Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Contrast agents for myocardial perfusion studies

Mechanisms, state of the art, and future prospects

  • Chapter
Myocardial Contrast Two-dimensional Echocardiography

Part of the book series: Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine ((DICM,volume 99))

Abstract

Twenty years after Gramiak & Shah at the University of Rochester reported the echocardiography contrast [1] the uses and applications of contrast echocardiography are still growing. The need for new and more standardized contrast agents with superior reproducibility and capillary transmission capability has been felt for years [2]. Meltzer et al. [3] and Armstrong et al. [4] reported on commercially prepared contrast agents in the early 1980’s. Feinstein et al. [5] introduced the use of ultrasonic energy (sonication) to create smaller microbubbles. Current knowledge and future prospects about mechanisms of the ultrasound contrast effect and the new contrast agents are summarized in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gramiak R, Shah PM (1968): Echocardiography of the aortic root. Invest Radiol 3: 356–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Meerbaum S (1986): Promise and status of myocardial contrast-enhanced two-dimensional echocardiography. Delineation of ischemic risk zone and quantitation of myocardial perfusion defects. J Am Coll Cardiol 7: 395–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Meltzer RS, Vermeulen HW, Valk N, Verdow R, Lancee CT, Roelandt J (1982): New echocardiographic contrast agents: Transmission through the lungs and myocardial perfusion imaging. J Cardiovasc Ultrason 1: 277–282.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Armstrong WF, Mueller TM, Kinney EL, Tickner EG, Dillon JC, Feigenbaum H (1982): Assessment of myocardial perfusion abnormalities with contrast-enhanced two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 66:166–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Feinstein SB, Ten Cate KJ, Zwehl W, Ong K, Maurer G, Tei C, Shah PM, Meerbaum S, Corday E (1984): Two-dimensional contrast echocardiography, I: In vitro development and quantitative analysis of echo contrast agents. J Am Coll Cardiol 3:14–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kremkau FW, Gramiak R, Carstensen EL, Shah PM, Kramer DH (1970): Ultrasonic detection of cavitation at catheter tips. Am J Roentgenol 110:177–183.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bove AA, Adams DF, Hugh AE, Lynch PR (1968): Cavitation at catheter tips: A possible cause of air embolus. Invest Radiol 3:159–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bove AA, Ziskin MC, Mulchin WL (1969): Ultrasonic detection of in vivo cavitation and pressure effects of high-speed injections through catheters. Invest Radiol 4: 236–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Barrera JG, Fulkerson PK, Rittgers SE, Nerem RM (1978): The nature of contrast echo-cardiographic ‘targets’ (abstract). Circulation 58 (suppl): 11–233.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Schuchman H, Feigenbaum H, Dillon JC (1975): Intracavitary echoes in patients with mitral prosthetic valves. J Clin Ultras 3:107–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Meltzer RS, Tickner EG, Popp RL (1980): The source of ultrasound contrast effect. J Clin Ultras 8:121–127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Meltzer RS, Tickner EG, Popp RL (1982): The source of echocardiographic contrast (pp 7–16) in Meltzer RS, Roelandt J (eds): Contrast Echocardiography. The Hague-Boston-Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (DICM 15).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Koenig K, Meltzer RS (1986): Effect of viscosity on the size of microbubbles generated for use as echocardiographic contrast agents. J Cardiovasc Ultrason 5: 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Sebba F (1971): Microfoams: An unexploited colloid system. J Colloid Interface Sci 35: 643–646.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Yount DE (1983): A model for microbubble fission in surfactant solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 91: 349–360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. D’Arrigo (1983): Biological surfactants stabilizing natural microbubbles in aqueous media. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers 19: 253–307.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bommer WJ, Miller L, Takeda P, Mason DT, DeMaria AN (1981): Contrast echocardiography: Pulmonary transmission and myocardial perfusion imaging using surfactant stabilized microbubbles (abstract). Circulation 65 (suppl IV): IV–303.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Keller MW, Feinstein SB, Briller RA, Powsner SM (1986): Automated production and analysis of echo contrast agents. J Ultrasound Med 5: 493–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Yoon RH, Yordan JL (1986): Zeta-potential measurements on microbubbles generated using various surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 113:430–438.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bommer WJ, Mason DT, DeMaria AN (1979): Studies in contrast echocardiography: Development of new agents with superior reproducibility and transmission through the lungs. Circulation 59–60 (suppl II): 11–17.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Meltzer RS, Tickner EG, Popp RL (1980): Why do the lungs clear ultrasonic contrast? Ultrasound in Med &Biol: 263–269.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Meltzer RS, Sartorius OEH, Lancee CT, Serruys PW, Verdouw PD, Essed C, Roelandt J (1981): Transmission of ultrasonic contrast through the lungs. Ultrasound in Med &Biol 7: 377–384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Meltzer RS, Vermulen HWJ, Valk NK, Verdouw PD, Lancee CT, Roelandt J (1982): New echocardiographic contrast agents: Transmission through the lungs and myocardial perfusion imaging. J Cardiovasc Ultrason 1: 277–282.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Phillips JH, Burch GE, Hellinger R (1961): The use of intracardiac carbon dioxide in the diagnosis of pericardial disease. Am Heart J 61: 748–755.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Oppenheismer MJ, Durant TM, Stauffer HM, Stewart GH, Lynch PR, Barrera F (1956): In vivo visualization of intracardiac structures with gaseous carbon dioxide. Am J Physiol 186: 325–334.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Meltzer RS, Serruys PW, Hugenholtz PG, Roelandt J (1981): Intravenous carbon dioxide as an echocardiographic contrast agent. J Clin Ultrasound 19: 127–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Klicpera M, Glogar D, Mayr H, Mohl W, Losert U, Kaindl F (1982): Myocardial perfusion evaluated by contrast echocardiography. Chest 82: 751–755.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Tambe A, McLaughlin WR, Zimmerman HA (1968): Double contrast medium technique for coronary blood flow studies (abstract). Am J Cardiol 21: 117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Gramiak R (1982): Contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound (pp 17–24) in Meltzer RS, Roelandt J (eds): Contrast Echocardiography. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (DICM 15).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Wang X, Wand J, Huang Y, Cai C (1979): Contrast echocardiography with hydrogen peroxide, I: Experimental study. Chinese Med J 92: 595–599.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Wang X, Wand J, Hanrong C, Lu C (1979): Contrast echocardiography with hydrogen peroxide, II: Clinical application. Chinese Med J 92:693–702.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gaffney FA, Lin JC, Peshock RM, Bush L, Buja LM (1983): Hydrogen peroxide contrast echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 52:607–609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kemper AJ, O’Boyle JE, Sharma S, Cohen CA, Kloner RA, Khuri SR, Parisi AF (1983): Hydrogen peroxide contrast-enhanced two-dimensional echocardiography: Real-time in vivo delineation of regional myocardial perfusion. Circulation 68: 603–611.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kemper AJ, O’Boyle BS, Cohen CA, Taylor A, Parisi AF (1984): Hydrogen peroxide contrast echocardiography: Quantification in vivo of myocardial risk area during coronary occlusion and of the necrotic area remaining after myocardial reperfusion. Circulation 70: 309–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Finney JW, Jay BE, Race GJ, Urschel HC, Mallams JT, Baila GA (1966): Removal of cholesterol and other lipids from experimental animal and human atheromatous arteries by dilute hydrogen peroxide. Angiology 17: 223–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Jiang L, Pu Sy, Yang MZ, Lu YZ, Chen HZ (1984): Left heart contrast echocardiography using a carbon dioxide producing agent (abstract). Circulation 70 (suppl II): II–5.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Carroll BA, Turner RJ, Tickner EG, Boyle DB, Young SW (1980): Gelatin encapsulated nitrogen microbubbles as ultrasonic contrast agents. Invest Radiol 15:260–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Armstrong WF, Mueller TM, Kinney EL, Tickner EG, Dillon JC, Feigenbaum H (1982): Assessment of myocardial perfusion abnormalities with contrast-enhanced two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 66:166–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Meltzer RS, Klig V, Teichholz LE (1985): Generating precision microbubbles for use as an echocardiographic contrast agent. J Am Coll Cardiol 5: 978–982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ernst A, Cikes I, Cistovic F (1984): Polygelin colloid solution as an echocardiographic contrast agent. J Cardiovasc Ultrason 3:143–145.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Santoso T, Roelandt J, Mansyoer H, Abdurahman N, Meltzer RS, Hugenholtz PG (1985): Myocardial perfusion imaging in humans by contrast echocardiography using polygelin colloid solution. J Am Coll Cardiol 6: 612–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Bommer WJ, Mason DT, DeMaria AN (1979): Studies in contrast echocardiography: Development of new agents with superior reproducibility and transmission through the lungs. Circulation 60 (suppl II): 11–17.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Smith MD, Kwan OL, Reiser HJ, DeMaria AN (1984): Superior intensity and reproducibility of SHU-454, a new right heart contrast agent. J Am Coll Cardiol 3: 992–998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Schartl M, Fritzsch T, Friedman W, Lange L (1984): Quantitative myocardial perfusion studies with a new safe echo contrast agent. J Am Coll Cardiol 3: 563 (abstr).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Miszalok V, Fritzsch T, Schartl M (1986): Myocardial perfusion defects in contrast echocardiography: spatial and temporal localization. Ultrasound in Med & Biol 12: 581–586.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rovai D, Lombardi M, Ferdeghini EM, Marzilli M, Distante A, Taddei L, Benassi A, DeMaria AN, Labbate A (1987): Color-coded functional imaging of myocardial perfusion by contrast echocardiography (abstract). Circulation 76 (suppl IV): IV–504.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Rovai D, Lombardi M, DE Pieri G, Mazzarisi A, Taddei L, Distante A, Benassi A, Labbate A (1988): Accurate flow quantitation by radiofrequency analysis of contrast echo (abstract). Circulation 78 (suppl II): 11–566.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Rovai D, Lombardi M, Ferdeghini EM, Marzilli M, Distante A, Taddei L, Landini L, Benassi A, L’Abbate A (1988): Detection of regional myocardial underperfusion by contrast-echo functional imaging (abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol 11: 76 .

    Google Scholar 

  49. Matsuda M, Kuwako K, Sugishita Y, Ito I, Akatsuka T (1983): Contrast echocardiography of the left heart by intravenous injections of perfluorochemical emulsion. J Cardiography 13:1021–1028.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Valdes-Cruz LM, Sahn DJ (1984): Ultrasonic contrast studies for the detection of cardiac shunts. J Am Coll Cardiol 3: 978–985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mattrey RF, Andre MP (1984): Ultrasonic enhancement of myocardial infarction with per-fluorocarbon compounds in dogs. Am J Cardiol 206–210.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Valdes-Cruz LM, Sahn DJ, Horowitz S (1982): Left ventricular opacification by intravenous injection of safe echo contrast agents: Comparative studies in animals and initial human trials (abstract). Circulation 66 (suppl II): 11–28.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Lang R, Borrow KM, Neuman A, Feinstein SB (1985): Echo contrast agents: Effects of sonicated microbubbles and carrier solutions on left ventricular contractility (abstract). Circulation 72 (suppl III): III–227.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Holt G, Reeves W, Rieder M, Daley L, Murthy M, Christensen C (1985): Negative inotropic effects of intracoronary echo-contrast agents (abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol 5: 474.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kondo S, Tei C, Meerbaum S, Corday E, Shah P (1984): Hyperemic response of intracoronary contrast agents during two-dimensional echographic delineation of regional myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 4: 149–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hayward R, Dawson P (1984): Contrast agents and angiocardiography. Br Heart J 52: 361–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hajduczki I, Rajagopalan RE, Meerbaum S, Drury JK, Corday E (1987): Effects of intra-coronary administered echo-contrast agents on epicardial coronary flow, ECG, and global and regional hemodynamics. J Cardiovasc Ultrason 6:85–93.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Moore CA, Smucker MC, Kaul S (1986): Myocardial contrast echocardiography in humans, I: Safety comparison with routine coronary arteriography. J Am Coll Cardiol 8: 1066–1072.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lang R, Borow KM, Neuman A, Al-Sadir J, Feinstein S (1986): Effect of intracoronary injections of sonicated microbubbles on left ventricular contractility in humans (abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol 7. 189A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Keller MW, Feinstein SB (1986): Successful transpulmonary contrast echocardiography for quantitation of myocardial perfusion (abstract). Clin Res 34 (2): 313A.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Feinstein SB (1986, 1988): Contrast Agents for Ultrasonic Imaging. US Patent #4, 572, 203, Feb. 25, 1986 and #4, 718,433, Jan. 12,1988.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Keller MW, Glasheen W, Kuldeep T, Gear A, Kaul S (1988): Myocardial contrast echocardiography without significant hemodynamic effects or reactive hyperemia: A major advantage in the imaging of regional myocardial perfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 12: 1039–1047.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Keller MW, Feinstein SB, Watson DD (1987): Successful left ventricular opacification following peripheral venous injection of sonicated contrast agent: An experimental evaluation. Am Heart J 114: 570–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Reisner SA, Ong LS, Shapiro JR, Lichtenberg GS, Amico AF, Allen MN, Meltzer RS (1988): Efficacy and safety of myocardial perfusion imaging using intracoronary sonicated albumin in humans (abstract). Circulation 78 (suppl II): 11–565.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Feinstein SB, Heidenreich PA, Dick CD, Schneider JM, Pastoret AF, Rubenstein WA, Appelbaum J, Brehm JL, Aronson S, Ellis J, Roizen M (1988): Albunex®: A new intravascular ultrasound contrast agent: preliminary safety and efficacy results (abstract). Circulation 78 (suppl II): 11–565.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Willard GW (1953): Ultrasonically induced cavitation in water: A step by step process. J Acoust Soc Am 25: 669–686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Reisner SA, Shapiro JR, Schwarz KQ, Meltzer RS (1988): Sonication of echocontrast agents: A standardized and reproducible method. J Cardiovasc Ultrasonography 7: 273–276.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Shimon A. Reisner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Janine R. Shapiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Antonio F. Amico
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Richard S. Meltzer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Woodland Hills, California, USA

    Samuel Meerbaum

  2. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

    Richard S. Meltzer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reisner, S.A., Shapiro, J.R., Amico, A.F., Meltzer, R.S. (1989). Contrast agents for myocardial perfusion studies. In: Meerbaum, S., Meltzer, R.S. (eds) Myocardial Contrast Two-dimensional Echocardiography. Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol 99. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2346-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2346-1_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7556-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2346-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation