Abstract
The recent and very considerable expansion in our understanding of the physico-chemical factors leading to cholesterol gallstone formation has, to some extent, diverted attention from the part played by the gallbladder itself in the pathogenesis of gallstones. It was not, however, always thus. An early theory of gallstone formation which emerged in the late 19th century suggested that it was material from the gallbladder wall itself that was the focus for stone formation. A few years earlier, the simple concept that stasis of gallbladder contents might contribute to the development of gallstones was formulated. The historical development of the role of the gallbladder in gallstone pathogenesis is discussed by LaMorte et al..1 in a valuable but outdated review.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
LaMorte, W., Schoetz, D., Birkitt, D. and Williams, L. (1979). The role of the gallbladder in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones. Gastroenterology, 77, 580–92.
Mann, F.C. and Higgins, G.M. (1927). Effect of pregnancy on the emptying of the gallbladder. A preliminary report. Arch. Surg., 15, 552–9.
Levyn, L., Beck, E.C. and Aaron, A.H. (1933). Further cholecystography studies in the late months of pregnancy. Am. J. Roetgenol., 30, 774–8.
Gerdes, M.M. and Boyden, E.A. (1938). The rate of emptying of the human gallbladder in pregnancy. Surg. Gynaecol Obstet., 66, 145–56.
Silva, G. (1949). A simple method for computing the volume of the human gallbladder. Radiology, 52, 904–12.
Edholm, P. (1960). Gallbladder evacuation in the normal male induced by cholecys- tokinin. Acta Radiol., 53, 257–65.
Inberg, M.V. and Vuorio, M. (1969). Human gallbladder function after selective gastric and total abdominal vagotomy. Acta Chir. Scand., 135, 625–33.
Maudgal, D.P., Kupfer, R.M., Zentler-Munro, P.L. and Northfield, T.C. (1980). Postprandial gallbladder emptying in patients with gallstones. Br. Med. J., 280, 141–3.
van der Linden, W. (1974). Emptying of the human gallbladder and predisposition to gallstone formation. Tidjschr. Gastroenterol., 17, 121–8.
van Berge Henegouwen, G. and Hofmann, A.F. (1978). Nocturnal gallbladder storage and emptying in gallstone patients and healthy subjects. Gastroenterology, 75, 879–85.
Mok, H.Y.I., von Bergmann, K. and Grundy, S.M. (1980). Kinetics of the enterohepatic circulation during fasting: biliary lipid secretion and gallbladder storage. Gastroenterology, 78, 1023–33.
Englert, Jr. E. and Chiu, V.S. (1966). Quantitation of human biliary evacuation with a radioisotope technique. Gastroenterology, 50, 506–18.
Spellman, S.J, Shaffer, E.A. and Rosenthall, L. (1979). Gallbladder emptying in response to cholecystokinin. A cholescintigraphic study. Gastroenterology, 77, 115–20.
Forgacs, I.C., Maisey, M.N., Murphy, G.M. and Dowling, R.H. (1984). Influence of gallstones and ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on gallbladder emptying. Gastroenterology, 87, 299–307.
Fisher, R.S., Stelzer, F., Rock, E. and Malmud, L.S. (1982). Abnormal gallbladder emptying in patients with gallstones. Dig. Dis. Sci., 27, 1019–24.
Shaffer, E.A., McOrmond, P. and Duggan, H. (1980). Quantitative cholescintigraphy: assessment of gallbladder filling and emptying and duodeno-gastric reflux. Gastroenterology, 79, 899–906.
Pomeranz, I.S. and Shaffer, EA. (1985). Abnormal gallbladder emptying in a subgroup of patients with gallstones. Gastroenterology, 88, 787–91.
Palframan, A. and Meire, H.B. (1979). Real-time ultrasound. A new method for studying gallbladder kinetics. Br. J. Radiol., 52, 801–3.
Everson, G.T., Braverman, D.Z., Johnson, M.L. and Kern, Jr. F. (1980). A critical evaluation of real-time ultrasonography for the study of gallbladder volume and contraction. Gastroenterology, 79, 40–6.
Thompson, J.C., Fried, G.M., Ogden, W.D., Fagan, C J., Inoue, K., Wiener, I. and Watson, L.C. (1982). Correlation between release of cholecystokinin and contraction of the gallbladder in patients with gallstones. Ann. Surg., 195, 670–5.
Isaacs, P.E.T., Ladas, S., Forgacs, I.C., Dowling, R.H., Ellam, S.V., Adrian, T.E. and Bloom, S.R. (1987). Comparison of effects of ingested medium- and long-chain triglyceride on gallbladder volume and release of other gut peptides. Dig. Dis. Sci., 32, 481–6.
Forgacs, I.C., Isaacs, P.E.T., Ladas, S., Murphy, G.M. and Dowling, R.H. (1983). Meal composition influences plasma immunoreactive cholecystokinin (IR-CCK) levels and gallbladder (GB) contraction. Gastroenterology, 84, 1157 (Abstract).
Forgacs, I.C., Murphy, G.M. and Dowling, R.H. (1985). Gallbladder contraction and plasma immunoreactive CCK in gallbladder and intestinal disease. In Paumgartner G., Stiehl A., Gerok W. (eds). Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids and Sterol Metabolism, pp. 147–153 (Lancaster: MTP Press).
Walsh, J.H., Lamers, C.B., Valenzuela, J.E. (1982). Cholecystokinin-like-immunoreac- tivity in human plasma. Gastroenterology, 82, 438–44.
Maton, P.N., Selden, A.C., Fitzpatrick, M.L. and Chadwick, V.S. (1984). Infusion of cholecystokinin octapeptide in man: relationship between plasma cholecystokinin concentrations and gallbladder emptying rates. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 14, 37–41.
Pomeranz, I.S., Davison, J.S. and Shaffer, E.A. (1985). The effects of prosthetic gallstones on gallbladder function and bile composition. I. Surg. Res., 41, 47–52.
Edlund, Y. and Zettergren, L. (1959). Histopathology of the gallbladder in gallstone disease related to clinical data. Acta Chir. Scand., 116, 450–60.
Brugge, W.R., Brand, D.L., Atkins, H.L., Lane, B.P. and Abel, W.G. (1986). Gallbladder dyskinesia in chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Dig. Dis. Sci., 31, 461–7.
Doty, J.E., Pitt, H.A., Kuchenbecker, S.L. and Den Besten, L. (1983). Impaired gallbladder emptying before gallstone formation in the prairie dog. Gastroenterology, 85, 168–74.
Fridhandler, T.M., Davison, J.S. and Shaffer, E.A. (1983). Defective gallbladder contractility in the ground squirrel and prairie dog during the early stages of cholesterol gallstone formation. Gastroenterology, 85, 830–6.
Pellegrini, C.A., Ryan, T., Broderick, W., andWay, L.W. (1986). Gallbladder filling and emptying during cholesterol gallstone formation in the prairie dog. A cholescintigraphic study. Gastroenterology, 90, 143–9.
Brotschi, E.A., LaMorte, W.W. and Williams, Jr. L.F. (1986). Effect of dietary cholesterol and indomethacin on cholelithiasis and gallbladder motility in guinea pig. Dig. Dis. Sci., 29, 1050–6.
Li, Y.F., Weisbrodt, N.M., Moody, F.G., Coelho, J.C. and Gouma, D.J. (1987). Calcium- induced contraction and contractile protein content of gallbladder smooth muscle after high-cholesterol feeding of prairie dogs. Gastroenterology, 92, 746–50.
Maton, P.N., Iser, J.H., Reuben, A., Saxton, H.M., Murphy, G.M. and Dowling, R.H. (1982) Outcome of chenodeoxycholic acid treatment in 125 patients with radiolucent gallstones: factors influencing efficacy, withdrawal, symptoms and side-effects and post- dissolution recurrence. Medicine (Baltimore), 61, 86–97.
Iwamura, K. (1980). Clinical studies on cheno- and ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for gallstone dissolution. Hepato-gastroenterology, 27, 26–34.
Meredith, TJ., Williams, G.V., Maton, P.N., Murphy, G.M., Saxton, H.M. and Dowling, R.H. (1982). Retrospective comparison of ‘cheno’ and ‘urso’ in the medical treatment of gallstones. Gut, 23, 382–9.
Schoenfield, L J., Lachin, J.M. The Steering Committee and the National Cooperative Gallstone Study Group (1981). The National Cooperative Gallstone Study. A controlled trial of efficacy and safety. Ann. Intern. Med., 95, 257–82.
Bjorasson, O.G., Maton, P.N., Fletcher, D.R., Chadwick, V.S. (1982). Effects of duodenal perfusion with sodium taurocholate on biliary and pancreatic secretion in man. Eur. I. Clin. Invest., 12, 97–105.
Sylwestrowicz, T., Logan, K., Kloiber, R. and Shaffer, E. (1987). Effect of bile acid therapy and gallstone dissolution on gallbladder motility. Gastroenterology, 92, 1784 (Abstract).
Forgacs, I.C. (1987). Shock news for gallstones. Br. Med. I., 295, 737–8
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Forgacs, I.C. (1988). The Motility Defect. In: Northfield, T., Jazrawi, R., Zentler-Munro, P. (eds) Bile Acids in Health and Disease. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1249-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1249-6_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7054-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1249-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive