Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Evaluation in Education and Human Services ((EEHS,volume 22))

Abstract

As recently as 1973, the evidence on the ability of personnel tests to predict job performance was considered to be modest, at best (Ghiselli 1966,1973). Thus, it is rather astounding to find that by the early 1980s published research was arguing that the use of general ability tests to select workers could increase U.S. productivity by almost $90 billion (Hunter and Schmidt 1982, 268). A report prepared for the U.S. Employment Service estimated that if tests were given optimal use, the federal government could save about $16 billion each year and employers who hire through the U.S. Employment Service could save almost $80 billion each year (Hunter 1983a).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alchian, Av and H. Demsetz. 1972, December. Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review 62:777–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education. 1985. Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (Known as APA Standards.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anastasi, A. 1982. Psychological testing. 5th ed. New York: MacMillan Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G. S. 1964. Human capital. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brogden, H. E. 1949. A new coefficient: Application to biserial correlation and to estimation of selective efficiency. Psychometrika 14:169–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burket, G. R. 1964. A study of reduced rank models for multiple prediction. Psychometric Monographs 12:1–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cascio, W. F. 1982. Costing human resources: The financial impact of behavior in organizations. Boston: Kent Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinloy, P. 1981. Labor productivity. Cambridge, MA: Abt Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corts, D. B., T. W. Muldrow, and A. M. Outerbridge. 1977, December. Research base for the written test portion of the Professional and Administrative Career Examination (PACE): Prediction of job performance for customs inspectors, PS-77–4. Washington, DC: U.S. Civil Service Commission, Personnel Research and Development Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J. 1984. Essentials of psychological testing. 4th ed. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J., and G. C. Gleser. 1965. Psychological tests and personnel decisions. Chicago: Illinois Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denison, E. F. 1985. Trends in American economic growth, 1929–1982. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunnette, M. D. 1983. Aptitudes, abilities, and skills. In Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, ed. M. D. Dunnette, 473–520. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleishman, E., and M. Quaintance. 1984. Taxonomies of human performance. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghiselli, E. 1966. The validity of occupational aptitude tests. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghiselli, E. 1973. The validity of aptitude tests in personnel selection. Personnel Psychology 26:461–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, G. V., B. McGaw, and M. L. Smith. 1981. Meta-analysis in social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedges, L. V., and I. Olkin. 1985. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. E. 1983a. The economic benefits of personnel selection using ability tests: A state of the art review including a detailed analysis of the dollar benefit of U.S. employment service placements and a critique of the low-cutoff method of test use. USES Test Research Report no. 47. Washington, DC: Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. E. 1983b. Test validation for 12,000 jobs: An application of job classification and validity generalization analysis to the General Aptitude Test Battery. USES Test Research Report no. 45. Washington, DC: Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. E., and F. L. Schmidt. 1982. In Human performance and productivity, 233–84. Vol. 1 of Human capability assessment, ed. E. A. Fleishman and M. D. Dunnette, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. E., and F. L. Schmidt. 1983, April. Quantifying the effects of psychological interventions on employee job performance and workforce productivity. American Psychologist 38: 473–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. E., F. L. Schmidt, and G. Jackson. 1982. Meta-analysis: Cumulating research findings across studies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendrick, J. W. 1984. Improving company productivity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendrick, J. W., and B. N. Vaccara, eds. 1980. New developments in productivity measurement and analysis. Studies in Income and Wealth, vol. 44. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, H. M. 1983. Cost-effectiveness: A primer. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, H. M. 1987, Summer. Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses. In Evaluation practice in review—New directions for program evaluation, no. 34, ed. D. S. Cordray, H. S. Bloom, and R. J. Light, 83–99. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linn, R. L., and S. B. Dunbar. 1986. Validity generalization and predictive bias. In Performance assessment: Methods and application, ed. R. A. Berk. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, E. 1979. Job analysis: Methods and applications. New York: AMACOM.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKillup, R. H., M. H. Trattner, D. B. Corts, and H. Wing. 1977, April. The Professional and Administrative Career Examination: Research and development, PRR-77–1. Washington, DC: U.S. Civil Service Commission, Personnel Research and Development Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishan, E. J. 1976. Cost-benefit analysis. New York: Praeger Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueser, P., and T. Maloney. 1987, June. Cognitive ability, human capital and employer screening: Reconciling labor market behavior with studies of employee productivity. Unpublished paper available from Peter Mueser, Department of Economics, University of Missouri, Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, B. S. 1977, August. Research base for the written test portion of the Professional and Administrative Career Examination (pace): Prediction of training success for social insurance claims examiner, TS 77–5. Washington, DC: U.S. Civil Service Commission, Personnel Research and Development Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, B., and M. H. Trattner. 1977, August. Research base for the written test portion of the Professional and Administrative Career Examination (PACE): Prediction of job performance for internal revenue officers, TS 77–6. Washington, DC: U.S. Civil Service Commission, Personnel Research and Development Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasmore, W. A., and J. J. Sherwood. 1978. Socio technical systems: A sourcebook. San Diego, CA: University Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pencavel, J. H. 1977. Work effort, on-the-job screening, and alternative methods of remuneration. In Research in labor economics, Vol. 1, ed. R. G. Ehrenberg, 225–59. Greenwich, CT: jai Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, R. R., and G. T. Chao. 1982. Validity and fairness of some alternative employment selection procedures. Personnel Psychology 35:1–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, M. 1979, June. Social effects of ability testing. Unpublished paper available from author at Department of Economics, University of California, La Jolla.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sackett, P. R., N. Schmitt, M. L. Tenopyr, J. Kehoe, and S. Zedeck. 1985. Commentary on forty questions about validity generalization and metaanalysis. Personnel Psychology 38:697–798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, F. L., and J. E. Hunter. 1977. Development of a general solution to the problem of validity generalization. Journal of Applied Psychology 62:529–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, F. L., J. E. Hunter, R. C. McKenzie, and T. W. Muldrow. 1979. Impact of valid selection procedures on work-force productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology 64:609–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, F. L., J. E. Hunter, A. N. Outerbridge, and M. H. Trattner. 1986. The economic impact of job selection methods on size, productivity, and payroll costs of the federal work force: An empirically based demonstration. Personnel Psychology 39:1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, F. L., J. E. Hunter, K. Pearlman, and H. R. Hirsh. 1985. Forty questions about validity generalization and meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology 38:697–798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, N., R. Z. Gooding, R. A. Noe, and M. Kirsch. 1984. Meta-analyses of validity studies, published between 1964 and 1982 and the investigation of study characteristics. Personnel Psychology 37:407–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spence, A. M. 1974. Market signaling: Informational transfer in hiring and related screening processes. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiglitz, J. 1975, Autumn. Incentives, risk and information: Notes toward a theory of hierarchy. Bell Journal of Economics 6:552–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trattner, M. H., D. B. Corts, P. P. van Rijn, and A. M. Outerbridge. 1977, September. Research base for the written test portion of the Professional and Administrative Career Examination (PACE): Prediction of job performance for claims authorizers in the social insurance claims examining operation, TS 77–3. Washington, DC: U.S. Civil Service Commission, Personnel Research and Development Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, M. C. 1987. The impact of underutilization of education on productivity: A case study of the U.S. Bell Companies. Economics of Education Review 6:239–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, M. C., and H. M. Levin. 1985. The economics of overeducation. Economics of Education Review 4:93–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Employment Service. 1965. Dictionary of occupational titles. 3d ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. General Accounting Office. 1979, May 15. Federal employment examinations: Do they achieve equal opportunity and merit principle goals? Washington, DC: Comptroller General of the United States.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vroom, V. H. 1964. Work and motivation. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigdor, A. K., and J. A. Hartigan, eds. 1988. Interim report, within-group scoring of the General Aptitude Test Battery. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and hierarchies. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Levin, H.M. (1989). Ability Testing for Job Selection: Are the Economic Claims Justified?. In: Gifford, B.R. (eds) Test Policy and the Politics of Opportunity Allocation: The Workplace and the Law. Evaluation in Education and Human Services, vol 22. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2502-1_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2502-1_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7629-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2502-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics