Skip to main content

Estimating Retail Sales Using the Poisson Gravity Model

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Research Issues in Real Estate ((RIRE,volume 3))

Abstract

The retail gravity model is the model commonly used for estimating the retail sales potential of a retail center. Estimating retail sales is critically important to many decision makers. The traditional gravity model uses only size and distance as the only variables in its estimation. This chapter improves on the traditional gravity model by including retail center specific variables and socioeconomic characteristics of the shoppers in addition to size and distance, the traditional gravity model explanatory variables. In this chapter, shopping behavior is specified as a Poisson process. The estimation of retail sales involves two major steps. In the first step, the number of shopping trips taken to the different shopping centers in a retailing system are estimated. In the second step, retail centers are allocated retail sales for the Metropolitan Statistical Area, based on their shares of shopping trips.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adler, Thomas J., and Moshe Ben-Akiva. (1976). “Joint-Choice Model for Frequency, Destination, and Travel Mode for Shopping Trips.” Transportation Research Record 569, 136–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atlanta Journal and Constitution Newspapers. (1970). Shopping Centers in Five-County Metropolitan Atlanta. Atlanta: Atlanta Newspapers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atlanta Journal and Constitution Newspapers. (1977). Atlanta Regional Centers: Fifteen-County Metro Atlanta. Atlanta: Atlanta Newspapers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clapp, John M. (1980) “The Intrametropolitan Location of Office Activities.” Journal of Regional Science 20(3) (August), 387–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, Donald E., and Edward A. Mueller. (1961). Traffic Characteristics at Regional Shopping Centers. New Haven, CT: Yale University, Bureau of Traffic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connecticut Highway Department. (1963). Connecticut Interregional Planning Program: Technical Summary No. 3. Hartford: Connecticut Highway Department.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, P. W. (1980). Office Location and the Journey to Work: A Comparative Study of Five Urban Areas. Westmead, Farnborough, Hants, England: Gower.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D.J. (1952). “An Analysis of Some Failure Data.” - Journal of the American Statistical Association 47 (June), 113150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dent, Border D. (1978). “Trade Area Analysis of Atlanta’s Regional Shopping Centers.” Unpublished paper, Georgia State University, Department of Geography.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domencich, Thomas A., and Daniel McFadden. (1975). Urban Travel Demand. New York: American Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenberg, A. S. C. (1959). “The Pattern of Consumer Purchases.” Applied Statistics 8, 26–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellwood, L. W. (1954) “Estimating Potential Volume of Proposed Shopping Centers.” Appraisal Journal 22, 581–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flowerdew, Robin, and Murray Aitkin. (1982). “A Method of Fitting the Gravity Model Based on the Poisson Distribution.” Journal of Regional Science 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gart, John J. (1964). “The Analysis of Poisson Regression with an Application in Virology.” Biometrika 51 (December), 517–521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huff, David L. (1963). “A Probabilistic Analysis of Shopping Center Trade Area.” Land Economics 53, 81–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingene, Charles A., and Robert F. Lusch. (1980). “Market Selection Decisions for Department Stores.” Journal of Retailing 56(3) (Fall), 21–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingene, Charles A., and Eden S. H. Yu (1981). “Determinants of Retail Sales in SMSAs.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 11, 529–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, T. Krishna, and Wen-Fu P. Shih. (1978). “An Application of a Multiple Regression Model of the Poisson Process to the Murder Supply Equation.” American Statistical Association: Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section, 715–720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakshmanan, T. R., and Walter G. Hansen (1965). “A Retail Market Potential Model.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners (May), 134–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalonde, Bernard J. (1962). “Differential in Supermarket Drawing Power.” Unpublished paper, Economics and Business Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcdougall, Edgar J. (1978). “A Consumer Utility Model for Allocation of Sales Among Major Retail Centers.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nourse, Hugh O. (1986). “Improve Investment Decisions by Breaking the DCF Habit.” Real Estate Review, 75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okoruwa, A. Ason (1985) “Predicting Patronization Rates for Urban Retail Centers: An Extension of the Poisson Gravity Model.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Georgia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okoruwa A. Ason, Hugh O. Nourse, and Joseph V. Terza. (1994) “Estimating Sales for Retail Centers: An Application of Poisson Gravity Model.” Journal of Real Estate Research 9(1), 85–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okoruwa, A. Ason, Joseph V. Terza, and Hugh O. Nourse. (1988). “Estimating Patronization Shares for Urban Retail Centers: An Extension of the Poisson Gravity Model.” Journal of Urban Economics 24, 241–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pankhurst, I. C, and P. E. Roe. (1979) “An Empirical Study of Two Shopping Models.” Regional Studies 12, 727–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauli, Allan E. (1978). “A Generalized Compound Poisson Model for Consumer Purchase Panel Data.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 73 (December), 706–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, William J. (1931). The Law of Retail Gravitation. New York: Putnam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sales and Marketing Management Magazine. (1987). The Survey of Buying Power: Data Service 1987. New York: Sales and Marketing Management Magazine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, Thomas J., and Murphy A. Sewall. (1976). “Image Inputs to a Probabilistic Model: Predicting Retail Potential.” Journal of Marketing 40 (July), 48–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terza, Joseph V. (1985). “A Tobit-Type Estimator for the Censored Poisson Regression Model.” Economics Letters 18, 361–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terza, Joseph V., and A. Ason Okoruwa. (1985) “An Algorithm for the Estimation of Poisson Regressions Involving Structural Change.” Communications in Statistics 14, 853–866.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R., and H. S. D. Cole. (1980). “An Investigation into the Estimation and Reliability of Urban Shopping Models.” Urban Studies 17, 139–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1982). State and Metropolitan Area Data Book, 1982. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urban Land Institute. (1978). Dollars and Cents of Shopping Centers 1978. Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, Donald C. (1971) “Accident Rate Potential: An Application of Multiple Regression Analysis of a Poisson Process.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 66 (June), 285–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Okoruwa, A.A., Nourse, H.O., Terza, J.V. (1996). Estimating Retail Sales Using the Poisson Gravity Model. In: Benjamin, J.D. (eds) Megatrends in Retail Real Estate. Research Issues in Real Estate, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1802-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1802-3_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7303-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1802-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics