Abstract
Fibre optics is best known today for its widespread and ever growing application in communication networks around the world, linking continents by undersea fibre cables and forming the backbone of the major communication routes within major nations. This trend is set to continue with further growth of ‘information superhighways’ and the increased deployment of fibre closer to the office and home in the local area network. These developments have been fuelled by the inherent capacity of fibre optic systems to carry a huge information volume as well as the significant advances since the early 1970s in fibre optics, components and laser technology.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Angel, S.M. and Cooney, T. (1994) Chemical waste measurements using Raman fibre optic sensing. Proceedings 2nd European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Florence, Italy, April 19–21, p. 74.
Archenault, M., Ronot, C, Gagnaire, H., Goure, J.P. and Jaffrezic-Renault, N. (1992) Detection of chemical vapours with a specifically coated optical fibre sensor. Proceedings 1st European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Graz, Austria, April 12–15, p. 97.
Barnwell, C.N. (1983) Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy. McGraw-Hill, London.
Bogue, R. (1994) Briefing: Integrated pollution control in the EU. Environmental Sensors, May, 6–10, IOP Publishing, Bristol, U.K.
Brinker, C.J. and Scherer, C.W. (1990) Sol-Gel Science. Academic Press, Boston, MA.
Butler, M.A. and Buss, R.J. (1992) Kinetics of the micromirror chemical sensor. Proceedings 1st European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Graz, Austria, April 12–15, p. 49.
Chan, K., Ito, H. and Inaba H. (1985) 10 km long fibre optic remote sensing of CH4 gas by near infrared absorption. Applied Physics B, 38, 11–15.
Chernyak, V., Reisfeld, R., Gvishi, R. and Venezky, D. (1990) Oxazine 170 in sol-gel glass PMMA films as a reversible optical waveguide sensor for ammonia and acids. Sensors and Materials, 2 (2), 117–126.
Cooper, D.E. and Martinelli, R.U. (1992) Near-infrared diode lasers monitor molecular species. Laser Focus World, 28 (11), 133–146.
Dao, N.Q. and Jouan, M. (1993) The Raman laser fiber optics (RLFO) method and its applications. Sensors and Actuators B, 11,147–160.
Edmonds, T.E., Flatters, N.J., Jones, CF. and Miller, J.N. (1988) Determination of pH with acid-base indicators: implications for optical fibre probes. Talanta, 35 (2), 103–107.
Erley, D.S. and Blake, B.H. (1964) Infrared Spectra of Gases and Vapors, The Dow Chemical Company, Michigan.
Erley, D.S. and Blake, B.H. (1965) Infrared spectra of gases and vapors, Vol. II, The Dow Chemical Company, Michigan.
Fowles, M. and Wayne, R.P. (1981) Ozone monitor using an LED source. Journal of Physics E: Science Instruments, 14, 1143–1145.
Fleischli, M.A. and Walder F.T. (1992) Dedicated spectrometer aids Raman spectroscopic analysis. Laser Focus World, 28 (11), 149–153.
Gauglitz, G. (1992) Chemical and biochemical sensors based on interferometry at thin layers. Proceedings 1st European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Graz, Austria, April 12–15, p. 12.
Griggs, M. (1968) Absorption coefficients of ozone in the ultraviolet and visible regions. Journal of Chemical Physics, 49 (2), 857–859.
Goswami, K., Ejiofor, C, Saini, D.P. and Klainer, S.M. (1994) Detection of carbon monoxide: the fiber optic way. Proceedings 2nd European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Florence, Italy, April 19–21, p. 31.
Gupta, B.D., Singh, CD. and Sharma, A. (1994) Fiber optic evanescent field absorption sensor: effect of launching condition and the geometry of the sensing region. Optical Engineering, 33 (6), 1864–1868.
Hobbs, J.R. (1994) Dye-based laser system probes soil contamination. Laser Focus World, 30 (11), 34–38.
Inn, E.C.Y, and Tanaka, Y. (1953) Absorption coefficient of ozone in the ultraviolet and visible regions. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 43 (10), 870–873.
Klainer, S.M., Goswami, K., Dandge, D.K., Simon, S.J., Herron, N.R., Eastwood, D.L. and Eccles, L.A. (1991) Environmental monitoring applications of fibre optic chemical sensors. Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors, Vol. II (ed. O.S. Wolfbeis), pp. 83–122, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Klimant, I. and Leiner, MJ.P. (1992) Recent investigations in oxygen sensing. Proceedings 1st European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Graz, Austria, April 12–15, p. 131.
Lakowicz, J. R. (1983) Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Plenum Press, New York.
Lakowicz, J. R. (1992) Fluorescence lifetime sensing generates cellular images. Laser Focus World, 28 (5), 60–80.
Leugers, M.A. and McLachlan, R.D. (1988) Remote analysis by fiber optic Raman spectroscopy. Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Applications of Fibers, The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 990, 89–94.
Lieberman, R.A., Blyler, L.L. and Cohen, L.G. (1990) A distributed fiber optic sensor based on cladding fluorescence. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 18 (2), 212–220.
Lieberman, S.H., Theriault, G.A., Wu, K. and Davey, M. (1994) Remote fiber optic spectroscopy for in-situ monitoring of chemical contamination in soils. Proceedings 2nd European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Florence, Italy, April 19–21, p. 34.
MacCraith, B.D., O’KeefTe, G., McDonagh, C. and McEvoy, A.K. (1994) LED-based fibre optic oxygen sensor using sol-gel coating. Electronics Letters, 30 (11), 888–889.
McCulloch, S., Stewart, G., Guppy, R.M. and Norris, J.O.W. (1994) Characterisation of TiO2-SiO2 sol-gel films for optical chemical sensor applications. International Journal of Optoelectronics, 9 (3), 235–241.
Marcuse, D. (1988) Launching light into fiber cores from sources located in the cladding. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 6 (8), 1273–1279.
Milanovich, F.P., Brown, S.B., Colston, B.W. and Daley, P.F. (1994) A fibre optic sensor system for remote long term monitoring of soil and groundwater contamination. Proceedings 10th Optical Fibre Sensors Conference (OFS10), The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 2360, Glasgow, Scotland, Oct 11–13, pp. 98–100.
Mohr, G.J., Kovacs, B. and Wolfbeis, O.S. (1994) Solid state nitrate sensor based on potential-sensitive fluorescent dyes. Proceedings 2nd European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Florence, Italy, April 19–21, p. 36.
Mullen K.I. and Carron K.T. (1991) Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy with abrasively modified fiber optic probes. Analytical Chemistry, 63 (19), 2196–2199.
Mullen, K.I., Wang, D.X., Crane, L.G. and Carron, K.T. (1992) Determination of pH with surface-enhanced Raman fibre optic probes. Analytical Chemistry, 64 (8), 930–935.
Narayanaswamy, R. and Sevilla, F. (1988) Optosensing of hydrogen sulphide through paper impregnated with lead acetate. Fresenius’ Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie, 329, 789–792.
Newbery R., Mosier-Boss, P. and Lieberman, S.H. (1994) Raman spectroscopy for remote fibre optic sensing. Proceedings 2nd European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Florence, Italy, April 19–21, p. 103.
Niemczyk, T.M., Delgado-Lopez, M. and Newman CD. (1993) Multichannel Raman spectroscopy tackles industrial problems. Laser Focus World, 29 (3), 85–98.
O’Keeffe, G., MacCraith, B.D., McEvoy, A.K. and McDonagh, C.M. (1994) Development of an LED-based phase fluorimetric oxygen sensor using evanescent wave excitation of a sol-gel immobilised dye, Proceedings 2nd European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Florence, Italy, April 19–21, p. 149.
Parker, CA. (1968) Photoluminescence of Solutions, Elsevier, Amsterdam
Peterson, J.I., Goldstein, S.R., Fitzgerald, R.V. and Buckhold, D.K. (1980) Fibre optic pH probe for physiological use. Analytical Chemistry, 52, 864–869.
Peterson, J.I., Fitzgerald, R.V. and Buckhold, D.K. (1984) Fibre optic probe for in-vivo measurement of oxygen partial pressure. Analytical Chemistry, 56, 62.
Reichert, J., Czolk, R., Morales-Bahnik, A., Sellien, W. and Ache, H.J. (1992) Optical chemical sensors for environmental analysis: ammonium, nitrate and heavy metal ion sensors. Proceedings 1st European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Graz, Austria, April 12–15, p. 40.
Ruddy, V. (1990) An effective attenuation coefficient for evanescent wave spectroscopy using multimode fibre. Fiber and Integrated Optics, 9, 142–150.
Saini, D.P., Leclerc, R., Klainer, S.M., Himka, R.L., Arman, H., Dandge, D.K., Wolfbeis, O.S. and Kovács, B. (1994) Petrosense CMS 5000: a fibre optic sensors sensing system for the continuous monitoring of hydrocarbons. Proceedings 2nd European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Florence, Italy, April 19–21, p. 39.
Schoen, C.L. (1994) Fiber probes permit remote Raman spectroscopy. Laser Focus World, 30 (5), 113–120.
Schulman, S. G. (ed.) (1988) Molecular Luminescence Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications, John Wiley, New York.
Seitz, W.R. (1984) Chemical sensors based on fiber optics. Analytical Chemistry, 56 (1), 16–34.
Sharma, A. and Wolbeis, O.S. (1989) Fibre optic fluorosensor for sulphur dioxide based on energy transfer and exciplex quenching. Proceedings of The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 990, 116.
Shimose, Y., Okamoto, T., Maruyama, A., Aizawa, M. and Nagai, H. (1991) Remote sensing of methane gas by differential absorption measurement using a wavelength tunable DFB LD. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 3 (1), 86–87.
Stewart, G. and Culshaw, B. (1994) Optical waveguide modelling and design for evanescent field chemical sensors. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 26, S249–S259.
Stewart, G., Norris, J., Clark, D.F. and Culshaw, B. (1991) Evanescent wave chemical sensors — a theoretical evaluation. International Journal of Optoelectronics, 6 (3), 227–238.
Stewart, G., Culshaw, B., Muhammad, F., Murray, S., Pinchbeck, D., Norris, J., Cassidy, S., Wilkinson, M., Williams, D., Crisp, I., Van Ewyk, R. and McGhee, A. (1992) Evanescentwave methane detection using optical fibres. Electronics Letters, 28 (4), 2232–2234.
Stuart, A. D. (1992) Some applications of infrared optical sensing. Proceedings 1st European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Graz, Austria, April 12–15, p. 25.
Stuart, A.D. and Samson, P.J. (1988) Optrode sensors for carbon monoxide and relative humidity. Proceedings 13th Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, Hobart, Australia, Dec 4–7, p. 117.
Tai, H., Tanaka, H. and Yoshino, T. (1987) Fibre optic evanescent wave methane gas sensor using optical absorption for the 3.392 µm line of a He-Ne laser. Optics Letters, 12 (6), 437–439.
Tai, H., Yamamoto, K., Uchida, M., Osawa, S. and Uehara, K. (1992) Long distance simultaneous detection of methane and acetylene by using diode lasers coupled with optical fibers. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 4 (7), 804–807.
Tobias, R. S. (1967) Raman spectroscopy in inorganic chemistry: I theory and II applications. Journal of Chemical Education, 44, 2–8; 70–79.
Uehara, K. and Tai, H. (1992) Remote detection of methane with a 1.66 µm diode laser. Applied Optics, 31 (6), 809–814.
Vo-Dinh, T. (1994) SERS chemical sensors and biosensors: new tools for environmental and biomedical analysis. Proceedings 2nd European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Florence, Italy, April 19–21, p. 101.
Vo-Dinh, T., Stokes, D.L., Li, Y.S. and Miller, G.H. (1990) Fiber optic sensor probe for in-situ surface-enhanced Raman monitoring. Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Fiber Sensors II, The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1368, 203–209.
Walt, D.R. (1992) A fibre optic sensor for measuring CO2 in seawater. Proceedings 1st European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Graz, Austria, April 12–15, p. 71.
Weldon, V., Phelan, P. and Hegarty, J. (1993) Methane and carbon dioxide sensing using a DFB laser diode operating at 1.64 µm. Electronics Letters, 29 (6), 560–561.
Weldon, V., Phelan, P., Hegarty, J. and Tanbun-Ek, T. (1994) H2S and CO2 gas sensing using a 1.57 µm DFB laser diode. Proceedings 2nd European Conference on Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Florence, Italy, April 19–21, p. 26.
Wolfbeis, O.S. (ed.) (1991) Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors, Vol. I and II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Wolfbeis, O.S. and Sharma, A. (1988) Fibre optic fluorosensor for sulphur dioxide. Analytica Chimica Acta, 208, 53.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Chapman & Hall
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stewart, G. (1997). Fibre optic sensors. In: Campbell, M. (eds) Sensor Systems for Environmental Monitoring. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1571-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1571-8_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7202-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1571-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive