Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Immunobiology of Genital Warts and Molluscum Contagiosum

  • Chapter
Immunology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Part of the book series: Immunology and Medicine ((IMME,volume 9))

  • 56 Accesses

Abstract

Warts are cutaneous or mucosal proliferations induced after infection by papillomavirus — a small DNA virus. Papillomaviruses have been the subject of interest, but of relatively limited experimental investigation until recently, primarily due to the inability to infect cells in culture and to obtain vegetative viral growth. The application of molecular virological techniques (cloning and sequencing) has resulted in the demonstration of a remarkable plurality in the papillomaviruses particularly in human infections. It is now evident that multiple types of HPV exist1,2 and that infection of different squamous epithelial surfaces, e.g. skin, cervix, penis and buccal mucosa, is associated with specific HPV types3. Interest in these viruses has been intensified by the evidence that HPV infection is associated with genital, oral and laryngeal cancers4.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gissmann, L., Pfister, H. and zur Hausen, H. (1977). Human papilloma viruses (HPV): characterisation of 4 different isolates.Virology,76, 569–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Orth, G., Favre, M. and Croissant, O. (1977). Characterisation of a new type of human papillomavirus that causes skin warts.J. Virol,24, 108–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. McCance, D. J. (1986). Human papillomaviruses and cancer.Biochim. Biophys. Acta,823, 195–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. zur Hausen, H. (1986). Papillomaviruses in human genital cancer: established results and prospects for the future. In Peto, R. and zur Hausen, H. (eds.).Viral Etiology of Cervical Cancer, Banbury Report,21, pp. 327–323. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gissmann, L., de Villiers, E-M. and zur Hausen, H. (1982). Analysis of human genital warts (condylomata acuminata) and other genital tumours for human papillomavirus type 6 DNA.Int. J. Cancer,29, 143–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gissmann, L., Wolnik, L., Ikenburg, H., Koldovsky, W., Schnurch, H. and zur Hausen, H. (1983). Human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 DNA sequences in genital and laryngeal papillomas and in some cervical cancers.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA,80, 560–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Durst, M., Gissmann, L., Ikenberg, H. and zur Hausen, H. (1983). A new type of papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in genital cancer biopsies from different geographic regions.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA,80, 3812–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Boshart, M. L., Gissmann, H., Ikenberg, W., Scheurlen, A., Kleinheinz, A. and zur Hausen, H. (1984). A new type of papillomavirus DNA, its presence in genital cancer biopsies and in cell lines derived from cervical cancer.EM BO J,3, 1151–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. McCance, D. J., Kalache, K., Ashdown, K., Andrade-Menezes, F., Smith, P. and Doll, R. (1986). Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in carcinomas of the penis from Brazil.Int. J. Cancer,37, 55–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lorincz, A. T., Lancaster, W. D., Kurman, R. J., Jenson, A. B. and Temple, G. F. (1986). Characterisation of human papillomaviruses in cervical neoplasms and their detection in routine clinical screening. In Peto, R. and zur Hausen, H. (eds.).Viral Etiology of Cervical Cancer, Banbury Report,21, pp. 225–37. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Giri, I. and Danos, O. (1986). Structure of Papillomavirus genomes from sequence data to biological properties.Trends Genet,2, 221–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen, E. Y., Howley, P. M., Levinson, A. D. and Seeburg, P. H. (1982). The primary structure and genetic organisation of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 genome.Nature,229, 529–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Danos, O., Katinka, M. and Yaniv, M. (1982). Human papillomavirus la complete DNA sequence: a novel type of genome organisation among papovaviridiae,EM BO J,1, 231–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lowy, D. R., Dvoretzky, I., Shober, R., Law, M. F., Engel, L. and Howley, P. M. (1980). In vitro tumorigenic transformation by a defined subgenomic fragment of bovine papillomavirus DNA.Nature,287, 72–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Doorbar, J., Campbells, D., Grand, R. J. A. and Gallimore, P. H. (1986). Identification of the human papillomavirus-la E4 gene products.EM BO J,5, 355–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Schwarz, E., Freese, U.K., Gissmann, L., Mayer, W., Roggenbuck, B., Stramlau, A. and zur Hausen, H. (1985). Structure and transcription of human papillomavirus sequences in cervical carcinoma cells.Nature,314, 111–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Yee, C., Krishnan-Hewlett, I., Baker, C. C., Schlegel, R. and Howley, P. M. (1985). Presence and expression of human papillomavirus sequences in human cervical carcinoma lines.Am. J. Pathol,119, 361–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Matlashewski, G., Schneider, J., Banks, L., Jones, N., Murray, A. and Crawford, L. (1987). Human papillomavirus type 16 DNA co-operates with activated ras in transforming primary cellsEMBO J,6, 1741–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Pilacinski, W. P., Glassmann, D. L., Glassmann, K. F., Reed, D. E., Lum, M. A., Marshall, R. F., Muscoplat, C. C. and Faras, A. J. (1986). Immunisation against BPV infection.CIBA Foundation Symposium,120, 136–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kreider, J. W. and Bartlett, G. L. (1981). The Shope Papilloma-carcinoma complex of rabbits: a model system of neoplastic progression and spontaneous regression.Adv. Cancer Res,35, 81–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jenson, A. B., Lancaster, W. D., Hartmann, D. P. and Shaffer, E. L. (1982). Frequency and distribution of papillomavirus structural antigens in verrucae, multiple papillomas and condylomata of the oral cavity.Am. J. Pathol,107, 212–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Grussendorf-Conen, E. (1986). In situ hybridisation with papillomavirus DNA in genital lesions. In Peto, R. and zur Hausen, H. (eds.). Viral Etiology of Cervical Cancer.Banbury Report 21, pp. 239–46. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Jenson, A. B., Rosenthal, J. D., Olson, C., Pass, F., Lancaster, W. D. and Shah, K. (1980). Immunological relatedness of papillomaviruses from different species.J. Natl. Cancer Inst,64, 495–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dyson, J. L., Walker, P. G. and Singer, A. (1984). Human papillomavirus infection of the uterine cervix: histological appearance in 28 cases identified by immunohistochemical techniques.J. Clin. Pathol,37, 126–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gupta, J., Gendelman, H. E., Naghasnfar, Z., Gupta, P., Rosensheim, N., Sawada, E., Woodruff, J. D. and Shah, K. V. (1985). Specific identification of human papillomavirus type in cervical smears and paraffin sections by in situ hybridisation with radioactive probes: a preliminary communication.Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol,4, 211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Beckman, A. M., Myerson, D., Daline, J. R., Kiviat, N. B., Fenoglio, C. M. and McDougall, J. K. (1985). Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in carcinomas by in situ hybridisation with biotinylated probes.J. Med. Virol,16, 265–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Stoler, M. H. and Broker, T. R. (1986). In situ hybridisation detection of human papillomavirus DNAs and messenger RNAs in genital condylomas and a cervical carcinoma.Human Pathol 17, 1250 - 8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Palefsky, J., Winkler, B., Nizet, V., Kidd, J. L. and Schoolnik, G. K. (1986). Detection of HPV proteins, the synthetic peptide approach in Steinberg, B. M., Brandsma, J. and Taichman, L. (eds.).Papillomaviruses Cancer Cells, Vol.5, pp. 101–103. (Cold Spring Harbor)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kirchner, H. (1986). Immunobiology of human papillomavirus infection.Progr. Med. Virol,33, 1–41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Morison, W. L. (1975). Viral warts, herpes simplex and herpes zoster in patients with secondary immune deficiences and neoplasms.Br. J. Dermatol,92, 625–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Perry, T. L. and Hartmann, L. (1974). Warts in diseases with immune defects.Cutis,13, 359–62

    Google Scholar 

  32. Zinu, K-H., Belohradsky, H. (1977). Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome mit Verrucae vulgares.Hautarzt,28, 664–97

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ormerod, A. D., Finlay, A. Y., Knight, A. G., Matthews, N., Stark, J. M. and Gough, J. (1983). Immune deficiency and multiple viral warts; possible variant of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.Br. J. Dermatol,108, 211–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Reid, T. M. S., Fraser, N. G. and Kernohan, I. R. (1976). Generalised warts and immune deficiency.Br. J. Dermatol,95, 559–64

    Google Scholar 

  35. Koranda, F. C., Dehmel, E. M., Kahn, G. and Penn, I. (1974). Cutaneous complications in immunosuppressed renal homograft recipients.J. Am. Med. Assoc,229, 419–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Spencer, E. S. and Andersen, H. K. (1970). Clinically evident non-terminal infections with herpes virus and the wart virus in immunosuppressed renal allograft recipients.Br. Med. J, 1, 251–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ingelfinger, J. R., Grupe, W. E., Topor, M. and Levey, R. H. (1977). Warts in pediatric renal transplant population.Dermatologica, 155, 7–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Marshall, V. (1974). Premalignant and malignant skin tumours in immunosuppressed patients.Transplantation, 17, 272–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mullen, D. L., Silverberg, S. G., Penn, I. and Hammond, W. S. (1976). Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and lip in renal homograft recipients.Cancer, 37, 729–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hoover, R. and Fraumeri, J. F. (1973). Risk of cancer in renal transplant patients.Lancet, 2, 55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Porreco, R., Penn, I., Droegemuller, W., Greer, B. and Makowski, M. (1975). Gynaecologic malignancies in immunosuppressed organ homograft recipients.Obstet. Gynecol, 45, 359–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Shokri-Tabibzadeh, S., Koss, L. G., Molnar, J. and Romney, S. (1981). Association of human papillomavirus with neoplastic processes in the genital tract of 4 women with impaired immunity.Gynaecol. Oncol, 12, 129–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Orth, G. and Favrre, M. (1985).Clin. Dermatol, 3, 27–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Evans, C. A., Weiser, R. S. and Ito, Y. (1962). Antiviral and antitumor immunologic mechanisms operative in the Shope Papilloma-Carcinoma system. Cold Spring Harbor,Symp. Quant. Biol, 27, 453–62

    Google Scholar 

  45. Evans, C. A., Gorman, L. R., Ito, Y. and R. S., Weiser. (1962). Antitumor immunity in the Shope papilloma-carcinoma complex of rabbits. I. Papilloma regression induced by homologous and autologous tissue vaccines.J. Natl. Cancer Inst, 29, 277–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kreider, J. W. (1963). Studies on the mechanism responsible for the spontaneous regression of the Shope rabbit papilloma.Cancer Res, 23, 1593–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Evans, C. A. and Thomsen, J. J. (1969). Antitumor immunity in the Shope-Papilloma- Carcinoma complex. IV. Search for a transmissible factor increasing the frequency of tumor regression.J. Natl. Cancer Inst, 42, 477–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Almeida, J. D. and Goffe, A. P. (1965). Antibody to wart virus in human sera demonstrated by electron microscopy and precipitin tests. Lancet, 2, 1205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ogilvie, M. M. (1970). Serological studies with human (papova) wart virus.J. Hyg, 68, 479–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Matthews, R. S. and Shirodaria, P. V. (1973). Study of regressing warts by immunofluorescence.Lancet, 1, 689–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Morison, W. L. (1975). In vitro assay of immunity to wart antigen.Br. J. Dermatol, 93, 545–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Baird, P. J. (1983). Serological evidence for the association of papillomavirus and cervical neoplasia.Lancet, 2, 17–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Firzlaff, J. M., Hsia, C. N., Halbert, C. and Galloway, D. A. (1986). Polyclonal antibodies of Human papillomavirus 6b and 16: bacterially derived fusion proteins. In Steinberg, B. M., Brandsma, J. and Taichman, L. (eds.).Papillomaviruses, Cancer Cells, Vol. 5, pp. 105–11 (Cold Spring Harbor)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Li, C. C. H., Shah, K., Seth, A. and Gilden, R. V. (1987). Identification of the human papillomavirus type 6b LI open reading frame protein in condylomas and corresponding antibodies in human sera.Virol, 61, 2684–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Pyrhonen, S. and Johansson, E. (1975). Regression of warts. An immunological study.Lancet, 1, 592–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Cubie, H. A. (1972). Serological studies in a student population prone to infection with human papilloma virus.J. Hyg, 70, 677–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Cubie, H. A. and Norval, M. (1987). Human and cellular immunity to papillomavirus in patients with cervical dysplasia.J. Gen. Virol. (In press)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Invanyi, L. and Morison, W. L. (1976). In vitro lymphocyte stimulation by wart antigen in man.Br. J. Dermatol, 94, 523–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Lee, A. K. Y. and Eisinger, M. (1976). Cell mediated immunity (CMI) to human wart virus and wart associated tissue antigens.Clin. Exp. Immunol, 26, 419–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Tagami, H., Ogino, A., Takigawa, M., Imamura, S. and Ofuji, S. (1974). Regression of plane warts following spontaneous inflammation: a histopathological study.Br. J. Dermatol, 90, 147–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Berman, A. and Winkelman, R. K. (1977). Flat warts undergoing involution.Arch. Dermatol, 113, 1219–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Aiba, S., Rokugo, M. and Tagami, H. (1986). Immunohistologic analysis of the phenomenon of spontaneous regression of numerous flat warts.Cancer, 58, 1246–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Tagami, H., Oguchi, M. and Ofuji, S. (1980). The phenomenon of spontaneous regression of numerous flat warts. Immunohistological studies.Cancer, 45, 2557–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Choi, K. L. and Sauder, D. N. (1986). The role of Langerhan’s cells and keratinocytes in epidermal immunity.J. Leuk. Biol, 39, 343–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Morris, H. H. B., Gatter, K. C., Stein, H. and Mason, D. Y. (1983). Langerhan’s cells in human cervical epithelium: an immunohistological study.Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol, 90, 400–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Tay, S. K., Jenkins, D., Maddox, P., Campion, M. and Singer, A. (1987). Subpopulations of Langerhan’s cells in cervical neoplasia.Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol, 94, 10–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tay, S. K., Jenkins, Maddox, P. and Singer, A. (1987). Lymphocyte phenotypes in cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia and human papillomavirus infection.Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol, 94, 16–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Wilkin, J. K. (1977). Molluscum contagiosum venereum in a women’s out-patient clinic.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 128, 531–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Sexually transmitted diseases. (1973). Extracts from the annual report of the Chief Medical Officer to the Department of Health and Social Security 1971.Br. J. Vener. Dis, 49, 89–95

    Google Scholar 

  70. Sexually transmitted diseases. (1983). Extracts from the annual report of the chief Medical Officer to the Department of Health and Social Security 1980.Br. J. Vener. Dis, 59, 134–7

    Google Scholar 

  71. Blank, H. and Rake, H. (1955). Viral and rickettsial diseases of the skin, eye and mucous membranes of man. 182–192,London, J. and A. Churchill

    Google Scholar 

  72. Blank, H. (1952). Virus induced tumours of human skin (warts, molluscum contagiosum).Ann. NY Acad. Sci, 54, 1226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mitchell, J. C. (1953). Observations on the virus of molluscum contagiosum.Br. J. Exp. Pathol, 34, 44–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Neva, F. A. (1962). Studies on molluscum contagiosum. Observations on the cytopathic effect of molluscum suspensions in vitro.Arch. Int. Med, 110, 720–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Raskin, J. (1963). Molluscum contagiosum: tissue culture and serologic study.Arch. Dermatol, 87, 552–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Epstein, W. L., Senecal, I. P. and Massing, A. M. (1961). An antigen in lesions of molluscum contagiosum.Nature, 191, 509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Shirodaria, P. V. and Matthews, R. S. (1977). Observations on the antibody responses in molluscum contagiosum.Br. J. Dermatol, 96, 29–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Epstein, W. L., Conant, M. A. and Krasnobrod, H. (1966). Moluscum contagiosum. Normal and virus infected epidermal cell kinetics.J. Invest. Dermatol, 46, 91–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Postlethwaite, R. (1970). Molluscum contagiosum: a review.Arch. Environ. Health, 21, 432–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Brown, S. T., Nailey, J. F. and Kraus, S. J. (1981).Molluscum contagiosum. Sex. Transm. Dis, 8, 227–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Felman, Y. M. and Nikitas, J. A. (1983). Sexually transmitted molluscum contagiosum. Symposium on sexually transmitted diseases.Dermatol. Clin., 1, 103–10

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. M. A. Stanley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. D. Oriel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Charing Cross Hospital (Fulham), London, UK

    D. J. M. Wright (Reader/Consultant of Microbiology) (Reader/Consultant of Microbiology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stanley, M.A., Oriel, J.D. (1988). Immunobiology of Genital Warts and Molluscum Contagiosum. In: Wright, D.J.M. (eds) Immunology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Immunology and Medicine, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1255-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1255-7_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7057-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1255-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation