Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae colonizes and infects the mucosal surfaces of man and is particularly well adapted to survival in the genitourinary tract. The problem with gonorrhoea is that there is no apparent natural immunity and little evidence of acquired immunity. The host response to infection is often characterized by the appearance of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Intracellular Gram-negative cocci, first described by Neisser, are still regarded as pathognomonic for gonococcal urethritis in males. However, it is not known whether PMNs play a major role in resolving the infection.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Judson, F. N. (1983). Fear of AIDS and gonorrhoea rates in homosexual men.Lancet, 2, 159
Schultz, S., Firedman, S., Kristal, A., and Sencer, D. J. (1984). Declining rates of rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhoea - New York City.MMWR, 33, 295
Gellan, M. C. A. and Ison, C. A. (1986). Declining incidence of gonorrhoea in London: A response to the fear of AIDS.Lancet, 2, 920
Krogh von, G., Hellstrom, L. and Bottinger, M. (1986). Declining incidence of syphilis among homosexual men in Stockholm.Lancet, 2, 920 – 1
Zenilman, J. M., Cates, W. and Morse, S. A. (1986). Neisseria gonorrhoeae: An old enemy rearms. Infectious and Medical Disease Letters for Obstetrics and Gynecology, VIII, Suppl., 2 – 9
Osoba, A. O. (1981). Sexually transmitted diseases in tropical Africa: a review of the present situation.Br. J. Vener, Dis., 57, 89 – 94
Donegan, E. A. (1985). Epidemiology of gonococcal infection. In Brooks, G. F. and Donegan, E. A. (eds.).Gonococcal Infection, pp. 181 – 198. ( London: Edward Arnold )
Reyn, A. (1963). Current problems in the diagnosis and therapy of gonorrhoea from a laboratory point of view.Acta Dermatol. Venerol., 43, 380 – 93
Faruki, H., Kohmescher, R. N., McKinney, D. and Sparling, P. F. (1985). A community based outbreak of infection with penicillin resistantNeisseria gonorrhoeaenot producing penicillinase (chromosomally mediated resistance).N. Engl. J. Med., 313, 607 – 11
Rice, R. J., Biddle, J. W., Jean Louis, Y. A., DeWitt, W. E., Blount, J. H. and Morse, S. A. (1986). Chromosomally mediated resistance inNeisseria gonorrhoeaein the United States: Results of surveillance and reporting, 1983–1984.J. Infect. Dis., 153, 340 – 5
Ison, C. A., Gedney, J. and Easmon, C. S. F. (1987). Chromosomal resistance of gonococci to antibiotics.Genitourin. Med., 63, 239 – 43
Cannon, J. G. and Sparling, P. F. (1984). The genetics of the gonococcus.Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 38, 111 – 33
Dougherty, T. J., Koller, A. E. and Tomasz, A. (1980). Penicillin-binding proteins of penicillin-susceptible and intrinsically resistantNeisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 18, 730 – 7
Barbour, A. G. (1981). Properties of penicillin-binding proteins inNeisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 19, 316 – 22
Phillips, I. (1976). B-lactamase producing penicillin-resistant gonococcus.Lancet, 2, 656 – 7
Percival, A., Corkhill, J. E., Ayra, O. P., Rowlands, J., Alergant, C. D., Rees, E. and Annels, E. H. (1976). Penicillinase producing gonococci in Liverpool.Lancet, 2, 1379 – 82
Ashford, W. A., Golash, R. G. and Hemming, V. A. (1976). Penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Lancet, 2, 657 – 8
Brunton, J., Clare, D. and Meier, M. A. (1986). Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic resistance plasmids of Haemophilus species and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Rev. Infect. Dis., 8, 713 – 24
Embden, J. D. A. van, Desssens-Kroon, M. and van Kilingeren, B. (1985). A new B- lactamase plasmid inNeisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Antimicrobial Chemother., 15, 247 – 50
McCutchan, J. A., Adler, M. W. and Berrie, J. R. H. (1982). Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Great Britain 1977–81: alarming increase in incidence and recent development of endemic transmission.Br. Med. J., 285, 337 – 40
Center for Disease Control. (1987). Antibiotic-resistant strains ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae.MMWR,, 36 (Suppl. 55), 1 - 18
Jaffe, H. W., Biddle, J. W., Johnson, S. R. and Wiesner, P. J. (1981). Infections due to penicillinase-producingNeisseria gonorrhoeaein the United States. 1976–1980.J. Infect. Dis., 144, 191 – 7
Brown, S., Warninissorn, T., Biddle, J., Panikabutra, K. and Traisupa, A. (1982). Antimicrobial resistance ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaein Bangkok: is single-drug treatment passe.Lancet, 2, 1366 – 8
Ison, C. A., Littleton, K., Shannon, K. P., Easmon, C. S. F. and Phillips, I. (1983). Spectinomycin resistant gonococci.Br. Med. J., 287, 1827 – 9
Ashford, W. A., Potts, D. W., Adams, H. J. U., English, J. C., Johnson, S. R., Biddle, J. W., Thornsberry, C. and Jaffe, H. W. (1981). Spectinomycin-resistant penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Lancet, 2, 1035 – 7
Center for Disease Control. (1983). Spectinomycin-resistant-penicillinase-producingNeisseria gonorrhoeae. MMWR, 32, 51
Piziak, M. V., Woodbury, C., Berliner, D., Takafuji, E., Kirkpatrick, J., Opal, S. and Tramont, E. (1984). Resistant trends ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae in the Republic of Korea.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, 25, 7 – 9
Knapp, J. S., Zenilman, J. M., Biddle, J. W., Perkins, G. H., DeWitt, W. E., Thomas, M. L., Johnson, S. R. and Morse, S. A. (1987). Frequency and distributions in the United States ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaewith plasmid-mediated, high-level resistance to tetracycline.J. Infect. Dis., 155, 819 – 22
Morse, S. A., Johnson, S. R., Biddle, J. W. and Roberts, M. C. (1986). High-level tetracycline resistance inNeisseria gonorrhoeaeis result of acquisition of streptococcal tetM determinant.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 30, 664 – 70
Handsfield, H. H., Lipman, T. D., Harnisch, J. P., Tronca, E. and Holmes, K. K. (1974). Asymptomatic gonorrhoea in men: diagnosis, natural course, prevalence and significance.N. Engl. J. Med., 290, 117 – 23
McCormack, W. M. (1981). Clinical spectrum of infection withNeisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex. Transm. Dis., 8, 305 – 7
Eschenbach, D. A. and Holmes, K. K. (1979). The etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease.Sex. Transm. Dis., 6, 244 – 7
Westrom, L. (1980). Incidence, prevalence, and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialised countries.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 138, 880 – 92
Knapp, J. S. and Holmes, K. K. (1975). Disseminated gonococcal infections caused byNeisseria gonorrhoeaewith unique nutritional requirements.J. Infect. Dis., 132, 204 – 8
Weisner, P. J., Handsfield, H. H. and Holmes, K. K. (1973). Low antibiotic resistance of gonococci causing disseminated infection.N. Engl. J. Med., 228, 1221 – 2
Schoolnik, G. K., Buchanan, T. M. and Holmes, K. K. (1976). Gonococci causing disseminated gonococcal infection are resistant to the bactericidal action of normal human sera.J. Clin. Invest., 58, 1163 – 73
Petersen, B. H., Lee, T. J., Snyderman, R. and Brooks, G. F. (1979). Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia associated with C6, C7 or C8 deficiency.Ann. Intern. Med., 90, 917 – 20
Lee, T. J., Utsinger, P. D., Snyderman, R., Yount, W. J. and Sparling, P. F. (1978). Familial deficiency of the seventh component of complement associated with recurrent bacteremic infections due to Neisseria.J. Infect. Dis., 138, 359 – 68
Holmes, K. K. (1973). Gonococcal infection: clinical, epidemiologic and laboratory prospectives.Adv. Int. Med., 19, 259 – 85
Holmes, K. K., Johnson, D. W. and Trostle, H. J. (1970). An estimate of the risk of men acquiring gonorrhoea by sexual contact with infected females.Am. J. Epidemiol., 108, 136 – 44
Brinton, C. C., Bryan, J., Dillon, J-A., Guerina, N., Jacobson, L. J., Labik, A., Simon, L., Levine, A., Lim, S., McMichael, J., Polen, S., Rogers, K., To, A. C-. C. and To, S. C-. M. (1978). Uses of pili in gonorrhoea control: Role of bacterial pili in disease, purification and properties of gonococcal pili and progress in the development of a gonococcal pilus vaccine for gonorrhoea. In Brooks, G. F., Gotschlich, E. C., Holmes, K. K., Sawyer, W. D. and Young, F. E. (eds.).Immunobiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, pp. 155 - 78 ( Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology )
Wright, D. J. M. and Daunt, 0. (1973). How infectious is gonorrhoea?Lancet, 1, 208
Lowe, T. L. and Kraus, S. J. (1976). Quantitation ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaefrom women with gonorrhoea.J. Infect. Dis., 133, 621 – 6
Watt, P. J. and Ward, M. E. (1980). Adherence ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae and other Neisseriaspecies to mammalian cells. In Beachey, E. H. (ed.).Receptors and Recognition,Bacterial Adherence, Vol. B6, pp. 251 – 88 ( London: Chapman and Hall )
McGee, Z. A., Melly, M. A., Gregg, C. R., Horn, R. G., Taylor-Robinson, D., Johnson, A. P. and McCutchan, J. A. (1978). Virulence factors of gonococci: studies using human fallopian tube organ cultures. In Brooks, G. F., Gotschlich, E. C., Holmes, K. K., Sawyer, W. D. and Young, F. E. (eds.).Immunobiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, pp. 258 – 62 ( Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology )
Gregg, C. R., Johnson, A. P., Taylor-Robinson, D., Melly, A. and McGee, Z. A. (1981). Host species specific damage to oviduct mucosa byNeisseria gonorrhoeaelipopolysac- charide.Infect. Immun., 34, 1056 – 8
Blake, M. S. (1985). Implications of the active role of gonococcal porins in disease. In Schoolnik, G. K. (ed.).The Pathogenic Neisseriae, pp. 251 - 8 ( Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology )
Kearns, D. H., O’Reilly, R. J., Lee, L. and Welch, B. G. (1973). Secretory IgA antibodies in the urethral exudate of men with uncomplicated urethritis due toNeisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Infect. Dis., Ill, 99 – 101
Kearns, D. H., Sibert, G. B., O’Reilly, R., Lee, L. and Logan, L. (1973). Paradox of the immune response to uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis.N. Engl. J. Med., 289, 1170 – 4
McMillan, A., McNeillage, G. and Young, H. (1979). Antibodies toNeisseria gonorrhoeae: a study of the urethral exudates of 232 men.J. Infect. Dis., 140, 89 – 95
Tjokonegoro, A. and Sirisnha, S. (1975). Quantitative analysis of immunoglobulins and albumin in the secretion of the female reproductive tract.Fertil. Steril., 26, 413 – 17
Ison, C. A., Hadfield, S. G., Bellinger, C. M., Dawson, S. G. and Glynn, A. A. (1986). The specificity of serum and local antibodies in female gonorrhoea.Clin. Exp. Immunol, 65, 198 – 205
Rebello, R., Green, F. H. Y. and Fox, H. (1975). A study of the secretory immune system of the female genital tract.Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 82, 812 – 16
O’Reilly, R. J., Lee, L. and Welch, B. G. (1976). Secretory IgA antibody response toNeisseria gonorrhoeaein the genital secretions of infected females.J. Infect. Dis., 133, 113 – 25
McMillan, A., McNeillage, G., Young, H. and Bain, S. S. R. (1979). Secretory antibody response of the cervix to infection withNeisseria gonorrhoeae.Br. J. Vener. Dis., 55, 265 – 70
Lammel, C. J., Sweet, R. L., Rice, P. A., Knapp, J. S., Schoolnik, G. K., Heilbron, D. C. and Brooks, G. F. (1985). Antibody-antigen specificity in the immune response to infection withNeisseria gonorrhoeae.J. Infect. Dis., 152, 990 – 1001
Tramont, E. C., Ciak, J., Boslego, J., McChesney, D. C., Brinton, C. C. and Zollinger, W. (1980). Antigenic specificity of antibodies in vaginal secretion during infection withNeisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Infect. Dis., 140, 23 – 31
Tramont, E. C., Sadoff, J. C., Boslego, J. W., Ciak, J. and McChesney, J. (1981). Gonococcal pilus vaccine: studies of antigenicity and inhibition of attachment.J. Clin. Invest., 68, 881 – 8
Brinton, C. C., Brown, A. and Rogers, K. (1980). The development of a neisserial pilus vaccine for gonorrhoea and meningococcal meningitis. In Weinstein, L. and Fields, B. N. (eds.).Seminars in Infectious Diseases IV: Bacterial Vaccines, pp. 140 – 59 ( New York: Thieme-Stratton )
Ison, C. A. and Glynn, A. A. (1979). Classes of antibodies in acute gonorrhoea.Lancet, 1, 1165 – 8
Hadfield, S. G. and Glynn, A. A. (1982). Analysis of antibodies in local and disseminatedNeisseria gonorrhoeaeinfections by means of gel-electrophoresis derived ELISA.Immunology, 47, 283 – 8
Hadfield, S. G. and Glynn, A. A. (1984). Application of immunoblotting to the differentiation of specific antibodies in gonorrhoea.Immunology, 51, 615 – 21
Hook, E. W., Olsen, D. A. and Buchanan, T. M. (1984).Analysis of the antigen specificity DC: American Society of Microbiology) of the human serum immunoglobulin G immune response to complicated infection.Infect. Immun., 43, 706 – 9
Ingwer, I., Petersen, B. H. and Brooks, G. (1978). Serum bactericidal action and activation of the classical and alternate complement pathways byNeisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 92, 211 – 20
Schoolnik, G. K., Buchanan, T. M. and Holmes, K. K. (1976). Gonococci causing disseminated gonococcal infection are resistant to the bactericidal action of normal human sera.J. Clin. Invest., 58, 1163 – 73
Brooks, G. F., Israel, K. S. and Petersen, B. H. (1976). Bactericidal and opsonic activity againstNeisseria gonorrhoeaein sera from patients with disseminated infection.J. Infect. Dis., 134, 450 – 62
Tramont, E. C., Sadoff, J. C. and Wilson, C. (1977). Variability of the lytic susceptibility ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaeto human sera.J. Immunol., 118, 1843 – 51
Ward, M. E., Lambden, P. R., Heckels, J. E. and Watt, P. J. (1978). The surface properties ofNeissereia gonorrhoeae: determinants of susceptibility to antibody complement killing.J. Gen. Microbiol., 108, 205 – 12.
Stephens, D. S. and Shafer, W. M. (1987). Evidence that the serum resistance genetic locus sac-3 ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaeis involved in lipopolysaccharide structure.J. Gen. Micrbiol, 133, 2671 – 8
Shafer, W. M., Guymon, L. F. and Sparling, P. F. (1982). Identification of a new genetic site (sac-3) inNeisseria gonorrhoeaethat affects sensitivity to normal human serum.Infect. Immun., 35, 764 – 9
James, J. F., Zurlinden, E., Lammel, C. J. and Brooks, G. F. (1982). Relation of protein I and colony opacity to serum killing ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Infect. Dis., 145, 37 – 44
Rice, P. A., Tam, M. R. and Blake, M. S. (1985). Immunoglobulin G antibodies in normal human serum directed against protein III block killing of serum-resistantNeisseria gonorrhoeaeby immune human serum. In Schoolnik, G. K. (ed.).The Pathogenic Neisseriae, pp. 427 – 34 ( Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology )
Brooks, G. F. (1985). Pathogenesis and immunology of gonococcal infection. In Brooks, G. F. and Donegan, E. A. (eds.).Gonococcal Infection( London: Edward Arnold )
Floyd-Reising, S. A., Cooper, M. D. and Moticka, E. J. (1985). Natural and antibody- dependant cell-mediated activity againstNeisseria gonorrhoeaeby peripheral blood lymphocytes in humans. In Schoolnik, G. K. (ed.).The Pathogenic Neisseriae, pp. 508 – 514 ( Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology )
Schoolnik, G. K. and McGee, Z. (1985). Gonococcal vaccine development strategies: summary of the recommendations of a National Institutes of Health Vaccine Panel. In Schoolnik, G. K. (ed.).The Pathogenic Neisseriae, pp. 329 – 331 ( Washington, DC.: American Society of Microbiology )
Bummgarner, L. R. and Finkelstein, R. A. (1973). Pathogenesis and immunology of experimental gonococcal infection: virulence of colony types ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaefor chicken embryos.Infect. Immun., 8, 919 – 24
Salit, I. E. and Gotschlich, E. C. (1978). Gonococcal color and opacity variants: virulence for chicken embryos.Infect. Immun., 22, 359 – 64
Corbeil, L. B., Wunderlich, A. C., Corbeil, R. R., McCutchan, J. A., Ito, J. I. and Braude, A. I. (1979). Disseminated gonococcal infection in mice.Infect. Immun., 26, 984 – 90
Kita, E., Matsuura, H. and Kashiba, S. (1981). A mouse for the study of genital gonococcal infection.J. Infect. Dis., 143, 67 – 70
Kraus, S. J., Brown, W. J. and Arko, R. J. (1975). Acquired and natural immunity to gonococcal infection in chimpanzees.J. Clin. Invest., 55, 1349 – 56
Veale, D. R., Smith, H., Witt, K. A. and Marshall, R. B. (1975). Differential ability of colonial types ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaeto produce infection and an inflammatory response in subcutaneous perforated plastic chambers in guinea pigs and rabbits.J. Med. Microbiol., 8, 325 – 35
Parsons, N. J., Penn, C. W., Veale, D. R. and Smith, H. (1980). The complexity of immunogenicity ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaein the guinea pig subcutaneous chamber model.J. Gen. Microbiol., 118, 523 – 7
Ward, M. E., Watt, P. J. and Robertson, J. N. (1974). The human fallopian tube: a laboratory model for gonococcal infection.J. Infect. Dis., 129, 650 – 9
Melly, M. A., Gregg, C. R. and McGee, Z. A. (1981). Studies of toxicity ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaefor human fallopian tube mucosa.J. Infect. Dis., 143, 423 – 31
Gregg, C. R., Melly, M. A., Hellerqvist, C. G., Coniglio, J. G. and McGee, Z. A. (1981). Toxic activity of purified lipopolysaccharide ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaefor human fallopian tube mucosa.J. Infect. Dis., 143, 432 – 9
Buchanan, T. M., Eschenbach, D. A., Knapp, J. S. and Holmes, K. K. (1980). Gonococcal salpingitis is less likely to recur withNeisseria gonorrhoeaeof the same outer membrane antigenic type.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 138, 978 – 80
Kellogg, D. S., Peacock, W. L., Deacon, W. E., Brown, K. and Pirkle, C. L. (1963).Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Virulence genetically linked to colonial variation.J. Bacteriol., 85, 1274 – 9
Swanson, J., Kraus, S. J. and Gotschlich, E. C. (1971). Studies on gonococcus infection. I. Pili and zones of adhesion: their relation to gonococcal growth patterns.J. Exp. Med., 134, 886 - 906
Sparling, P. F., Cannon, J. G. and So, M. (1986). Phase and antigenic variation of pili and outer membrane Protein II ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Infect. Dis., 153, 196 – 201
Lambden, P. R., Heckels, J. E., McBridge, H. and Watt, P. J. (1981). The isolation and identification of novel pilus types produced by variants ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaeP9 following selection in vivo.FEMS MicrobiolLett., 10, 339 – 41
Hagblom, P., Segal, E., Billyard, E. and So, M. (1985). Intragenic recombination leads to pilus antigenic variation inNeisseria gonorrhoeae. Nature, 315, 156 – 8
Zak, K., Diaz, J-L., Jackson, D. and Heckels, J. E. (1984). Antigenic variation during infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: detection of antibodies to surface proteins in sera of patients with gonorrhoea.J. Infect. Dis., 149, 166 – 73
Lambden, P. R., Robertson, J. N. and Watt, P. J. (1980). Biological properties of two distinct pilus types produced by isogenic variants ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaeP9.J. Bacteriol, 141, 393 – 6
Tramont, E. C., Boslego, J. W., Chung, R., McChesney, D., Ciak, J., Sadoff, J., Piziak, M., Brinton, C. C., Wood, S. and Bryan, J. (1985), Parental gonococcal pilus vaccine. In Schoolnik, G. K. (ed.).The Pathogenic Neisseriae. pp. 316 – 22 ( Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology )
Schoolnik, G. K., Tai, J. Y., Rothbard, J. and Gotschlich, E. C. (1983). A pilus peptide for the prevention of gonorrhoea.Prog. Alleg., 33, 314 – 31
Rothbard, J. R., Fernandez, R., Wang, R., Teng, N. N. H. and Schoolnik, G. K. (1985). Antibodies to peptides corresponding to a conserved sequence of gonococcal pilins block bacterial adhesion.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA., 82, 915 – 19
Blake, M. S. and Gotschlich, E. C. (1983). Gonococcal membrane proteins: speculation on their role in pathogenesis.Prog. Alleg., 33, 298 – 313
Virji, M., Zak, K. and Heckels, J. E. (1986). Monoclonal antibodies to gonococcal outer membrane protein IB: use in the investigation of the potential protective effect of antibodies directed against conserved and type-specific epitopes.J. Gen. Microbiol, 132, 1621 – 9
Virji, M,, Fletcher, J. N., Zak, K. and Heckels, J. E. (1987). The potential protective effect of monoclonal antibodies to gonococcal outer membrane protein I A.J. Gen. Microbiol, 133, 2639 – 46
Judd, R. C. (1985). Structure and surface exposure of Protein lis ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae JS3. Infect. Immun., 48, 452 – 7
Cannon, J. G., Black, W. J., Nachamkin, I. and Stewart, P. W. (1984). Monoclonal antibody which recognises an outer membrane antigen common to the pathogenic Neisseria species but not to most non-pathogenic Neisseria species.Infect. Immun., 43, 994 – 9
Meitzner, T. A., Luginbuhl, G. N., Sandstrom, E. C., and Morse, S. A. (1984). Identification of an iron regulated 37000 dalton protein in the cell envelope ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect. Immun., 45, 410 – 16
Clark, V. L., Campbell, L. A., Palermo, D. A., Evans, T. M. and Klimpel, K. W. (1987). Induction and repression of outer membrane proteins by anaerobic growth ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect. Immun., 55, 1359 – 64
Morse, S. A., Mietzner, T. A., Schalla, W. O., Lammel, C. J. and Brooks, G. F. (1987). Serum and vaginal antibodies against the major iron-regulated protein in women with gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease or uncomplicated infection. In Poolman, J. (ed.).Gonococci and Meningococci. (In press)
Clark, V. L., Klimpel, K. W., Thompson, S. and Knapp, J. (1987). Anaerobically expressed outer membrane proteins ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae are recognised by antibodies in the sera of PID patients. In Poolman, J. (ed.).Gonococci and Meningococci. (In press)
Mulks, M. H. and Plaut, A. G. (1978). IgA protease production as a characteristic distinguishing pathogenic from harmless Neisseriaceae.N. Engl. J. Med., 299, 973 – 6
Caldwell, J. G., Price, E. V., Pazin, G. J. and Cornelius, C. E. (1971). Sensitivity and reproducibility of Thayer-Martin culture medium in diagnosing gonorrhoea in women.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 109, 463 – 8
Schmale, J. D., Martin, J. E. and Domescik, G. (1969). Observations on the culture diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women.J. Am. Med. Assoc., 210, 312 – 14
Johnson, D. W., Holmes, K. K., Kvale, P. A., Halverson, C. W. and Hirsch, W. P. (1969). An evaluation of gonorrhoea case finding in the chronically infected female. Am. J. Epidemiol, 90, 438 – 48
Vecchio, T. J. (1966). Predictive value of a single diagnostic test in unselected populations.N. Engl J. Med., 274, 1171 – 3
Glynn, A. A. and Ison, C. A. (1981). Enzyme immunoassays in bacteriology. In Voller, A., Bartlett, A. and Bidwell, E. (eds.).Immunoassays for the 80s. pp. 431 - 40 ( Lancaster: MTP )
Magnusson, B. and Kjellander, J. (1965). Gonococcal fixation test in complicated and uncomplicated gonorrhoea.Br. J. Vener. Dis., 41, 127 – 31
Danielsson, D., Thyresson, N., Falk, V. and Barr, J. (1972). Serologic investigation of the immune response in various types of gonococcal infection.Acta Dermatol. Venerol., 52, 467 – 75
Oranje, A. P., Iseriet, C. O. A., de Roo, A., Stolz, E. and Michel, M. F. (1983). Antibodies to gonococcal pili in women with asymptomatic gonorrhoea.Br. J. Vener. Dis., 59, 85 – 8
Welch, B. G. and O’Reilly, R. J. (1973). An indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique for the study of uncomplicated gonorrhoea. I. Methodology.J. Infect. Dis., 127, 69 – 76
McMillan, A., McNeillage, G., Young, H. and Bain, S. R. (1979). Serum immunoglobulin response in uncomplicated gonorrhoea.Br. J. Vener. Dis., 55, 5 – 9
O’Reilly, R. J., Welch, B. G. and Kellogg, D. S. (1973). An indirect fluorescent antibody technique for the study of uncomplicated gonorrhoea. II. Selection and characterisation of the strain of N. gonorrhoeae used as an antigen.J. Infect. Dis., 127, 77 – 83
Ison, C. A., Hadfield, S. G. and Glynn, A. A. (1981). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies in gonorrhoea using whole cells.J. Clin. Pathol, 34, 1040 – 3
Young, H. and Low, A. C. (1981). Serological diagnosis of gonorrhoea: detection of antibodies to gonococcal pili by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Med. Lab. Sci., 38, 41 – 7
Oranje, A. P., Reimann, K., Eijk, R. V., Schouter, H. J. A., Roo, A., Tideman, G. J., Stolz, E. and Michel, M. F. (1983). Gonococcal serology: A comparison of three different tests.Br. J. Vener. Dis., 59, 47 – 52
Buchanan, T. M., Swanson, J., Holmes, K. K., Kraus, S. J., Gotschlich, E. C. (1973). Quantitative determination of antibody to gonococcal pili.J. Clin. Invest., 52, 2896 – 909
Oates, S. A., Falker, W. A., Joseph, J. M. and Warfel, L. E. (1977). Asymptomatic females: Detection of antibody activity to gonococcal pili antigen by radio-immunoassay.J. Clin. Microbiol, 5, 26 – 30
Reimann, K., Lind, I. and Andersen, K. E. (1980). An indirect haemagglutination test for demonstration of gonococcal antibodies using pili as antigen.Acta Path. Microbiol Scand. Sect. C, 88, 155 – 62
Reimann, K., Oranje, A. P. and Michel, M. F. (1982). Demonstration of antigenic heterogeneity of N. gonorrhoeae pili antigens using human sera in the test system.Acta Path. Microbiol Scand. Sect. C., 90, 47 – 50
Watt, P. J., Ward, M. E. and Glynn, A. A. (1971). A comparison of serological tests for the diagnosis of gonorrhoea.Br. J. Vener, Dis., 47, 448 – 51
Ward, M. E. and Glynn, A. A. (1972). Human antibody response to lipopolysaccharides fromN. gonorrhoeae. J. Clin. Pathol, 25, 56 – 9
Fletcher, S., Miller, R. and Nicol, C. S. (1973). Study of the passive haemagglutination test for gonorrhoea.Br. J. Vener. Dis., 49, 508 – 10
Brodeur, B. R., Ashton, F. E. and Diena, B. B. (1982). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with polyvalent gonococcal antigen.J. Med. Microbiol., 15, 1 – 9
Handsfield, H. H., Lipman, T. 0., Harnisch, J. P., Tronca, E. and Holmes, K. K. (1974). Asymptomatic gonorrhoea in men. Diagnosis, natural course, prevalence and significance.N. Engl. J. Med., 290, 117 – 123
Goodhart, M. E., Ogden, J., Zaidi, A. A., and Kraus, S. J. (1982). Factors affecting the performance of smear and culture tests for the detection ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex. Transm. Dis., 9, 63 – 9
Burns, M., Rossi, P. H., Cox, D. W., Edwards, T., Kramer, M. and Kraus, S. J. (1983). A preliminary evaluation of the Gonozyme test.Sex. Transm. Dis., 10, 180 – 3
Manis, R. D., Harris, B. and Geiseler, P. J. (1984). Evaluation of Gonozyme, an enzyme immunoassay for the rapid diagnosis of gonorrhoea.J. Clin. Microbiol., 20, 742 – 6
Danielsson, D., Moi, H. and Forslin, L. (1983). Diagnosis of urogenital gonorrhoea by detecting gonococcal antigen with a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (Gonozyme).J. Clin. Pathol., 36, 674 – 7
Demitriou, E., Sackett, R., Welch, D. F. and Kaplan, D. W. (1984). Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in an adolescent populationJ. Am. Med. Assoc., 252, 247 – 50
Nachamkin, I., Sondheimer, S. J., Barbagallo, S. and Barth, S. (1984). Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in cervical swabs using the Gonozyme enzyme immunoassay. Clinical evaluation in a university family planning clinic.Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 82, 461 – 5
Papasian C. J., Bartholomew, W. R. and Amsterdam, D. (1984). Validity of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae antigens.J. Clin. Microbiol., 19, 347 – 50
Papasian, C. J., Bartholomew, W. R. and Amsterdam, D. (1984). Modified enzyme immunoassay for detecting Neisseria gonorrhoeae antigens.J. Clin. Microbiol., 20, 641 – 3
Rudrik, J. T., Waller, J. M. and Britt, E. M. (1984). Efficacy of an enzyme immunoassay with uncentrifuged first voided urine for detection of gonorrhoea in males.J. Clin. Microbiol., 20, 577 – 8
Schachter, J., McCormack, W. M., Smith, R. F., Parks, R. M., Bailey, R. and Ohlin, A. C., (1984). Enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of gonorrhoea.J. Clin. Microbiol., 19, 57 – 79
Stamm, W. E., Cole, B., Fennell, C., Bonin, P., Armstrong, A. S., Herrmann, J. E. and Holmes, K. K. (1984). Antigen detection for the diagnosis of gonorrhoea.J. Clin. Microbiol., 19, 399 – 403
Granato, P. A. and Roefaro, M. (1985). Comparative evaluation of enzyme immunoassay and culture for the laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhoea.Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 83, 613 – 18
Mirrett, S., Reller, L. B. and Knapp, J. S. (1981).Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains inhibited by vancomycin in selective media and correlation with auxotype.Clin. Microbiol., 14, 94–9
Ison, C. A., McClean, K., Gedney, J., Munday, P. E., Coghill, D., Smith, R., Harris, J. R. W. and Easmon, C. S. F. (1985). Evaluation of a direct immunofluorescence test for the diagnosis of gonorrhoea.J. Clin. Pathol., 38, 1142 – 5
Young, H. and Reid, K. G. (1984). Immunological identification ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaewith monoclonal and polyclonal antibody coagglutination reagents.J. Clin. Pathol., 37, 1276 – 81
Ison, C. A., Tanna, A. and Easmon, C. S. F. (1988). Evaluation of a fluorescent monoclonal antibody reagent for culture confirmation ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae.J. Med. Microbiol., 26, 121 – 3.
Catlin, B. W. (1973). Nutritional profiles ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica in chemically defined media and the use of growth requirements for gonococcal typing.J. Infect. Dis., 128, 178 – 94
Wang, S. P., Holmes, K. K., Knapp, J. S. and Kyzer, D. (1977). Immunologic classification ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaewith immunofluorescence.J. Immunol., 119, 795 – 803
Sandstrom, E. G. and Danielsson, D. (1980). Serology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae classification by coagglutination.Acta Path. Micro. Scand. Sect. B., 88, 27 - 38
Buchanan, T. M. and Hildebrandt, J. F. (1981). Antigen-specific serotytping ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae: characterisation based upon principal outer membrane protein.Infect. Immun., 32, 1483 – 9
Sandstrom, E. G., Chen, K. C. S. and Buchanan, T. M. (1982). Serology ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaecoagglutination serogroups WI and WII/III correspond to different outer membrane protein I molecules.Infect. Immun., 38, 462 – 70
Knapp, J. S., Tam, M. R., Nowinski, R. C., Holmes, K. K. and Sandstrom, E. G. (1984). Serological classification ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaewith use of monoclonal antibodies to gonococcal outer membrane protein 1.J. Infect. Dis., 150, 44 – 8
Bygdeman, S. M., Gillenius, E-C. and Sandstrom, E. C. (1985). Comparison of two different sets of monoclonal antibodies for the serological classification ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae. In Schoolnik, G. K. (ed.).The Pathogenic Neisseriae. pp. 31 – 36 ( Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology )
Sandstrom, E. C., Lindell, P., Harfast, B., Blomberg, F., Ryden, A-C. and Bygdeman, S. (1985). Evaluation of a new set ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaeserogroup W-specific monoclonal antibodies for serovar determination. In Schoolnik, G. K. (ed.).The Pathogenic Neisseriae. pp. 26 – 30 ( Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology )
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ison, C.A. (1988). Immunology of Gonorrhoea. In: Wright, D.J.M. (eds) Immunology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Immunology and Medicine, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1255-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1255-7_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7057-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1255-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive