Urban Systems Modeling: Retrospects and Prospects

Abstract

Some urban systems models introduced in Chapter 1 have been quite widely applied throughout the world. Potential use of such models has been well described by Batty (1979) [14] and a few of them have been operationalized (Oppenheim 1980; Foot 1981) [121] [55]. Urban systems, however, are complex. Thus, urban systems models cannot produce useful recommendations to decision makers unless the models are founded on an understanding of the structures and behavior of the organizations involved in decision making that affect the functions and forms of urban areas.