJ, Murray AB: Anorexia of infection as a mechanism of host defense. Am J Clin Nutr 32:593, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  362. Nakahara WA: Chemical basis for tumor-host relations. J Natl Cancer Inst 24:77, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Nakahara W, Fukuoka F: The newer concept of cancer toxin. Adv Cancer res 5:157, 1958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. Nance DM, Coy DH, Kastin AJ: Experiments with a reported anorexigenic tripeptide: pyro-Glu-His-Gly-OH. Pharm Biochem Behav 11:733, 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  365. Nathanson L, Hall TC: Lung tumors: how they produce their syndromes. Ann NY Acad Sci 230:367, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  366. Newburgh LH, Johnston MW, Lashmet FH, Sheldon JM: Further experiences with the measurement of heat production from insensible loss of weight. J Nutr 13:203, 1937

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. Newton G: Tumor susceptibility in rats: role of infantile manipulation and later exercise. Psychol Rep 16:127, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Nielsen SS, Theologides A, Vickers ZM: Influence of food odors on food aversion and preference in patients with cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 33:2253, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. Nixon DW, Heymsfield SB, Cohen AE, Kutner MH, Ansley J, Lawson DH, Rudman D: Protein-calorie undernutrition in hospitalized cancer patients. Am J Med 68:683, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. Nixon DW, Moffitt S, Lawson DH, Ansle J, Lynn MJ, Kutner MH, Heymsfield SB, Wesley M, Chawla R, Rudman D: Total parenteral nutrition as an adjunct to chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65 (Suppl. 5):121, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  371. Norman TD, Smith AB: The blood lactic acid of tumor-bearing and tumor-free mice. Cancer Res 16:1027, 1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  372. Norton JA, Burt ME, Brennan MF: In vivo utilization of substrate by human sarcoma-bearing limbs. Cancer 45:2934, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  373. Norton JA, Lowry SF, Brennan MT: Effect of work-induced hypertrophy on skeletal muscle of tumor- and nontumor-bearing rats. J Appl Physiol 46:654, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. Norton JA, Shamberger R, Stein TP, Milne GWA, Brennan MF: The influence of tumor-bearing on protein metabolism in the rat. J Surg Res 30;456, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  375. Ohnuma T, Holland JF: Nutritional consequences of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Cancer Res 37:2395, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  376. Oomura Y: Significance of glucose, insulin and free fatty acid on the hypothalamic feeding and satiety neurons. In: Hunger, Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Eds. Novin D, Wyrwicka W, and Bray GA, Raven Press, NY, 1976, p. 145

    Google Scholar 

  377. Pareira MD, Conrad EJ, Hicks W, Elman R: Clinical response and changes in nitrogen balance, body weight, plasma proteins and hemoglobin following tube feeding in cancer cachexia. Cancer 8:803, 1955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. Peden JC, Bond LF, Maxwell M: Comparative protein repletion in cancer and non-cancer cachexia with special reference to changes in blood volume and total circulating plasma protein and hemoglobin. Am J Clin Nutr 5:305, 1957

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  379. Pettenkofer M, Voit C: Z Biol 5:319, 1869

    Google Scholar 

  380. Pikovski MA, Zifroni-Gallon Y: Peculiar gamma G in tumor cells and depletion of antibody forming organs in tumor bearing mice. Nature 218:1070, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  381. Popp MB, Brennan MF, Morrison SD: Resting and activity energy expenditure during total parenteral nutrition in rats with methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma. Cancer 49:1212, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  382. Popp MB, Morrison SD, Brennan MF: Total parenteral nutrition in a methylcholanthrene-induced rat sarcoma model. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65 (Suppl. 5):137, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  383. Popp MB, Morrison SD, Brennan MF: Growth and body composition during long-term total parenteral nutrition in the rat. Am J Clin Nutr 36:1119, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  384. Popp MB, Fisher RI, Wesley R, Aamodt R, Brennan MF: A prospective randomized study of adjuvant parenteral nutrition in the treatment of advanced diffuse lymphoma: influence on survival. Surgery 90:195, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  385. Posner I: Abnormal fat absorption in tumor-bearing rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 98:477, 1958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. Posner I: Abnormal fat absorption and utilization in rats bearing Walker carcinoma 256. Cancer Res 20:551, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  387. Pratt AW, Putney FK: Observations on the energy metabolism of rats receiving Walker tumor 256 transplants. J Natl Cancer Inst 20:173, 1958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  388. Premack D, Premack AJ: Increased eating in rats deprived of running. J exp Analysis Behav 6:209, 1963

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  389. Puckett CL, Shingleton WW: The effect of induced diabetes on experimental tumor growth in mice. Cancer Res 32:789, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  390. Radcliffe JD, Morrison SD: Protein quality, food intake and growth in normal and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma-bearing rats. J Nutr 110:2182, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  391. Radcliffe JD, Morrison SD: Dietary tryptophan level, food intake and growth in normal and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma-bearing rats. Nutr Repts Internat 22:563, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  392. Radcliffe JD, Morrison SD: Histidine deficiency, food intake and growth in normal and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma-bearing rats. Nutr Cancer 3:40, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. Rapp GW: Some systemic effects of malignant tumors. I. Co-enzyme A levels. Cancer 31:357, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. Rashkis HA: Systemic stress as an inhibitor of experimental tumors in Swiss mice. Science 116:169, 1952

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  395. Rechcigl M, Grantham F, Greenfield RE: Studies on the cachexia of tumor-bearing animals. I Body weight changes, carcass composition, and metabolic studies. Cancer Res 21:238, 1961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  396. Reichard GA, Moury NJ, Hochella NI, Patterson AL, Wein-house S: Quantitative estimation of the Cori cycle in the human. J Biol Chem 238:495, 1963

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  397. Reichelt KL, Foss I, Trygstad O, Edminson PD, Johansen JH, Boler JB: Humoral control of appetite. II. Purification and characterization of an anorexigenic peptide from human urine. Neurosci 3:1207, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  398. Reifenstein EC, Albright F, Wells SL: The accumulation, interpretation and presentation of data pertaining to metabolic balances, notably those of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 5:367, 1945

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  399. Riboli B, Bertoglio S, Venturini M, Arnulfo G, Terrizi A: Role of fatty acid emulsions in short and medium TPN. Minerva Dietol Gastroenterol 27:437, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  400. Richter CP: Total self-regulatory functions in animals and human beings. Harvey Lectures 38:63, 1942/43

    Google Scholar 

  401. Rogers QR, Leung PMB: The influence of amino acids on the neuroregulation of food intake. Fed Proc 32:1709, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  402. Rombeau JL, Goldman SL, Apelgren KN, Sanford I, Frey CF: Protein-calorie malnutrition in patients with colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 21:587, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  403. Rosenberg SA, Diamond HD, Jaslowitz B, Craver LF: Lymphosarcoma: a review of 1269 cases. Medicine 40:31, 1961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  404. Rudman D, Chawla RD: A new system of cancer-related antigens: biochemical properties and clinical applications. Clin Res 25:525A, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  405. Rudman D, Millikan WJ, Richardson TJ, Bixler TJ, Stack-house J, McGarrity WK: Elemental balances during intravenous hyperalimentation of underweight adult subjects. J Clin Invest 55:94, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  406. Rudman D, Vogler WR, Howard CH, Gerron GS: Observations on the plasma amino acids of patients with acute leukemia. Cancer Res 31:1159, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  407. Rusch HP, Kline BE: The effect of exercise on growth of a mouse tumor.Cancer Res 4:116, 1944

    Google Scholar 

  408. Salter J, De Mayer R, Best CH: Effect of insulin and glucagon on tumour growth. Brit Med J ii:5, 1958

    Google Scholar 

  409. Saryan LA, Hollis DP, Economou JS, Eggleston JC: Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cancer. IV Correlation of water content with tissue relaxation times. J Natl Cancer Inst 52:599, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  410. Sassenrath EN, Greenberg DM (with Keffer LS, Sills RA): Tumor host relationships. I. Effects on free amino acid concentrations of certain tissues. Cancer Res 14:563, 1954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  411. Sauer LA, Stayman JW III, Dauchy RT: Amino acid, glucose and lactic acid utilization in vivo by rat tumors. Cancer Res 82:4090, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  412. Scharrer E, Baile CA, Mayer J: Effect of amino acids and protein on food intake of hyperphagic and recovered aphagic rats. Am J Physiol 218:400, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  413. Schein PS, Kisner D, Haller D, Blecher M, Hamosh M: Cachexia of malignancy. Potential role of insulin in nutritional management. Cancer 43:2070, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  414. Schmale AH: Psychological aspects of anorexia. Cancer 43:2087, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  415. Schmidt K, Breitmaier E, Aeikens B, Seiger K-H, Knittel B: Spin-Gitter Relaxationszeit der Protonen des Zellwassers in normalen und tumorösen Geweben des Menschen. Z Krebsforsch 80:209, 1973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  416. Schwartz MK: Role of trace elements in cancer. Cancer Res 35:3481, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  417. Schwartz GF, Green HL, Bendon ML, Graham WP, Blake-more WS: Combined parenteral hyperalimentation and chemotherapy in the treatment of disseminated solid tumors. Am J Surg 121:169, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  418. Serrou B, Cupissol D: Nutritional support and immune system in cancer management. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65 (Suppl. 5): 115, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  419. Serrou B, Cupissol D, Plagne R, Boutin R, Chollet P, Carcassonne Y, Michel FB: Follow-up of a randomized trial for oat cell carcinoma evaluating the efficacy of peripheral intravenous nutrition (PIVN) as adjunct treatments. Recent Results Cancer Res 80:246, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  420. Settle RG, Quinn MR, Brand JG, Kare MR, Mullen JL, Brown R: Gustatory evaluation of cancer patients: preliminary results. In: Nutrition and Cancer, Eds. Van Eys J, Selig MS and Nichols BL. SP Medical and Scientific NY, 1979, p. 171

    Google Scholar 

  421. Settle RG, Chernoff R, Rombeau JL, Hostetter R, Blowe V: Cancer patient preferences for enteral feedings. Am J Clin Nutr 34:648, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  422. Shapot VS: Some biochemical aspects of the relationship between the tumor and the host. Adv Cancer Res 15:253, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  423. Shapot VS: On the multiform relationships between the tumor and the host. Adv Cancer Res 30:89, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  424. Shaw MT, Ladman AJ, Spector MH: The contribution of malabsorption to malignant cachexia. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 20:300, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  425. Sherman CD, Morton JL, Mider GB: Potential sources of tumor nitrogen. Cancer Res 10:374, 1950

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  426. Shike M, Feld R, Evans WK, Marlin EB, Harrison JE, Shepherd FA, Jeejeebhoy KN: Nutritional status of patients with lung carcinoma: the effect of chemotherapy and parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 34:620, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  427. Shils ME: Nutritional problems associated with gastrointestinal and genitourinary cancer. Cancer Res 37:2366, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  428. Shils ME: Effects of nutrition on surgery of the liver, pancreas and genitourinary tract. Cancer Res 37:2387, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  429. Singh J, Grigor MR, Thompson MP: Substrate utilization by a transplantable rat sarcoma. Proc Univ Otago Med Sch 56:98, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  430. Slonaker JR: The effect of copulation, pregnancy, pseudo-pregnancy and lactation on the voluntary activity and food consumption of the albino rat. Am J Physiol 71:362, 1925

    Google Scholar 

  431. Smith JC, Blumsack JT: Learned taste aversion as a factor in cancer therapy. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65 (Suppl 5):37, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  432. Smith JC, Hansen HH, Selawry OS, Howard MP, Halstead JA: Serum zinc concentration: an unreliable parameter for diagnosing bronchogenic carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 51:1379, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  433. Smith N, Pool R, Weinberg H: The role of bulk in the control of eating. J Comp Physiol Psychol 55:115, 1962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  434. Spaulding WB: The clinical analysis of fatigue. Applied Therapeutics 6:911, 1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  435. Spector AC, Smith JC, Hollander GR: A comparison of dependent measures used to quantify radiation-induced taste aversion. Physiol Behav 27:887, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  436. Steiger E, Oram-Smith J, Miller E, Kuo L, Vars H: Effects of nutrition on tumor growth and tolerance to chemotherapy. J Surg Res 18:455, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  437. Stein TP: Cachexia, gluconeogenesis and progressive weight loss in cancer patients. J Theoret Biol 73:51, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  438. Stein TP: Tumor-induced changes in the host’s protein metabolism. In: Molecular Interrelations of Nutrition and Cancer. Eds. Arnott MS, Van Eys J and Wang Y-M, Raven Press NY, 1982, p 137

    Google Scholar 

  439. Stephan FK, Zucker I: Circadian rhythm in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 69:1583, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  440. Stevenson JAF, Beaton JR: Fat-mobilizing substances from the urine of fasting animals. Ann NY Acad Sci 131:189, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  441. Stevenson JAF, Box BM, Feleki V, Beaton JR: Bouts of exercise and food intake in the rat. J Appl Physiol 21:118, 1966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  442. Stevenson JAF, Box BM, Wright RB: The effect of a cold environment on malignant anorexia. Canad J Biochem Physiol 41:531, 1963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  443. Stewart AG, Begg RW: Systemic effects of tumors in force-fed rats. III. Effect on the composition of the carcass and liver and on the plasma lipids. Cancer Res 13:560, 1953

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  444. Strain AJ: Cancer cachexia in man: a review. Invest Cell Pathol 2:181, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  445. Strain AJ, Easty GC and Neville AM: A new experimental model of human cachexia. Invest Cell Pathol 2:87, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  446. Strominger JL: The relation between water intake and food intake in normal rats and in rats with hypothalamic hyper-phagia. Yale J Biol Med 19:279, 1947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  447. Strother A: The role of taste in disease and drug therapy and certain drug-nutrient interactions. Med Arts Sci 28:23, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  448. Sudjian AV: A hypothesis. Cancer cachexia or cachexia in cancer. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 498:155, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  449. Svaninger G, Bennegard K, Ekman L, Ternell M, Lundholm K: Lack of evidence for elevated breakdown rate of skeletal muscles in cancer cachexia, J Natl Cancer Inst 71:341, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  450. Swanston-Flatt SK, Flatt PR, Tan K, Karks V: A transplantable rat insulinoma induces hyperphagia and abolishes changes of food consumption, plasma glucose and plasma insulin concentration. Proc Nutr Soc 1982

    Google Scholar 

  451. Swynnerton BF: The natural history of carcinoma of the oesophagus. In: Neoplastic Disease at Various Sites. Vol IV. Eds Tanner NC and Smithers DW, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 146, 1961

    Google Scholar 

  452. Sylven B, Holmberg B: On the structure and biological effects of a newly-discovered cytotoxic polypeptide in tumor fluid. Eur J Cancer 1:199, 1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  453. Terepka AR, Waterhouse C: Metabolic observations during the forced feeding of patients with cancer. Am J Med 20:225, 1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  454. Theologides A: Pathogenesis of cachexia in cancer. A review and hypothesis. Cancer 29:484, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  455. Theologides A: The anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a new hypothesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 230:14, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  456. Theologides A: Anorexia-producing intermediary metabolites. Am J Clin Nutr 29:552, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  457. Theologides A: Why cancer patients have anorexia. Geriatrics 31:69, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  458. Theologides A: Cancer cachexia. Cancer 43:2004, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  459. Theologides A: Anorexia in cancer: another speculation on its pathogenesis. Nutr and Cancer 2:133, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  460. Theologides A: Pathogenesis of anorexia and cachexia in cancer. Cancer Bull 34:140, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  461. Theologides A, Ehlert J, Kennedy BJ: The caloric intake of patients with advanced cancer. Minnesota Medicine 59:526, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  462. Theuer RC: Effect of essential amino acid restriction on the growth of female C57BL mice and their implanted BW10232 adenocarcinomas. J Nutr 101:223, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  463. Toal JN, Millar FK, Brooks RH, White J: Sodium retention by rats bearing Walker carcinosarcoma 256. Amm J Physiol 200:175, 1961

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  464. Trygstad O, Foss I, Edminson PD, Johansen JH, Reichelt KL: Humoral control of appetite: a urinary anorexigenic peptide. Chromatographic patterns of urinary peptides in anorexia nervosa. Act Endocrinol 89:196, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  465. Tyler HR: Paraneoplastic syndromes of nerve, muscle and neuromuscular junction. Ann NY Acad Sci 230:348, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  466. Van Eys J: Effect of nutritional status on response to therapy. Cancer Res 42:747S, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  467. Van Eys J: Tumor-host competition for nutrients. Cancer Bull 34:136, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  468. Van Eys J, Carter P, Carr D, Ramirez I, Coody D, Taylor HG: Nutrient intake of children with cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1:C244, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  469. Vaughan DA, Vaughan LN: The effect of a low environmental temperature on the weight and food consumption of thiamine deficient rats. J Nutr 63:417, 1957

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  470. Vickers ZM, Nielsen SS, Theologides A: Food preferences of patients with cancer. J Am Dietet Assoc 79:441, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  471. Von Meyenfeldt M, Chance WT, Fisher JE: Correlation of changes in brain indoleamine metabolism with onset of anorexia in rats. Am J Surg 143:133, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  472. Wade GN, Zucker I: Hormonal modulation of responsiveness to an aversive taste stimulus in rats. Physiol Behav 5:269, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  473. Wade GN, Zucker I: Development of hormonal control over food intake and body weight in female rats. J Comp Physiol Psycholl 70:213, 1970

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  474. Waldman TA, Broder S, Strober W: Protein-losing enteropathies associated with malignancy. Ann NY Acad Sci 230:306, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  475. Wang GH: The changes in amount of daily food intake of the albino rat during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Physiol 71:736, 1925

    Google Scholar 

  476. Warburg O: The Metabolism of Tumors. Transi Dickens F, Richard R. Smith Inc., NY, 1931

    Google Scholar 

  477. Warnold I, Lundholm K, Schersten T: Energy balance and body composition in cancer patients. Cancer Res 38:1801, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  478. Warren S: The immediate causes of death in cancer. Am J Med Sci 184:610, 1932

    Google Scholar 

  479. Waterhouse C: Lactate metabolism in patients with cancer. Cancer 33:66, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  480. Waterhouse C: Oxidation and metabolic interconversion in malignant cachexia. Cancer Trtmnt Repts 65 (Suppl 5):61, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  481. Waterhouse C, Kemperman J: Carbohydrate metabolism in subjects with cancer. Cancer Res 31:1273, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  482. Waterhouse C, Kemperman JH, Stormont JM: Alterations in triglyceride metabolism as produced by dietary change. J Lab Clin Med 63:605, 1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  483. Waterhouse C, Fenninger LD, Keutmann EH: Nitrogen exchange and caloric expenditure in patients with malignant neoplasm. Cancer 4:500, 1951

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  484. Waterhouse C, Jeanpretre N, Keilson J: Gluconeogenesis from alanine in patients with progressive malignant disease. Cancer Res 39:1968, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  485. Waterhouse C, Terepka AR, Sherman CD: The gross electrolyte composition of certain human malignant tissues. Cancer Res 15:544, 1955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  486. Watkin DM, Steinfeld JL: Metabolic relationship between tumor and host during massive doses of prednisone in human neoplastic disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 33:149, 1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  487. Watson WS, Scammon AM: Body composition in cachexia resulting from malignant and non-malignant diseases. Cancer 46:2041, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  488. Weber G: Differential carbohydrate metabolism in tumor and host. In: Molecular Interrelations of Nutrition and Cancer. Eds Arnott MS, Van Eys J and Wang Y-M, Raven Press, NY, 1982, pp 191

    Google Scholar 

  489. Weber G, Stubbs M, Morris HP: Metabolism of hepatomas of different growth rates in situ and during ischemia. Cancer Res 31:2177, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  490. Weil R, Stetten D: The urinary excretion of a fat-mobilizing agent. J Biol Chem 168:129, 1947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  491. Weinhouse S: Oxidative metabolism of neoplastic tissues. Adv Cancer Res 3:269, 1955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  492. Weinhouse S: Changing perceptions of carbohydrate metabolism in tumors. In: Molecular Interrelations of Nutrition and Cancer. Eds Arnott MS, Van Eys J and Wang Y-M, Raven Press NY, 1982, pp 167

    Google Scholar 

  493. Weisman ID, Bennett LH, Maxwell LR, Woods MW, Burk D: Recognition of cancer in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance. Science 178:1288, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  494. White FR: Source of tumor proteins. II. Nitrogen balance studies of tumor-bearing mice fed a low nitrogen diet. J Natl Cancer Inst 5:265, 1945

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  495. White FR: The relationship between underfeeding and tumor formation, transplantation and growth in rats and mice. Cancer Res 21:281, 1961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  496. White FR, Belkin M: Source of tumor proteins. I. Effect of a low nitrogen diet on the establishment and growth of a transplanted tumor. J Natl Cancer Inst 5261, 1945

    Google Scholar 

  497. White J, Toal JN, Millar FK, Brooks RH: Walker carcinosarcoma 256 as a dietary constituent. III. Sodium as a factor in stimulation of water and food intake and growth in tumor-bearing rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 24:197, 1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  498. Williams JF, Matthaei KI, Graham M, Taylor R: Cancer cachexia: a review and an examination of the biochemical events concerned with the etiology of the condition. Cancer Forum 21:118, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  499. Williams RB, Mills CF: The experimental production of zinc deficiency in the rat. Brit J Nutr 24:989, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  500. Williams MW, Williams CS, DeWitt GR: Activity, weight and oxygen consumption of hyperthyroid mice bearing sarcoma 180. Life Sci 5:545, 1966

    Google Scholar 

  501. Williamson JR, Jakob A, Scholz R: Energy cost of gluconeo-genesis in rat liver.Metabolism 20:13, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  502. Willis RA: Pathology of Tumors. 4th ed, Appleton-Century-Crofts, NY, 1967, pp 24–26, 142, 209

    Google Scholar 

  503. Wiseman G, Ghadially FN: Biochemical concept of tumor growth, infiltration and cachexia. Brit Med J ii:18, 1958

    Google Scholar 

  504. Wiseman G, Neame KD, Ghadially FN: Effect of sarcoma RD3 on intestinal active absorption of glucose and L-histidine. Brit J Cancer 13:282, 1959

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  505. World Health Organization, Mortality from malignant neoplasm. 1970

    Google Scholar 

  506. Young CM, Hagan GC, Tucker RE, Foster WD: A comparison of dietary study methods. II. Dietary history vs seven-day record vs 24 hr recall. J Am Dietet Assoc 28:218, 1952

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  507. Young VR: The role of skeletal and cardiac muscle in the regulation of protein metabolism. In: Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Vol. IV, Ed. Munro HN, Academic Pres, NY, 1970, pp 585

    Google Scholar 

  508. Young VR: Energy metabolism and requirements in the cancer patient. Cancer Res 37:2336, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  509. Zajicek G: Cancer as a systemic disease. Med Hypoth 4:193, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  510. Zajicek G: Metastasis as a beneficial process. Med Hypoth 5:351, 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  511. Zajucek G: The ideal human neoplasm. Med Hypoth 5:1133, 1979

    Google Scholar 

Postscript References

  1. Aderka D, Fisher S, Levo Y, Holtmann H, Hahn T, Wallach D: Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor production by cancer patients. Lancet (ii). 1190, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  2. Albert JD, Legaspi A, Horowitz GD, Tracey KG, Brennan MF, Lowry SF: Peripheral tissue metabolism in man with varied disease states and similar weight loss. J Surg Res 40:374 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Beutler B, Greenwald D, Hulmes JD, Chang M, Pan Y-CE, Mathison J, Ulevitch R, Cerami A: Identity of tumor necrosis factor and the macrophage-secreted factor cachectin. Nature 316:552, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Beutler B, Mahoney J, Trang NL, Pekala P, Cerami A: Purification of cachectin, a lipoprotein lipase-suppressing hormone secreted by endotoxin-induced raw 264.7 cells. J Exp Med 161:984, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Beutler BA, Milsark IW, Cerami A: Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor: Production, distribution and metabolic fate in vivo. J Immunol 135:3976, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bozzetti F, Ammatuna H, Migliavacca S, Bonalumi MG, Facchetti G, Pupa A, Terno G: Total parenteral nutrition prevents further nutritional deterioration in patients with cancer cachexia. Ann Surg 205:138, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Carswell EA, Old LJ, Kassel RL, Green S, Fiore N, Williamson B: An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 72:3666, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Chlebowski RT: Critical evaluation of the role of nutritional support with chemotherapy. Cancer 55 (Suppl):268, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chlebowski RT, Bulcavage L, Grosvenor M, Tsumokai R, Block JB, Heber D, Scrooc M, Chlebowski JS, Chi J, Oktay E et al.: Hydrazine sulfate in cancer patients with weight loss. A placebo-controlled clinical experience. Cancer 59:406, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Chory ET, Mullen JL: Nutritional support of the cancer patient: delivery systems and formulation. Surg Clin North Am 66:1105, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dempsey DT, Mullen JL: Macronutrient requirements in the malnourished cancer patient. How much of what and why? Cancer 55 (Suppl):290, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fraker, Norton JA: Reversal of the toxic effects of cachectin by insulin. Surg Forum (in press, 1987)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Heymsfield SB, McManus CB: Tissue components of weight loss in cancer patients. A new method of study and preliminary observations. Cancer 55 (Suppl):238, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jeevanandam M, Horowtiz GD, Lowry SF, Brennan MF: Cancer cachexia and the rate of whole body lipolysis in man. Metabolism 35:304, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kawakami M, Pekala PH, Lane MD, Cerami A: Lipoprotein lipase suppression in 3T3-L1 cells by endotoxin-induced mediator from exudate cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 79:912, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kokal WA: The impact of antitumor therapy on nutrition. Cancer 55 (Suppl):273, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kurger M, Meguid MM: Cancer and protein metabolism. Surg Clin North Am 66:969, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lazo PA: Tumor-host metabolic interaction and cachexia. FEBS Let 187:189, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lindmark L, Bennegard K, Ed’en E, Sveninger G, Ternell M, Lundholm K: Thermic effect and substrate oxidation in response to intravenous nutrition in cancer patients who lose weight. Ann Surg 204:628, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. McAndrew PF: Fat metabolism and cancer. Surg Clin North Am 66:1003, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Moley JF, Morrison SD, Norton JA: Effects of exogenous insulin administration on food intake, body weight change and tumor doubling time. Surg Forum 34:91, 1983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Moley JF, Morrison SD, Norton JA: Insulin reversal of cancer cachexia in rats. Cancer Res 45:4925, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Moley JF, Morrison SD, Norton JA: Pre-operative insulin reverses cachexia and decreases mortality. J Surg Res 43:(1)21, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Moley JF, Peacock JE, Morrison SD, Norton JA: Insulin reversal of cancer-induced protein loss. Surg Forum 36:416, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Nixon DW: The value of parenteral nutrition support. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Cancer 58 (Suppl):1902, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Norton JA, Moley JF, Green MV, Carson RE, Morrison SD: Parabiotic transfer of cancer anorexia/cachexia in male rats. Cancer Res 45:5547, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Old LJ: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Science 230:630, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pekala PH, Kawakami M, Angus CW, Lane MD, Cerami A: Selective inhibition of synthesis of enzymes for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis by an endotoxin-induced mediator from exudate cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 80:2743, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Rumley TO Jr, Copeland EM Jr: Value of nutritional support in adult cancer patients. Surg Clin North Am 66:1177, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Shellock FG, Riedinger MS, Fishbein MC: Brown adipose tissue in cancer patients: possible cause of cancer-induced cachexia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 111:82, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Stobran M, Norton JA: Cachectin. A mediator of cachexia? Surg Forum 1987 (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Torti FM, Dieckmann B, Beutler B, Cerami A, Ringold GM: A macrophage factor inhibits adipocyte gene expression: An in vitro model of cachexia. Science 229:867, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. S. D. Morrison
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., USA

    Lance A. Liotta

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Morrison, S.D. (1989). Cancer Cachexia. In: Liotta, L.A. (eds) Influence of Tumor Development on the Host. Cancer Growth and Progression, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2528-1_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2528-1_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7642-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2528-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation