Abstract
Rabies is an acute infectious encephalomyelitis caused by a Lyssavirus, a bullet-shaped virus belonging to the Rhabdovirus family. The disease is uniformly fatal in man once symptoms and signs develop. Nevertheless its ‘disease burden value’ is low in comparison with other infectious diseases, so rabies is not generally considered a priority for vaccine development or delivery. The true extent of human rabies is unknown but as many as 100 000 deaths are believed to occur annually. Rabies is prevalent throughout most of the world and many millions of doses of vaccine are given each year following genuine or possible exposures to the virus. Comparatively little is given for pre-exposure prophylaxis.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Mantell, J. (1833). Letter to the Sussex Advertiser, 22 March
Babes, V. (1912). Traité de la rage. (Paris: Baillière et fils)
Lubinski, H. and Prausnitz-Breslau C. (1926). 1. Lyssa. Ergebnisse der Hygiene Bakter Immun U Exp Therapie, pp. 1–164. (Berlin: J. Springer)
Leach, C. N. and Johnson, H. N. (1940). Human rabies, with special reference to virus distribution and titer. Am. J. Trop. Med., 20, 335–40
Constantine, D. G. (1962). Rabies transmission by nonbite route. Public Hlth. Rep., 77, 287–9
Atanasiu, P. (1965). Transmission de la rage par la voie respiratoire aux animaux de laboratoire. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 261, 277–9
Hronovsky, V. and Benda, R. (1969). Experimental inhalation infection of laboratory rodents with rabies virus. Acta Virol., 13, 193–7
Hronovsky, V. and Benda, R. (1969). Development of inhalation rabies infection in suckling guinea pigs. Acta Virol., 13, 198–202
Irons, J. V., Eads, R. B., Grimes, J. E. and Conklin, A. (1957). The public health importance of bats. Tex. Rep. Biol. Med., 15, 292–8
Humphrey, G. L., Kemp, G. E. and Wood, E. G. (1960). A fatal case of rabies in a woman bitten by an insectivorous bat. Public Hlth. Rep., 75, 317–26
Winkler, W. G., Fashinell, T. R., Leffingwell, L., Howard, P. and Conomy, J. P. (1973). Airborne rabies transmission in a rabies worker. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 226, 1219–21
MMWR. (1977). Rabies in a Laboratory Worker New York. 26, 183–4
Houff, S. A., Burton, R. C., Wilson, R. W., Henson, T. E., London, W. T, Baer, G. M., Anderson, L. J., Winkler, W. G., Madden, D. J. and Sever, J. L. (1979). Human to human transmission of rabies virus by corneal transplant. 300, 603–4
MMWR. (1980). Human to human transmission of rabies via a corneal transplant, France 1980; 29, 25–6
MMWR. (1981). Human to human transmission of rabies via a corneal transplant, Thailand, 30, 473–4
Sureau, P., Portnoi, D., Rollin, P., Lapresle, C. and Chaouni-Berbich, A. (1981). Prevention de la transmission inter-humaine de la rage après greffe de cornée. C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 293, 689–92
Greenwood, Mjr. (1945). Tenth report on data of anti-rabies treatments supplied by Pasteur Institutes. Bull. WHO, 12, 301–64
Meyer, K. F. (1957). Man contracting rabies from man. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 165, 158–9
Anderson, J. A., Daly, F. T. and Kidd, J. C. (1966). Human rabies after antiserum and vaccine post-exposure treatment. Ann. Intern. Med., 64, 1297–1302
Emmons, R. W., Leonard, L. L., De Genaro, F., Protas, E. S., Bazely, P. L., Giammona, P. L. and Sturkow, K. (1973). A case of human rabies with prolonged survival. Intervirology, 1, 60–72
MMWR. (1977). Human rabies, Texas, 26, 31
Lintjorn, B. (1982). Clinical features of rabies in man. Tropical Doctor, 12, 9–12
WHO. (1982). World survey of rabies XX for years 1980/81. WHO/Rabies/ 82–193
MMWR. (1982). Rabies — United States 1981, 31, 379–80
Horrenburger, R. (1952). Recherche du virus rabique chez les rats de la ville d’Alger. Arch. Inst. Pasteur, Algerie, 30, 371–6
Winkler, W. G. (1972). Rodent rabies in the United States. J. Infect. Dis., 126, 565–67
Bögel, K., Posch, J., Quander, J., Kuwert, E. and Plichta, C. (1975). Antirabies treatment in man in relation to epidemiological conditions: Nordrhein-Westfalen 1972. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. 1, Abt. Orig., A231, 15–30
Bögel, K., Moegle, H., Knorpp, F., Arata, A., Dietz, K. and Dietheim, P. (1976). Characteristics of the spread of a wildlife rabies epidemic in Europe. Bull. WHO, 54, 433–47
Förster, U., Wachendörfer, G. and Krekel, J. (1977). Testing of rodents and insectivores for rabies virus and antigen. Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wschr, 90, 335–7
Botros, B. A. M., Lewis, J. C. and Kerkor, M. (1979). A study to evaluate non-fatal rabies in animals. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 82, 137–41
Steck, F. and Wandeler, A. (1980). The epidemiology of fox rabies in Europe. Epidemiol. Rev., 2, 71–96
CDC. (1981). Rabies Surveillance Annual Summary 1979 (Issued October).
Bisseru, B. (ed.) (1972). Rabies (London: William Heinemann)
WHO (1977). World survey of rabies XVII for year 1975. WHO/Rabies/77183
WHO (1980). Rabies surveillance Europe 1979. Wkly Epidem. Rec., 55, 367
WHO (1976). Rabies surveillance 1974. Wkly Epidem. Rec., 51, 309–12
Schneider, H. P. (1985). Rabies in South West Africa/Namibia. In Kuwert, E., Mérieux, C., Koprowski, H. and Bögel, K. (eds), Rabies in the Tropics, pp. 520–35. (Berlin. Springer-Verlag)
Acha, P. N. and Arambulo, P. V. (1985). Rabies in the tropics — history and current status. In Kuwert, E., Mérieux, C., Koprowski, H. and Bögel, K. (eds), Rabies in the Tropics, pp. 343–59. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)
Nikolic, M. and Jelesic, Z. (1956). Isolation of rabies virus from insectivorous bats in Yugoslavia. Bull. WHO, 14, 801–4
Pitzschke, H. (1965). Tollwut bei einer breitflügel-fledermaus (Eptesicus serotinus) in Thüringen. Zent. J. Bakt., 1 Abt. Orig., 196, 411–15
Smith, P. C., Lawhaswasdi, K., Vick, W. E. and Stanton, J. S. (1967). Isolation of rabies from fruit bats in Thailand. Nature (London), 216, 384
Pal, S. R., Arora, B., Chhuttani, P. N., Boor, S., Choudhury, S., Joshi, R. M. and Ray, S. D. (1980). Rabies virus infection of a flying fox bat, Pteropus poliocephalus in Chandigarh, Northern India. Trop. Geogr. Med., 32, 265–7
WHO (1970). Rabies in India. WHO Chronicle. 24, 576
Sanmartin, C., Correa, P., Duenas, A. et al. (1967). Alguans consideraciones sobre 42 casos humanos de rabia. In Memorias del Primer Seminaro Nacional Sobre Rabia. Medellin, pp. 155–6 (Colombia: University of Medellin)
Anderson, L. J., Nicholson, K. G., Tauxe, R. V. and Winkler, W. G. (1984). Human rabies in the United States, 1960 to 1979: epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention. Ann. Intern. Med., 100, 728–35
Foggin, C. M. and Swanepoel, R. (1979). Rabies in Rhodesia: the current situation. Central African J. Med., 25, 98–100
Benelmouffok, A., Belkaid, M. and Benhassine, H. (1979). Epidemiologic de la rage en Algerie. Arch, rinstitut Pasteur d’Algérie, 53, 143–54
Fagbami, A. H., Anosa, V. O. and Ezabuiro, E. O. (1981). Hospital records of human rabies and antirabies prophylaxis in Nigeria 1969–78. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med, Hyg., 75, 872–6
PAHO (1981). Epidemiologic surveillance of rabies in the Americas. Bull. Pan-Am Hlth Org., 15, 271–8
Fekadu, M. (1982). Rabies in Ethiopia. Am. J. Epidemiol., 115, 266–73
Bjorvatin, B. and Gundersen, S. G. (1980). Rabies exposure among Norwegian missionaries working abroad. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 12, 257–64
Bögel, K. and Motschwiller, E. (1986). Incidence of rabies and post-exposure treatment in developing countries. Bull. WHO, 64, 883–7
Brown, F., Bishop, D. H. L., Crick, J, Franki, R. I. B., Holland, J. J, Hull, R., Johnson, K., Martelli, G., Murphy, F. A., Obijeski, J. F., Peters, D., Pringle, C. R., Reichmann, M. E., Schneider, L. G., Shope, R. E., Simpson, D. I. H., Summers, D. F. and Wagner, R. R. (1979). Rhabdoviridae. Intervirology, 12, 1–7
WHO (1980). Report of consultation on rabies prevention and control. WHO/Rabies/80.188, 10
Shope, R. E. (1975). Rabies virus antigenic relationships. In Baer, G. M. (ed.) The Natural History of Rabies, Vol 1, pp. 141–54. (New York: Academic Press)
Wiktor, T. J. and Koprowski, H. (1978). Monoclonal antibodies against rabies virus produced by somatic cell hybridization: detection of antigenic variants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 3938
Flamand, A., Wiktor, T. J. and Koproswki, H. (1980). Hybridoma antibody detects antigenic differences between rabies and rabies-related viruses. 1: Nucleocapsid antigens. J. Gen. Virol., 48, 97–104
Flamand, A., Wiktor, T. J. and Koprowski, H. (1980). Hybridoma antibody detects antigenic differences between rabies and rabies-related viruses. 2: Glycoprotein antigens. J. Gen. Virol., 48, 104–9
Wiktor, T. J., Flamand, A. and Koprowski, H. (1980). Use of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis of rabies virus infection and differentiation of rabies and rabies-related viruses. J. Virol. Methods, 1, 33–46
Schneider, L. G., Barnard, B. J. H., Schneider, H. P., Odegaard, O. A., Mueller, J., Selimov, M., Cox, J. H., Wandeler, A. I., Blancou, J. and Meyer, S. (1985). Application of monoclonal antibodies for epidemiological investigations and oral vaccination studies. In Kuwert, E., Mérieux, C., Koprowski, H. and Bögel, K. (eds), Rabies in the Tropics, pp. 47–59. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)
Koprowski, H., Wiktor, T. J. and Abelseth, M. K. (1985). Cross-reactivity and cross-protection: rabies variants and rabies-related viruses. In Kuwert, E., Mérieux, C., Koprowski, H. and Bögel, K. (eds), Rabies in the Tropics, pp. 30–90. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)
Wiktor, T. J. (1985). Is a special vaccine required against rabies-related viruses and variants of rabies? In Vodopija, I., Nicholason, K. G., Smerdel, S. and Bijok, U. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment, pp. 9–13. (Zagreb: Institute of Public Health)
Webster, L. T. and Dawson, J. R. (1935). Early diagnosis of rabies by mouse inoculation. Measurement of humoral immunity to rabies by mouse protection test. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.(N.Y), 32, 570–3
Fitzgerald, E. A., Baer, G. M., Cabassao, V. J. and Vallancourt, R. J. (1975). A collaborative study on the potency testing of antirabies globulin. J. Biol Stand., 3, 273–8
Kuwert, E. K., Thraenhart, O., Marcus, I., Werner, J., Atanasiu, P., Bahmanyar, M., Bögel, K., Cox, J. H., Schneider, L. G., Turner, G. and Wiktor, T. J. (1978). Comparative study on antibody determination by different methods in sera of persons vaccinated with HDCS rabies vaccine. Dev. Biol. Stand., 40, 221–9
Atanasiu, P. and Lépine, P. (1959). Multiplication du virus rabique des rues sur la tumeur ependymaire de la souris en coulture de tissus, effet cytolytique. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 96, 72–8
Fernandes, M. V., (1963). Mechanism of the cytopathic effect of rabies virus in tissue culture. Virology, 21, 128–31
Kissling, R. E. and Reese, D. R. (1963). Antirabies vaccine of tissue culture origin. J. Immunol., 91, 362–8
Abelseth, M. K. Propagation of rabies virus in pig kidney cell culture. Can. Vet. J., 5, 84–7
Wiktor, T. J., Fernandes, M. V. and Koprowski, H. (1964). Cultivation of rabies virus in human diploid cell strain WI-38. J. Immunol., 93, 353–66
Yoshino, K., Tanigucji, S. and Arai, K. (1966). Autointerference of rabies virus in chick embryo fibroblasts. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 123, 387–92
Sedwick, W. D. and Wiktor, T. J. (1967). Reproducible plaquing system for rabies, lymphocytic choriomeningitis and other ribonucleic acid viruses in BHK-21/13S agarose suspensions. J. Virol., 1, 1224–6
Schneider, L. (1973). Cell monolayer plaque tests. In Kaplan, M. M. and Koprowski, H. (eds), Laboratory Techniques in Rabies, 3rd edn, pp. 339–42. (Geneva: WHO)
Smith, J. S., Yager, P. A. and Baer, G. M. (1973). A rapid reproducible test for determining rabies neutralising antibody. Bull WHO, 48, 535–41
Cho, H. C. and Fenje, P. (1975). Rabies neutralizing antibody determination in tissue culture by direct fluorescent antibody technique. J. Biol Stand., 3, 101–5
Guillemin, F., Tixier, G., Soulebot, J. P. and Chappuis, G. (1981). Comparison de deux methodes de titrages de anticorps antirabique neutralisants. J. Biol. Stand., 9, 147–56
Atanasiu, P., Savy, V. and Perrin, P. (1977). Épreuve immunoenzymatique pour la détection rapide des anticorps antirabiques. Ann. Microbiol (Inst. Pasteur), 128A, 489–98
Thraenhart, O. and Kuwert, E. K. (1977). Enzyme-immunoassay for demonstration of rabies-virus antibodies after immunisation. Lancet, 2, 399–400
Nicholson, K. G. and Prestage, H. (1982). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a rapid reproducible test for the measurement of rabies antibody. J. Med. Virol., 9, 43–9
Wiktor, T. J., György, E., Schlumberger, H. D., Sokol, F. and Koprowski, H. (1973). Antigenic properties of rabies virus components. J. Immunol., 110, 269–76
Dietzschold, B., Wang, I., Rupprecht, C. E., Celis, E., Tollis, M., Ertl, H., Heber-Katz, E. and Koprowski, H. (1987). Induction of protective immunity against rabies by immunization with rabies virus ribonucleoprotein. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., 84, 165–9
Turner, G. S. (1978). Immunoglobulin (IgG) and (IgM) antibody responses to rabies vaccine. J. Gen. Virol., 40, 595–604
Habel, K. (1945). Seroprophylaxis in experimental rabies. Public Hlth. Rep., 60, 455–60
Koprowski, H., Van der Scheer, J. and Black, J. (1950). Use of hyperimmune antirabies serum concentrates in experimental rabies. Am. J. Med., 8, 412–20
Habel, K. and Koprowski, H. (1955). Laboratory data supporting the clinical trial of antirabies serum in persons bitten by a rabid wolf. Bull. WHO, 13, 773–9
Winkler, W. G., Schmidt, R. C. and Sikes, R. K. (1969). Evaluation of human rabies immune globulin and homologous and heterologous antibody. J. Immunol., 102, 1314–21
Crick, J. (1973). The vaccination of man and other animals against rabies. Postgrad. Med. J., 49, 551–64
Nilsson, M. R., Sant’Anna, O. A., Siqueira, M., Nilsson, T. T. and Gennan, M. (1979). Rabies virus immunity in genetically selected high- and low-responder lines of mice. Infect. Immun., 25, 23–5
Sikes, R. K., Peacock, G. V., Acha, P., Arko, R. J. and Dierks, R. (1971). Rabies vaccines: duration of immunity study in dogs. J. Am. Vetr. Med. Assoc., 159, 1491–9
Bunn, T. O., Ridpath, H. D. and Beard, P. D. (1984). The relationship between rabies antibody titre in dogs and cats and protection from challenge. Rabies Information Exchange, 11, 9–13
Sikes, R. K., Cleary, W. F., Koprowski, H., Wiktor, T. J. and Kaplan, M. M. (1971). Effective protection of monkeys against death from street virus by post-exposure administration of tissue-culture rabies vaccine. Bull WHO, 45, 1–11
Wiktor, T. J. (1971). New vaccines and the future of rabies prophylaxis. In: International Conference on the Application of Vaccines Against Viral Rickettsial and Bacterial Diseases of Man. Scientific Publication No. 226, pp. 66–75. (Washington DC: Pan American Health Organisation, WHO)
Baer, G. M., Moore, S. A., Shaddock, J. H. and Levy, H. B. (1979). An effective rabies treatment in exposed monkeys: a single dose of interferon inducer and vaccine Bull WHO, 57, 807–13
Chowdhuri, A. N. R., Singh, G., Thomas, A. K. and Mondai, C. K. (1969). Trial of combined serum vaccine treatment in the prophylaxis of rabies under field conditions in northern India. Ind. J. Med. Res., 57, 149–63
Yen, C. H. (1942). Protective value of antiviral serum in experimental rabies infection. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 49, 533–7
Koprowski, H. and Black, J. (1954). Studies on chick embryo adapted rabies virus. 5. Protection of animals with antiserum and living attenuated virus after exposure to street strain of rabies virus. J. Immunol., 72, 85–93
Baer, G. M. and Cleary, W. F. (1972). A model in mice for pathogenesis and treatment of rabies. J. Infect. Dis., 125, 520–27
Pasteur, L., Chamberland, C., Roux, E. and Thuiller, L. (1881). Sur la rage. C. R. Acad. Sci., 92, 1259–60
Pasteur, L., Chamberland, C. and Roux, E. (1884). Sur la rage. Bull. Acad. Med., 13, 661–4
Pasteur, L. (1885). Méthode pour prévenir la rage après morsure. C. R. Hebd, Seanc. Acad. Sci., 101, 765–74
Roux, E. (1887). Note sur une nouvel moyen de conserver les moelles rabique avec leur virulence. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris), 1, 87
Calmette, A. (1891). Notes sur la rage en Indo-Chine et sur les vaccinations antirabique pratiquées a Saigon. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris), 5, 633–38
Anonymous note. (1887). Pasteur’s method simplified. Lancet, December, p. 1185
Puscariu, E. and Vesesco, M. (1895). Essais de vaccination antirabique avec le virus attenué par le chaleur. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris), 9, 210–13
Babes and Lepp, (1889). Recherches sur la vaccination antirabique. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 3, 384–90
Fermi, C. (1908). Über die immunisierung gegen wutkrankheit. Z. Hyg. Infekt. 58, 233–76
Semple, D. (1911). The preparation of a safe and efficent antirabies vaccine. Scientific memoirs by officers of the medical and sanitary departments of the government of India. No. 44. (Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing)
Alvisatos, G. P. (1922). Die Schutzimpfung gegen lyssa durch das mit aether behendelte virus fixe. Deutsche Med Woch., 48, 295–6
Hempt, A. (1925). Sur une method rapide de traitement antirabique. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 39, 632–40
Kelser, R. A. (1930). Chloroform-treated rabies vaccine. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 71, 595–603
Hempt, A. (1938). Über eine karbolisierte antirabische aether-vaccine und ihren schutzwert bei mensch und tier. Berhringwerk Mitteil, 9, 150–209
Otten, L. (1947). Investigations in rabies. II. Atonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol., 13, 101–27
Webster, L. T. and Casals, J. (1942). An improved non-virulent rabies vaccine. Am. J. Public Hlth., 32, 268–70
Turner, G. S. (1969). Rabies vaccines. Br. Med. Bull., 25, 136–42
Bareggi, C. (1889). Su cinque casis di rabbia paralitica (de laboratorio) nell uomo. Gazz Med. Lombarda, 48, 217–19
Cornwall, J. W. (1919). Anaphylactic reactions in the course of antirabic treatment. Ind. J. Med. Res., 6, 237–47
Horack, H. M. (1939). Allergy as a factor in the development of reactions to anti-rabic treatment. Am. J. Med. Sci., 197, 672–82
Remlinger, P. (1927). Les paralysies du traitement antirabique. In Rapports a la conference international de la rage. League of Nations Report, pp. 71–132
Remlinger, P. (1935). La rage dite de laboratoire. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, (Suppl.), pp. 35–68
Proca, G. and Bobes, S. (1940). Antirabic immunisation: living vaccines and killed vaccines. Bull. Health Org., 9, 79–117
Marinesco, G. (1908). La paralysie ascendante mortelle après le traitement antirabique. C. R. Soc. Biol., 64, 973–5
Rivers, T. M., Sprunt, D. H. and Berry, G. P. (1933). Observations on attempts to produce acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in monkeys. J. Exp. Med., 58, 39–53
Kabat, E. A., Wolf, A. and Bezer, A. E. (1947). The rapid production of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys by injection of heterologous and homologous brain tissue with adjuvants. J. Exp. Med., 85, 117–29
Kabat, E. A., Wolf, A. and Bezer, A. E. (1948). Studies on acute disseminated encephalomyelitis produced experimentally in rhesus monkeys. J. Exp. Med., 88, 417–25
Lumsden, C. E. (1949). Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Brain, 72, 198–226
Sellers, T. F. (1947). Complications of antirabic treatment. J. Med. Assoc. Georgia, 36, 30–5
Shiraki, H., Otani, S., Tanthai, B., Chamuni, A., Chitondh, H. and Charuchiinda, S. (1962). Rabies postvaccinal encephalomyelitis and genuine rabies in human beings. World Neurol., 3, 125–48
Appelbaum, E., Greenberg, M. and Nelson, J. (1953). Neurological complications following antirabies vaccination. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 151, 188–91
Svet-Modavskij, G. J., Andjaparidze, O. G., Unanov, S. S., Karakajumcan, M. K., Svet-Modavskaja, I. A., Mucnik, L. S., Hieninson, M. A., Ravkina, L. I., Mtvarelidze, A. A., Volkova, O. F., Kriegshaber, M. R., Kalinkina, A. G., Salita, T. V., Klimovickaja, V. I., Bondeletova, I. N., Rojhel, V. M., Kiseleva, I. S., Levcenko, E. N., Marennikova, S. S. and Leonidova, S. L. (1965). An allergen-free antirabies vaccine. Bull. WHO, 32, 47–58
Stuart, G. and Krikorian, K. S. (1933). Neuroparalytic accidents complicating antirabic treatment. Br. Med. J., 1, 501–4
McFadzean, A. J. S. and Choa, G. H. (1953). The neuroparalytic accidents of antirabies vaccination. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med., Hyg., 47, 372–85
Wilson, G. S. (1967). Allergic manifestations: complications, including paralysis after rabies vaccine. In The Hazards of Immunisation, pp. 179–91. (London: Athlone Press)
Hattwick, M. A. W. (1974). Human rabies. Public Hlth. Rev., 3, 229–74
Redewill, F. H. and Underwood, L. J. (1947). Neurological complications to treatment with rabies vaccine. California Med., 66, 360–3
Pait, C. F. and Pearson, H. E. (1949). Rabies vaccine encephalomyelitis in relation to the incidence of animal rabies in Los Angeles. Am. J. Public Hlth., 39, 875–7
Briggs, G. W. and Brown, W. M. (1960). Neurological complications of antirabies vaccine. Treatment with corticosteroids. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 173, 802–4
Assis, J. L. (1975). Neurologic complications of antirabies vaccination in Sao Paulo, Brazil. J. Neurol. Sci., 26, 593–8
Gibbs, F. A., Gibbs, D. L., Carpenter, P. R. and Spies, H. W. (1961). Comparison of rabies vaccines grown on duck embryo and on nervous tissue: and electroencephalographic study. N. Engl. J. Med., 65, 1002–3
Kirk, R. C. and Ecker, E. E. (1949). Time of appearance of antibodies to brain in the human receiving antirabies vaccine. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 70, 743–7
Koprowski, H., LeBell, I. (1950). The presence of complement fixing antibodies against brain tissue in sera of persons who had received antirabies vaccine treatment. Am. J. Hyg., 51, 292–9
Waksman, B. H. (1956). Further studies on skin reactions in rabbits with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Infect. Dis., 99, 258–69
Waksman, B. H. and Morrison, L. R. (1951). Tuberculin type sensitivity to spinal cord antigen in rabbits with isoallergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol., 66, 421–44
Paterson, P. Y. (1960). Transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats by means of lymph node cells. J. Exp. Med., 111, 119–36
Astrom, K. E. and Waksman, B. H. The passive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and neuritis with living lymphoid cells. J. Pathol. Bacteriol., 83, 89–106
Bell, J. F., Wright, I. T. and Habel, K. (1949). Rabies vaccines freed of the factor causing allergic encephalitis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 70, 457–61
Paterson, P. Y., Pond, W. L., Warren, J. and Weil, M. L. (1953). Encephalitogenic property of crude and protamin treated rabbit and mouse brain preparations. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 83, 2787–81
Hottle, G. A. and Peers, J. J. (1954). Studies on the removal of the encephalitogenic factor from rabies vaccine. J. Immunol., 72, 236–42
Thomas, J. B., Ricker, A. S., Baer, G. M. and Sikes, R. K. (1965). Purification of fixed rabies virus. Virology, 25, 271–5
Kaplan, C. and Turner, G. C. (1969). Removal of encephalitogenicity from extracts of normal rabbit central nervous system by treatment with fluorocarbon. Nature, 219, 445–6
Webster, L. T. (1939). The immunizing potency of antirabies vaccines: a critical review. Am. J. Hyg., 30, 113–34
Rhodes, A. J. Anti-rabies treatment. A discussion in relation to recent experimental work. Trop. Dis. Bull., 43, 975–91
Semple, D. (1919). On the nature of rabies of antirabic treatment. Br. Med., J., 2, 333–61
Veeraraghavan, N. and Subrahmanyan, T. P. (1958). The value of 5 per cent Semple vaccine prepared in distilled water in human treatment: comparative mortality among the treated and untreated. Ind. J. Med. Res., 46, 518–24
Kitamoto, A., Otani, S., Nagano, Y., Shibuki, M. (1971) Postbite rabies prophylaxis in humans with ultraviolet ray inactivated vaccine. In Nagano Y. and Davenport, F. M. (eds), Rabies, pp. 127–35. (Baltimore: University Park Press)
Cornwall, J. W. (1923). Statistics of antirabic inoculations in India. Br. Med. J., 2, 298
Yu, T. F. (1941). Rabies. Chinese Med. J., 59, 326–8
Nikolic, M. (1952). Die ergebnisse der tollwutschutzimpfung beim menschen nach wolfverletzung. Z. Tropenmed. Parasitol., 3, 283–96
Gremliza, L. (1953). Kasuistik zum lyssa-problem. Z. Tropenmed, Parasitol., 4, 383–9
Baltazard, M. and Ghodssi, M. (1954). Prevention of human rabies. Treatment of persons bitten by rabid wolves in Iran. Bull. WHO., 10, 797–803
Bahmanyar, M. (1966). Success and failure of sero-vaccination as prophylactic treatment of individuals exposed to rabies. Symp. Series Immunobiol. Stand., 1, 307–12
Fathi, M., Sabeti, A. and Bahmanyar, M. (1970). Séroprophylaxie antirabique chez les sujets mordus pars loups enragés en Iran. Acta Med. Iranica., 13, 5–9
Fuenzalida, E. and Palacios, R. (1955). Rabies vaccine prepared from the brains of infected suckling mice. Bol. Inst. Bacteriol. Chile, 8, 3–10
Gispen, R., Schmittmann, G. J. P. and Saathof, B. (1965). Rabies vaccine derived from suckling rabbit brain. Arch. Ges. Virusforsch., 15, 366–76
Fuenzalida, E., Palacios, R. and Borgono, J. M. (1964). Antirabies antibody response in man to vaccine made from suckling-mouse brains. Bull. WHO, 30, 431–6
Gispen, R. and Saathof, B. (1965). Neutralising and fluorescent antibody response in man after antirabies treatment with suckling rabbit brain vaccine. Arch. Ges Virusforsch., 15, 377–86
Fuenzalida, E., Palacios, R. and Borgono, J. M. (1966). The use of rabies vaccine prepared in suckling mouse brain. Symp. Ser. Immunobiol. Stand., 1, 339–45
Held, J. R. and Adaros, H. L. (1972). Neurological disease in man following administration of suckling mouse brian antirabies vaccine. Bull. WHO, 46, 321–7
Toro, G., Vergara, I. and Roman, G. (1979). Neuroparalytic accidents of antirabies vaccination with suckling mouse brain (SMB) rabies vaccine. Clinical and pathological study of 21 cases. Arch. Neurol., 34, 694–700
Escobar, A., Dauzon, F. L. and Romero, C. (1979). Meningoencefalomielitis por vacunacion antirabica con vacuna preparada en cerebro de ratón lactante. Gac. Med. de Mexico, 115, 363–7
Vergara, I., Toro, G., Roman, G. and Mendoza, G. (1979). Fatal Guillain-Barré syndrome with reduced dose antirabies vaccination. Arch. Neurol., 36, 254
Sikes, R. K. and Larghi, O. P. (1967). Purified rabies vaccine: development and comparison of potency and safety with two human rabies vaccines. J. Immunol., 99, 545–53
Lavender, J. F. (1970). Purified rabies vaccine (suckling rat brain origin). Appl. Microbiol., 19, 923–7
Koprowski, H., Black, J. and Nelsen, D. J. (1954). Studies on chick embryo adapted rabies virus. Furher changes in pathogenic properties following prolonged cultivation in the developing chick embryo. J. Immunol., 72, 94–106
Koprowski, H. and Cox, H. R. (1948). Studies on chick embryo adapted rabies virus. 1. Culture characteristics and pathogenicity. J. Immunol., 60, 533–44
Koprowski, H. and Black, J. (1950). Studies on chick embryo adapted rabies virus. 2. pathogenicity for dogs and use of egg-adapted strains for vaccination purposes. J. Immunol., 64, 185–96
Koprowski, H. (1954). Biological modification of rabies virus as a result of its adaptation to chicks and developing embryos. Bull. WHO, 10, 709–24
Schwab, M. P., Fox, D. P., Conwell, D. P. and Robinson, T. A. (1954).Avianised rabies virus vaccination in man. Bull. WHO, 10, 823–35
Fox, J. P., Conwell, D. P. and Gerhardt, P. (1955). Immunization of man with living avianised rabies virus (Flury strain). California Vet., 8, 20–4
Fox, J. P., Koprowski, H., Conwell, D. P., Black, J. and Gelfand, H. M. (1957). Study of antirabies immunization of man. Observations of HEP Flury and other vaccines, with and without hyperimmune serum, in primary and recall immunizations. Bull, WHO, 17, 869–904
Sharpless, G. R., Black, J., Cox, H. R. and Ruegsegger, J. M. (1957). Preliminary observations in primary antirabies immunization of man with different types of HEP Flury virus. Bull. WHO, 17, 905–10
Ruegsegger, J. M., Black, J. and Sharpies, G. R. (1961). Primary antirabies immunization of man with HEP Flury virus vaccine. Am. J. Public Hlth., 51, 704–16
Schnurrenberger, P. R., Anderson, G. R., Russell, J. H. and Wentworth, F. H. (1961). Avian embryo rabies immunisation, ii. A comparison of the antigenicity of high egg passage and duck embryo vaccine administered intradermally in man. Am. J. Hyg., 74, 1–6
Ruegsegger, J. M. and Sharpless, G. R. (1962). Flury rabies vaccine for human use. Ann. Intern. Med., 110, 260–3
Tierkel, E. A. and Sikes, R. K. (1967). Preexposure prophylaxis against rabies. Comparison of regimens. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 201, 911–14
WHO, Expert Committee on Rabies. (1966). Fifth Report. Technical Report Series No. 321. (Geneva: WHO)
Powell, H. M. and Culbertson, C. G. (1950). Cultivation of fixed rabies virus in embryonated duck eggs. Public Hlth. Rep., 65, 400–1
Peck, F. B., Powell, H. M. and Culbertson, C. G. (1955). A new antirabies vaccine for human use. Clinical and laboratory results using rabies vaccine made from embryonated duck eggs. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 45, 679–83
MacFarlane, J. O. and Culbertson, C. G. (1954). Attempted production of allergic encephalomyelitis with duck embryo suspension and vaccines. Can. J. Public Hlth, 45, 28–9
LoGrippo, G. A. and Hartmann, F. W. (1955). Antigenicity of β-propiolactone virus vaccines. J. Immunol., 75, 123–8
Peck, F. B., Powell, H. M. and Culbertson, C. G. (1956). Duck embryo rabies vaccine. Study of fixed virus vaccine grown in embryonated duck eggs and killed with beta-propiolactone (BPL). J. Am. Med. Assoc., 162, 1373–6
Greenberg, M. and Childress, J. (1960). Vaccination against rabies with duck embryo and Semple vaccine. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 173, 333–7
Sikes, R. K. (1969). Rabies vaccines. Arch. Env. Hlth., 19, 862–7
Cabasso, V. J., Loofbourow, J. C., Roby, R. E. and Anuskiewicz, W. (1971). Rabies immune globulin of human origin: preparation and dosage determination in non-exposed volunteer subjects. Bull. WHO, 45, 303–15
Kuwert, E., Marcus, I., Thraenhart, O. and Staudacher, H. (1972). Pre- and post-infection rabies immunization: development of neutralising antibodies after administration of different doses of a duck embryo vaccine in humans. Dtsche Med. Woch., 97, 1893–8
Crick, J. and Brown, F. (1970). Efficacy of rabies vaccine prepared from virus grown in duck embryo. Lancet, 1, 1106–7
Ellenbogen, C. and Slugg, P. (1973). Rabies neutralising antibody: inadequate response to equine antiserum and duck embryo vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., 127, 433–6
Hattwick, M. A. W., Corey, L. and Creech, W. B. (1976). Clinical use of human globulin immune to rabies virus. J. Infect. Dis., 133, (Suppl.), A266–A272
Rubin, R. H., Dierks, R. E., Gough, P., Gregg, M. B., Gerlach, E. H. and Sikes, R. K. (1971). Immunoglobulin response to rabies vaccine in man. Lancet, 2, 625–8
Grandien, M. and Espmark, A. (1974). Follow up of antibody response after post exposure rabies immunization. Symp. Ser. Immunobiol. Stand., 21, 243–52
Spiegelburg, H. Biological activities of immunoglobulins of different classes and subclasses. Adv. Immunol., 19, 259–94
Mims, C. A. (1976). spivn In The Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease, (London: Academic Press)
Anderson, G. R., Schnurrenberger, P. R., Masterson, R. A. and Wentworth, F. H. (1960). Avian embryo rabies immunization. 1. Duck embryo vaccine administered intradermally in man. Am. J. Hyg., 71, 158–67
Dieterich, W. H., Shelton, D. H. and Jenevein, E. P. (1961). Pre-exposure rabies immunization in man using duck embryo vaccine. J. Am. Med. Vet. Assoc., 139, 999–1004
Farrar, W. E., Warner, A. R. and Vivona, S. (1964). Pre-exposure immunization against rabies using duck embryo vaccine. Military Med., 1, 960–5
Larsh, S. E. (1965). Indirect fluorecent antibody and serum neutralisation response in pre-exposure prophylaxis against rabies. Ann. Intern. Med., 63, 955–64
Smith, A. H. (1966). Prophylactic immunization against rabies with duck embryo vaccine. S. African Med. J., 40, 1125
Garner, W. R., Jones, D. O. and Pratt, E. (1976). Problems associated with rabies preexposure prophylaxis. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 235, 1131–2
Morgan, P., Willis, R., Wood, R. and Leavitt, J. (1978). A comparison of pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis regimens using duck embryo vaccine. Bull. Pan. Am. Hlth. Org., 12, 257–60
Dean, D. J. and Sherman, I. (1962). Potency of commercial rabies vaccine used in man. Public Hlth. Rep., 11, 705–10
Rubin, R. H., Sikes, R. K. and Gregg, M. B. (1973). Human rabies immune globulin. Clinical trials and effects on serum anti-gamma-globulins. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 114, 871–4
Prussin, G. and Katabi, G. (1964). Dorsolumbar myelitis following antirabies vaccination with duck embryo vaccine. Ann. Intern. Med., 60, 114–16
Kaiser, H. B., Sokol, A. and Beall, G. N. (1965). Unusual reaction to rabies vaccine. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 193, 369–70
Cowdrey, S. C. (1966). Sensitization to duck embryo rabies vaccine produced by prior yellow fever vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med., 274, 1311–13
Perrine, P. L., Harris, D. and Kirkpatrick, C. H. (1968). Immunologic reactions to duck embryo rabies vaccine. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 205, 559–62
Harrington, R. B. and Olin, R. (1971). Incomplete transverse myelitis following rabies duck embryo vaccination. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 216, 2137–8
Mozar, H. N., Finnigan, F. B., Petzold, H., Spitler, L. E., Emmons, L. E., Emmons, R. W. and Rothenberg, B. (1973). Myelopathy after duck embryo rabies vaccine. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 224, 1605–7
Schlenska, G. K. (1976). Neurological complications following rabies duck embryo vaccination. J. Neurol., 214, 71–4
Schell, K. R, Fürst, M, Haberstich, H. U., Mischler, R., Hoskins, J. M. and Wegmann, A., (1980). A highly purified and concentrated duck embryo rabies vaccine: a preliminary report. J. Biol. Stand., 8, 97–106
Glück, R., Wegman, A., Germanier, R., Keller, H., Hess, M. W., Kraus-Ruppert, R. and Wandeler, A. I. (1984). A new highly immunogenic duck embryo rabies vaccine. Lancet, 1, 844–5
Glück, R. (1985). A highly immunogenic duck embryo rabies vaccine. In Vodopija, I., Nicholson, K. G., Smerdel, S. and Bijok, U. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment, pp. 139–42. (Zagreb: Zagreb Institute of Public Health)
Kissling, R. E. (1958). Growth of rabies virus in non-nervous tissue culture. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 98, 223–5
Fenje, P. (1960). A rabies vaccine from hamster kidney tissue cultures: preparation and evaluation in animals. Can. J. Microbiol., 6, 605–9
Ott, G. L. and Heyke, G. (1962). Preliminary trials of a new tissue culture rabies vaccine. Vet. Med., 57, 158–9
Ott, G. L. and Heyke, G. (1962). Propagation of rabies virus; evaluation of a vaccine. Vet. Med., 57, 613–16
Fenje, P. and Pinteric, L. (1966). Potentiation of tissue culture rabies vaccine by adjuvants. Am. J. Publ Health, 12, 2106–13
Fenje, P. (1974). Production and control of tissue culture rabies vaccines for human use. Symp. Ser. Immunobiol. Stand., 21, 148–56
Cho, H. C., Fenje, P. and Sparkes, J. D. (1972). Antibody and immunoglobulin response to antirabies vaccination in man. Infect. Immun., 6, 483–6
Devadason, C. (1976). Rabies antibody studies in New Brunswick. Can. J. Public Hlth., 67, 255–7
Selimov, M. A. and Aksenova, T. A. (1966). Tissue culture antirabies vaccine for human use. Symp. Ser. Immunobiol. Stand., 1, 377–80
Selimov, M. A., Aksenova, T. A., Klyueva, E., Gribencha, K. and Levedeva, I. (1978). Evaluation of the inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine from the Vnukovo-32 strain. Results of its industrial production and field use for post-exposure immunization of man. Dev. Biol. Stand., 40, 57–62
Sinnecker, H., Apitzsch, L., Sinnecker, R., Selimov, M., Giard, W., Grimm, J., Mueller, B., Rasch, G. and Zilske, E. (1978). Serological investigations on rabies tissue culture vaccine (USSR) and development of short methods in postexposure treatment. Dev. Biol. Stand., 40, 155–8
Fang-Tao, L., Xiaou-Zeng, L., Shu-Beng, C., Guao-Fu, W., Fan-Zhen, Z., Long- Mu, L., Nai-Min, C. and Ji-Zui, F. (1985). Further study on the stability and efficacy of the primary hamster kidney cell rabies vaccine. In Vodopija, I., Nicholson, K. G., Smerdel, S. and Bijok, U. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment. Zagreb: Zagreb Institute of Public Health)
Fang-Tao, L., Fan-Zhen, Z., Long- Mu, L., Xiaou-Zeng, L., Rong-Fang, Z., Yung-Rin, Y. and Nai-Min, C. (1983). The primary hamster kidney cell rabies vaccine: adaptation of viral strain production of vaccine and pre- and postexposure treatment. J. Infect Dis., 147, 467–73
Kondo, A., Takashima, Y. and Suzuki, M. (1974). Inactivated rabies vaccine of chick embryo cell culture origin. Symp. Ser. Immunobiol. Stand., 21, 182–9
Barth, R., Bijok, U, Gruschkau, H., Smerdel, S. and Vodopija, I. (1983). Purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine for human use. Lancet, 1, 700
Kondo, A. (1978). Pre-immunization and post-exposure treatment with inactivated rabies vaccine of chick embryo cell culture origin (CEC). Dev. Biol. Stand., 40, 147–53
Bijok, U. (1985). Purified chick embryo cell (PCEC) rabies vaccine: a review of the clinical development. In Vodopija, I., Nicholson, K. G., Smerdel, S. and Bijok, U. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment, pp. 103–11. (Zagreb: Zagreb Institute of Public Health)
Wasi, C., Chaiprasithikul, P., Chavanich, L., Puthavathana, P., Thongcharoen, P. and Trishanaanda, M. (1986). Purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine. Lancet, 1, 40
Nicholson, K. G., Farrow, P. R., Bijok, U. and Barth, R. (1987). Pre-exposure studies with purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine and human diploid cell vaccine: serological and clinical responses in man. Vaccine, 5, 208–10
Ljubicic, M., Vodopiji, I., Smerdel, S., Baklaic, Z., Svjetlicic, M. and Lojkic, M. (1985). Efficacy of PCEC vaccine in post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. In Vodopija, I., Nicholson, K. G., Smerdel, S. and Bijok, U. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment, pp. 95–101. (Zagreb: Zagreb Institute of Public Health)
Wasi, C., Chaiprasithikul, P., Puthavathana, P., Chavanich, L. and Thongcharoen, P. (1985). Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the new tissue culture rabies vaccine for human use (purified chick embryo cell culture). In Vodopija, I., Nicholson, K G., Smerdel, S. and Bijok, U. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment, pp. 85–94. (Zagreb: Zagreb Institute of Public Health)
Lavender, J. F. and Van Frank, R. M. (1971). Zonal centrifuged purified duck embryo cell culture rabies vaccine for human vaccination. Appl. Microbiol., 22, 358–65
Lavender, J. F. (1973). Immune response in primates vaccinated with duck embryo cell culture rabies vaccine. Appl. Microbiol., 25, 327–31
Atanasiu, P., Tsiang, H. and Garnet, A. (1974). A new rabies vaccine for human use prepared in primary tissue culture. Ann. Microbiol (Inst. Pasteur), 125B, 419–32
Atanasiu, P., Tsiang, H., Recualrd, P., Aguilon, F., Lavergne, M. and Adamovicz P. (1978). Zonal centrifuge purification of human rabies vaccine obtained on bovine fetal kidney cells. Biological results. Dev. Biol Stand., 40, 35–44
Van Wezel, A. L. and Van Steenis, G. (1978). Production of an inactivated rabies vaccine in primary dog kidney cells. Dev. Biol Stand., 40, 69–75
Bektimirova, M. S., Osidze, D. F., Pille, E. R., Nadiachik, L. V., Matevosyan, K. Sh., Nagieva, F. G., Bogomolva, N. N., Boriskin, Yu. S. and Yanova, N. N. (1979). Properties of rabies virus (MNIIVP-74 strain) adapted to Japanese quail embryo cell culture. Arch. Virol., 61, 61–8
L’Institut Pasteur Production (1985). Characteristics of new rabies vaccines. In Vodiopija, I., Nicholson, K. G., Smerdel, S. and Bijok, U. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment. (Zagreb: Zagreb Institute of Public Health)
Sureau, P., Rollin, P. E., Fritzell, B., Loucq, C., Marie, F. N., Courrier, A., Simonnet Ph, Arbogast, J. Fremont, J., Gaudiot, C. and Malo, J.-P. (1985). Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of primary fetal bovine kidney cell (FBKC) rabies vaccine: post-exposure treatment. In Vodopija, I., Nicholson, K. G., Smerdel, S. and Bijok, U. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment. (Zagreb: Zagreb Institute of Public Health)
Wiktor, T. J. and Koprowski, H. (1965). Successful immunisation of primates with rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell strain WI-38. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 118, 1069–73
Hayflick, L. and Moorhead, P. S. (1961). The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp. Cell Res., 25, 585–621
Plotkin, S. A. (1971). Vaccine production in human diploid cells. Am. J. Epidemiol., 94, 303–6
Plotkin, S. A., Farquhar, F. and Hornberger, E. (1976). Clinical trials of immunization with the Towne 125 strain of human cytomegalovirus. J. Infect. Dis., 134, 470–5
Takahashi, M., Okuno, Y., Otsuka, T., Osame, J., Takamizawa, A., Sasada, T. and Kubo, T. (1975). Development of a live attenuated varicella vaccine. Biken J., 18, 25–33
Wiktor, T. J., Plotkin, S. A. and Koprowski, H. (1978). Development and clinical trials of the new human rabies vaccine of tissue culture (human diploid cell) origin. Dev. Biol. Stand., 40, 3–9
Wiktor, T. J. and Clark, H. F. (1975). Growth of rabies virus in cell culture. In Baer, G. M. (ed.), The Natural History of Rabies, Vol 1, pp. 155–79. (New York: Academic Press)
Sokol, F, Kuwert, E., Wiktor, T. J., Hummeler, K. and Koprowski, H. (1968). Purification of rabies virus grown in tissue culture. J. Virol., 2, 836–49
Wiktor, T. J., Sokol, F., Kuwert, E. and Koprowski, H. (1969). Immunogenicity of concentrated and purified rabies vaccine of tissue culture origin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 131, 799–805
Schlumberger, H. D., Wiktor, T. J. and Koprowski, H. (1970). Antigenic and immunogenic properties of components contained in rabies virus-infected tissue culture fluids. J. Immunol., 105, 291–8
Koprowski, H. (1971). Pre- and postexposure prophylaxis: present status and current trends. In Nagano, Y. and Davenport, F. M. (eds), Proceedings of a Working Conference on Rabies, Tokyo, 1970, pp. 111–26. (Univeristy of Tokyo Press)
Plotkin, S. A. (1980). Rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell cultures: progress and perspectives. Rev. Infect. Dis., 2, 433–47
Wiktor, T. J., Plotkin, S. A. and Grella, D. W. (1973). Human cell culture rabies vaccine. Antibody responses in man. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 224, 1170–1
Kaplan, M. (1974). Preliminary results on antibody profiles of humans receiving inactivated vaccine prepared in human diploid cells. Symp. Ser. Immunobiol. Stand., 21, 226–30
Bahmanyar, M. (1974). Preliminary results on antibody profiles of human receiving concentrated inactivated vaccine prepared in human diploid cells. Symp. Ser. Immunobiol. Stand., 21, 226–30
Bahmanyar, M., Fayaz, A., Nour-Salehi, S., Mohammadi, M. and Koprowski, H. (1976). Successful protection of humans exposed to rabies infection. Postexposure treatment with new human diploid cell rabies vaccine and antirabies serum. J. Am. Med. Asso., 236, 2751–54
Kuwert, E. K., Marcus, I., Werner, J., Scheiermann, N., Höher, P. G., Thraenhart, O., Hierhölzer, E., Wiktor, T. J. and Koprowski, H. (1977). Post-exposure use of human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine. Dev. Biol. Stand., 37, 273–86
Gardner, S. D. (1983). Prevention of rabies in man in England and Wales. In Pattison, J. R. (ed), Rabies: a Growing Threat, pp. 39–49. (Wokingham: Van Nostrand Reinhold)
Boe, E. and Nyland, H. (1980). Guillain-Barré syndrome after vaccination with human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 12, 231–2
Bernard, K. W, Smith, P. W, Kader, F. J. and Moran, M. J. (1982). Neuroparalytic illness and human diploid cell rabies vaccine. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 248, 3136–8
Aoki, F. Y., Tyrell, D. A. J., Hill, L. E. and Turner, G. S. (1975). Immunogenicity and acceptability of a human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine in volunteers. Lancet, 1, 660–2
Nicholson, K. G. and Turner, G. S. (1978). Studies with human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine and human antirabies immunoglobulin in man. Dev. Biol. Stand., 40, 115–20
Turner, G. S., Nicholson, K. G., Tyrrell, D. A. J. and Aoki, F. Y. (1982). Evaluation of a human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine: final report of a three year study of pre-exposure immunization. J. Hyg. (Camb), 89, 101–10
Cox, J. H. and Schneider, L. G. (1976). Prophylactic immunization of humans against rabies by intradermal inoculation of human diploid cell culture vaccine. J. Clin. Microbiol., 3, 96–101
MMWR. (1984). Systemic allergic reactions following immunization with human diploid cell rabies vaccine. 33, 185–7
Winkler, G. (1985). Current status of use of human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine in the US — May 1984. In Vodopija, I., Nicholson, K. G., Smerdel, S. and Bijok, U. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment, pp. 3–8. (Zagreb: Institute of Public Health)
Anonymous. (1985). Changes recommended in use of human diploid cell rabies vaccine. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 254, 14–15
Baer, H., Anderson, M. C. and Quinnan, G. (1985). Beta-propiolactone treated human serum albumin (BPL-HSA): an allergen for humans receiving rabies vaccine. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 75, 137
Levenbook, I. S., Merritt, B. A., Fitzgerald, E. A. and Elisberg, B. L. (1986). Sensitization induced in guinea pigs with beta-propiolactone-treated serum albumin: experimental evidence for the cause of allergic reactions in humans receiving human diploid cell rabies vaccines. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 80, 110–1
Turner, G. S., Aoki, F. Y., Nicholson, K. G., Tyrrell, D. A. J. and Hill, L. E. (1976). Human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine. Rapid prophylactic immunisation of volunteers with small doses. Lancet, 1, 1379–81
Nicholson, K. G., Cole, P. J., Turner, G. S. and Harrison, P. (1979). Immune responses of humans to a human diploid cell strain of rabies virus vaccine: lymphocyte transformation, production of virus neutralizing antibody, and induction of interferon. J. Infect. Dis., 140, 176–82
Nicholson, K. G., Kuwert, E. K., Werner, J. and Harrison, P. (1979). Interferon reponse to human diploid cell strain vaccines in man. Arch. Virol., 61, 35–9
Nicholson, K. G., Prestage, H., Cole, P. J., Turner, G. S., Bauer, S. P. (1981). Multisite intradermal antirabies vaccination. Immune responses in man and protection of rabbits against death from street virus by post-exposure administration of human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Lancet, 2, 915–18
Warrell, M. J., Warrell, D. A., Suntharasamai, P., Viravan, C., Sinhaseni, A., Udomsakdi, D., Phanfung, R., Xueref, C., Vincent-Falquet, J.-C., Nicholson, K. G., Bunnag, D. and Harinasuta, T. (1983). An economic regimen of human diploid cell strain anti-rabies vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis. Lancet, 2, 301–4
Warrell, M. J., Suntharasamai, P., Nicholson, K. G., Warrel, D. A., Chantavanich, P., Viravan, C., Sinhaseni, A., Phanfung, R., Xueref, C. and Vincent-Falquest, J.-C. (1984). Multi-site intradermal and multi-site subcutaneous rabies vaccination: improved economical regimens. Lancet, 1, 874–6
Warrell, M. J., Nicholson, K. G., Warrel, D. A., Suntharasamai, P., Chantavanich, P., Viravan, C., Sinhaseni, A., Chiewbamroongkiat, M. K., Pouradier-Duteil, X., Xueref, C., Phanfung, R. and Udomsakdi, D. (1985). Economical multiple-site intradermal immunisation with human diploid-cell-strain vaccine is effective for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. Lancet, 1, 1059–62
Ratanavongsiri, J., Sriwanthana, B., Ubol, S. and Phanuphak, P. (1985). Cell-mediated immune response following intracutaneous immunisation with human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Asian Pacific J. Allerg. Immunol., 3, 187–90
Ubol, S. and Phanuphak, P. (1986). An effective economical intradermal regimen of human diploid cell rabies vaccination for post-exposure treatment. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 63, 491–7
Phanuphak, P., Khawplod, P., Sirivichayalkul, S., Siriprasomsub, W., Ubol, S. and Thaweepathomwat, M. (1987). Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to various economical regimens of purified vero cell rabies vaccine. Asian Pacific J. Allergy Immunol., 5, 33–7
Smerdel, S., Vodopija, I., Svjetlicic, M., Baklaic, Z., Ljubicic, M., Pouradrier-Duteil, X., Xuref, C. and Zayet-Bechelet, M. (1985). A study in abbreviated regimens of rabies vaccinations with a standard (Merieux) HDCS vaccine. In Vodopija, I. et al. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment. (Zagreb: Institute of Public Health), pp. 171–7
Vodopija, I., Sureau, P., Lafon, M., Baklaic, Z., Ljubicic, M., Svejetlicic, M. and Smerdel, S. (1986). An evaluation of second generation tissue culture rabies vaccines for use in man: a four-vaccine comparative immunogenicity study using a pre-exposure vaccination schedule and an abbreviated 2-1-1 postexposure schedule. Vaccine, 4, 245–8
WHO (1978). Application of rabies vaccines at reduced schedules. Wkly. Epidem. Rec., 53, 213–15
Anonymous (1984). Rabies prevention, United States, 1984. J. Am. Med., Assoc., 252, 883–93
MMWR. (1982). Supplementary statement on pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis by the intradermal route. 31, 279–85
Bernard, K. W., Roberts, M. A., Sumner, J., Winkler, W.G., Mallonee, J., Baer, G. M. and Chaney, R. (1982). Human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Effectiveness of immunization with small intradermal or subcutaneous doses. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 247, 1138–42
Kuwert, E. K., Menzel, H., Marcus, I. and Majer, M. (1978). Antigenicity of low concentrated HDCS vaccine with and without adjuvant as compared to the standard fluid formulation. Dev. Biol. Stand., 40, 29–34
Klietman, W., Klietman, B., Cox, J. H., Biron, G. and Charbonnier, C. (1983). Comparative study of rabies immunization with HDCV (Mérieux) using reduced amounts of vaccine with and without adjuvant. In Kuwert, E., Mérieux, C., Koprowski, H. and Bögel, K., (eds), Rabies in the Tropics, pp. 153–61. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)
Fishbein, D. B., Pacer, R. E, Holmes, D. F, Ley, A. B., Yager, P. and Tong, T C. (1987). Rabies preexposure prophylaxis with human diploid cell rabies vaccine: a dose-response study. J. Infect. Dis., 156, 50–5
MMWR. (1983). Field evaluations of pre-exposure use of human diploid cell rabies vaccine, 32, 601–3
Bernard, K. W., Fishbein, D. B., Miller, K. D., Parker, R. A., Waterman, S., Sumner, J. W., Reid, F. L, Johnson, B. K., Rollins, A. J., Oster, C. N., Schonberger, L. B., Baer, G. M. and Winkler, W. G. (1985). Preexposure rabies immunization with human diploid cell vaccine: decreased antibody responses in persons immunized in developing countries. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 34, 633–47
Nicholson, K. G., Burney, M. I., Ali, S. and Perkins, F. T. (1983). Stability of human diploid-cell-strain rabies vaccine at high ambient temperatures. Lancet, 1, 916–18
Fishbein, D. B., Sumner, J. W, Dressen, D. W. and Wagner, V. E. (1986). Human diploid cell rabies vaccine: retention of immunogenicity after reconstruction. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 80, 172
Taylor, D. N., Wasi, C. and Bernard, K. (1984). Chloroquine prophylaxis associated with a poor antibody response to human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Lancet, 1, 1405
Pappaioanou, M., Fishbein, D. B., Dressen, D. W., Schwartz, I. K., Campbell, G. H., Sumner, J. W., Patchen, L. C. and Brown, W. J. (1986). Antibody response to preexposure human diploid cell rabies vaccine given concurrently with chloroquine. N. Engl. J. Med., 314, 280–4
Shill, M., Baynes, R. D. and Miller, S. D. (1987). Fatal rabies encephalities despite appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis. N. Engl. J. Med., 316, 1257–8
Fishbein, D. B., Sawyer, L. A., Reid-Sanden, F. L. and Weir, E. H. (1988). Administration of human diploid cell rabies vaccine in the gluteal area. N. Engl. J. Med., 318, 124–5
Hefti, J., Keller, H., Geiser, M., Gerber, H., Wandeler, A. and Steck, F. (1979). Antikörperbestimmung nach prophylaktischer und postexpositioneller tollwutschutzimpfung. Schweiz Med. Woch., 109, 509–16
Montagnon, B. J., Fournier, P. and Vincent-Falquet, J. C. (1985). Un nouveau vaccin antirabique a usage humain: rapport préliminaire. In Kuwert, E., Mérieux, C., Koprowski, H. and Bögel, K. (eds) Rabies in the Tropics, pp. 138–43 (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)
Fournier, P., Montagnon, B., Vincent-Falquet, J. C., Ajjan, N., Drucker, J., and Roumiantzeff, M. (1985). A new vaccine produced from rabies virus cultivated on vero cells. In Vodopija, I., Nicholson, K. G., Smerdel, S. and Bijok, U. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment, pp. 115–21. (Zagreb: Zagreb Institute of Public Health)
Baer, G. M., Shaddock, J. H., Moore, S. A, Yager, P. A., Baron, S. S. and Levy, H. B. (1977). Successful prophylaxis against rabies in mice and rhesus monkeys: the interferon system and vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., 136, 286–91
Baer, G. M. and Yager, P. A. (1977). A mouse model for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. The comparative efficacy of two vaccines and of antiserum administration. J. Gen. Virol., 36, 51–8
Fenje, P. and Postic, B. (1970). Protection of rabbits against experimental rabies by poly I — poly C. Nature, 226, 171–2
Fenje, P. and Postic, B. (1971). Prophylaxis of experimental rabies with the polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid complex. J. Infect. Dis., 123, 426–8
Harmon, M. W. and Janis, B. (1975). Therapy of murine rabies after exposure: efficacy of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid alone and in combination with three rabies vaccines. J. Infect. Dis., 132, 241–9
Hilfenhaus, J., Karges, H. E., Weinmann, E. and Barth, R. (1975). Effect of administered human interferon on experimental rabies in monkeys. Infect. Immun. 11, 1156–8
Janis, B. and Habel, K. (1972). Rabies in rabbits and mice: protective effect of polyriboinosinic-polycytidilic acid. J. Infect. Dis., 125, 345–52
Kaplan, M., Cohen, D., Koprowski, H., Dean, D. and Ferrigan, L. (1962). Studies on the local treatment of wounds for the prevention of rabies. Bull. WHO, 26, 765–75
Postic, B. and Fenje, P. (1971). Effect of administered interferon on rabies in rabbits. Appl. Microbiol., 22, 428–31
Turner, G. S. (1972). Rabies vaccines and interferon. J. Hgy.(Camb.), 70, 445–53
Vieuchange, J. (1967). Inteference entre le virus vaccinal et le virus rabique, role éventuel d’un interferon. Arch. Ges. Virusforsch., 22, 87–96
Vieuchange, J. and Fayaz, A. (1969). Essais de prévention de la rage expérimental du lapin par un extrait tissulaire de type ‘interferon’ injecté pendant la période d’incubation. C.R. Acad. Sci., 268, 99–3
Wiktor, T. J., Postic, B., Ho, M. and Koprowski, H. (1972). Role of interferon induction in the protective efficacy of rabies vaccines. J. Infect. Dis., 126, 408–18
Pille, E. R. and Matevoysan, K. Sh. (1985). Inteferonogenicity of rabies vaccines as related to their therapeutic and prophylactic activities. Acta Virol., 29, 386–92
Baer, M., More, S. A., Shaddock, J. H. and Levy, B. (1979). An effective rabies treatment in exposed monkeys: a single dose of interferon inducer and vaccine. Bull. WHO, 57, 807–13
Scheiermann, N., Baer, J., Hilfenhaus, J., Marcus, I. and Zoulek, G. (1987). Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the newly developed purified chick embryo cell (PCEC)-rabies vaccine in man. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., A265, 439–50
Fermi, C. (1909). Wirkung der Antiwutimpstoffe und sera je nach der Tierspecies, aus welcher sie entstammen und welcher sie verabreicht werden. Zbl Bakt., 49, 452–7
Marie, A. (1908). Recherches sur le sérum antirabique. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 22, 271–88
Cabasso, V. J. (1976). Rabies immune globulin (human) in the prevention of rabies. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm., 33, 48–51
Proca, G., Bobes, S. and Jonnesco, D. (1934). Inoculation intracaudale du virus rabique et serotherapie de la rage. C. R. Soc. Biol., 115, 1313–15
Shortt, H. E., McGuire, J. P., Brooks, A. G. and Stephens, E. D. (1935). Anti-rabic immunization: probable lines of progress in improvement of methods. Ind. J. Med. Res., 22, 537–56
Covell, G., McGuire, J. P, Stephens, E. D., and Lahiri, B. N. (1936). Notes on antirabic immunization. Ind. J. Med. Res., 24, 373–88
Jonnesco, D. (1939). Recherches sur un sérum antirabique. C. R. Soc. Biol., 130, 1145–8
Proca, G., Bobes, S. and Jonnesco, D. (1934). Sur la serotherapie préventive de la rage. C. R. Soc. Biol., 115, 1001–3
Hoyt, A., Fisk, R. T., and Moore, F. J. (1935). Experimental rabies in white mice. Studies on passive immunization. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 32, 1560–1
Hoyt, A., Fisk, R. T., Moore, F. J. and Tracy, R. L. (1936). Experimental rabies in white mice. II Studies on passive immunization. J. Infect. Dis., 59, 152–8
Hoyt, A. and Gurley, M. K. (1937). Experimental street virus rabies in white mice. Studies on passive immunization. I. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 37, 454–5
Hoyt, A., Moore, F. J., Gurley, M. K. and Warner, D. (1938). Experiments on antirabic immunization. J. Bacteriol., 36, 287–8
Habel, K. (1954). Antiserum in the prophylaxis of rabies. Bull. WHO, 10, 781–8
Habel, K. (1941). Tissue factors in antirabies immunity of experimental animals. Public Hlth. Rep., 5, 692–702
Gallardo, F. P., Zarzuelo, E. and Kaplan, M. M. (1957). Local treatment of rabies to prevent rabies. Bull. WHO, 17, 963–78
Schindler, R. (1961). Protective effect of antirabies serum after intracerebral or intramuscular administration. Bull. WHO, 25, 127–8
Soloviev, V. D. and Kobrinski, G. D. (1962). Local application of antirabies gamma globulin in dried form for the prevention of rabies. Bull. WHO, 26, 777–82
Dean, D. J., Baer, G. M. and Thomson, W. R. (1963). Studies on the local treatment of rabies-infected wounds. Bull. WHO, 28, 477–86
Kaplan, M. M. and Paccaud, M. F. (1963). Effectiveness of locally inoculated antirabies serum and gamma globulin in rabies infection of mice. Bull. WHO, 28, 495–7
WHO, Expert Committee on Rabies (1957). Third Report. Technical Report Series No. 121. (Geneva: WHO)
Moynihan, N. H. (1955). Serum-sickness and local reactions in tetanus prophylaxis. Lancet, 2, 264–6
Hosty, T. S. and Hunter, F. R. (1953). Incidence of reactions to antirabies horse serum. Public Hlth. Rep., 68, 789–91
Karliner, J. S. and Belaval, G. S. (1965). Incidence of reactions following administration of antirabies serum. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 193, 109–12
Anderson, G. R. and Sgouris, J. T. (1966). The preparation of rabies immune globulin and use in monkeys following virus challenge. Symp. Ser. Immunobiol. Stand., 1, 319–32
Veeraraghaven, N., Subrahmanyan, T.P., Rangasami, R. and Kulla, A. (1958). Studies on antirabies serum. Pasteur Institute of Southern India, Coonoor. Annual Report of the Director (1956) and Scientific Report (1957). pp. 44–60. Madras
Archer, B. G. and Dierks, R. E. (1968). Effects of homologous or heterologous antiserum on neutralizing-antibody response to rabies vaccine. Bull. WHO, 39, 407–17
Babes, and Cerchez (1908). On the preparation and use of antirabic serum, and on the rabicidal properties of the serum of patients after undergoing antirabic treatment; also a note on the blood of a patient suffering from hydrophobia. Lancet, 1, 1611–18
Semple, D. (1908). On the preparation and use of antirabic serum, and on the rabicidal properties of the serum of patients after undergoing antirabic treatment; also a note on the blood of a patient suffering from hydrophobia. Lancet, 1, 1611–18
Proca, G., Bobes, S. and Jonnesco, D. (1937). Sérothérapie de la rage. C.R. Soc. Biol., 2, 609–17
Smith, R. O. A. (1937). Antirabic vaccine enquiry. Rep. Sci. Adv. Bd. Ind. Res. Fund Assoc., ST-567, 64–8
Koprowski, H. and Cox, H. R. (1951). Recent developments in the prophylaxis of rabies. Am. J. Public Hlth., 41, 1483–9
Koprowski, H., Van der Scheer and Black, J. (1950). Use of hyperimmune antirabies serum concentrates in experimental rabies. Am. J. Med., 8, 412–20
Baltazard, M., Bahmanyar, M., Ghodssi, M., Sabeti, A., Gajdusek, C., and Rouzbehi, E. (1955). Essai pratique du sérum antirabique chez les mordus par loups enragés. Bull. WHO, 13, 747–72
Selimov, A., Boltucij, L., Semenova, E., Kobrinskij, G. and Zmusco, L. (1959). Anwendung des antirbies-gammaglobulins bei menschen, die von tollwütigen wölfen oder anderen tieren schwer gebissen wurden. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol., 3, 168–80
Atanasiu, P., Bahamanyar, M., Baltazard, M., Fox, J. P., Habel, K., Kaplan, M. M., Kissling, R. E., Komarov, A., Koprowski, H., Lépine, P., Pérez Gallardo, F. and Schaeffer, M. (1956). Rabies neutralizing antibody response to different schedules of serum and vaccine in non-exposed persons. Bull. WHO, 14, 593–611
Atanasiu, P., Bahamanyar, M., Baltazard, M., Fox, J. P., Habel, K., Kaplan, M. M., Kissling, R. E., Komarov, A., Koprowski, H., Lépine, P., Pérez Gallardo, F. and Schaeffer, M. (1957). Rabies neutralizing antibody response to different schedules of serum and vaccine in non-exposed persons: Part II. Bull. WHO, 17, 911–32
Atanasiu, P., Cannon, D. A., Dean, D. J, Fox, J. P., Habel, K., Kaplan, M. M., Kissling, R. E., Koprowski, H., Lépine, P., Pérez Gallardo, F. (1961). Rabies neutralizing antibody response to different schedules of serum and vaccine in non-exposed persons: Part III. Bull. WHO, 25, 103–14
Atanasiu, P., Dean, D. J., Habel, K., Kaplan, M. M., Koprowski, H., Lépine, P. and Serie, C. (1967). Rabies neutralizing antibody response to different schedules of serum and vaccine in non-exposed persons: Part IV. Bull WHO, 14, 593–611
Rubin, R. H., Gregg, M. B. and Sike, R. K. (1969). Rabies in citizens in the United States, 1963–68: Epidemiology, treatment, and complications of treatment. J. Infect. Dis., 120, 268–73
Dehner, L. P. (1970). Human rabies encephalitis in Vietnam, Ann. Intern. Med., 72, 375–8
Hattwick, M. A. W., Hochberg, F. H., Landrigan, P. J. and Gregg, M. B. (1972). Skunk associated human rabies. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 22, 44–7
Shah, U. and Jaswal, G. S. (1976). Victims of a rabid wolf bite in India: effect of severity and location of bites on development of rabies. J. Infect. Dis., 134, 25–9
Anderson, J. A., Daly, F. T. and Kidd, J. C. (1966). Human rabies after antiserum and vaccine post-exposure treatment. Ann. Intern. Med., 64, 1297–302
Hosty, T. S., Kissling, R. E., Schaeffer, M., Wallace, G. A., Dibble, E. H. (1959). Human rabies gamma globulin. Bull. WHO, 20, 1111–19
Cohn, E. J., Strong, L. E., Hughes, W. H., Mulford, D. J., Ashworth, J. N., Melin, M. and Taylor, H. L. (1946). Preparation and properties of serum and plasma proteins, IV. A system for the separation into fractions of the protein and lipoprotein components of biological tissues and fluids. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 459–75
Oncley, J. L., Melin, M., Richert, D. A., Cameron, J. W. and Gross, P. M. (1949). The separation of the antibodies, isoagglutinins, plasminogen, and ß\-lipoprotein into subfractions of human plasma. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 71, 541–50
Smolens, J., Vogt, A. B. and Crawford, M. N. (1961). The persistence in the human circulation of horse and human tetanus antitoxins. J. Pediatr., 59, 899–902
Sikes, R. K. (1969). Human rabies immune globulin. Public Hlth. Rep., 84, 797–801
Loofbourow, J. C., Cabasso, V. J., Roby, R. E. and Anuskiewicz, W. (1971). Rabies immune globulin (human). Clinical trials and dose determination. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 217, 1825–31
Dierks, R. E., Gough, P. M. and Rubin, R. H. (1974). Comparative studies of the immunological response to duck embryo vaccine and/or human rabies immune globulin in man. Symp. Ser. Immunobiol. Stand., 21, 267–76
Hafkin, B., Alls, M. E. and Baer, G. M. (1978). Human rabies globulin and human diploid vaccine dose determinations. Dev. Biol. Stand., 40, 121–7
Kuwert, E.K., Werner, J., Marcus, I. and Cabasso, V.J. (1978). Serovaccination by human immunoglobulin and HDLS vaccine against rabies. Devel. Biol. Stand., 40, 129–36
Mertz, G. J., Nelson, K. E., Vithayasai, V., Makornakwkeyoon, S., Rosanoff, E. I., Tint, H., and Wiktor, T. J. (1982). Antibody responses to human diploid cell vaccine with and without rabies immune globulin. J. Infect. Dis., 145, 720–7
Keller, H., Hauser, R., Wandeler, A. and Steck, F. (1977). Versuche zur postexpositionellen aktiven und passiven immunisierung gegen tollwut beim menschen. Schweiz. Med. Woch., 107, 1857–9
Nicholson, K. G., Turner, G. S. and Aoki, F. Y. (1978). Immunization with a human diploid cell strain of rabies virus vaccine. Two year results. J. Infect. Dis., 137, 783–8
Steck, F., Spengler, G. A., Hauser, R., Keller, H. and Wandeler, A. I. (1978). IgM and IgG antibody profiles after immunization of man with a HDCS-vaccine (preliminary communication). Dev. Biol. Stand., 40, 137–9
Mean, F, Steck, F. and Tanner, F. (1978). Humoral immunity conferred by the HDCS rabies vaccine Merieux administered after exposure. 151 cases with and without specfic immune globulin of human origin. Dev. Biol. Stand., 40, 159–61
Mean, F. (1980). La rage, données pour la prevention et le traitement prococé, et contribution a l’évaluation immunologique et epidémiologique du vaccin antirabique cultivé sur céllules diploides humaines dans l’emploi aprés exposition. MD thesis, University of Lausanne, 1980
Klietman, W., Schöttle, A., Klietman, B. and Cox, J. (1981). A lare scale antirabies immunization study in humans using HDCS vaccine: prophylactic vaccination using different routes of application and post exposure treatment combined with and without simultaneous serum administration. In Kuwert, E. K., Wiktor, T. J. and Koprowski, H. (eds). Cell Culture Rabies Vaccines and their Protective Effect in Man, pp. 330–7. (Geneva: International Green Cross)
Anilionis, A., Wunner, W. H. and Curtis, P. J. (1981). Structure of the glycoprotein gene in rabies virus. Nature, 294, 275–782
WHO (1984). Expert Committee on Rabies, Seventh Report. Technical Report Series 709, (Geneva: WHO).
Yelverton, E., Norton, S., Obijeski, J. F. and Goeddel, D. V. (1983). Rabies virus glycoprotein analogs: biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Science, 219, 614–20
Lathe, R, Kieny, M. P, Schmitt, D., Curtis, P. and Lecocq, J. P. (1984). M13 bacteriophage vectors for the expression of foreign proteins in Escherichia coli: the rabies glycoprotein. J. Molec. Appl. Gen. 2, 331–42
Kieny, M. P., Lathe, R., Drillien, R., Lemoine, Y., Wiktor, T. and Lecocq, J. P. (1985). Rabies protectin via genetic engineering: expression of the surface glycoprotein in vaccinia virus and other vectors. In Vodopija, I., Nicholson, K. G., Smerdel, S. and Bijok, U. (eds), Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment, pp. 195–9. (Zagreb: Zagreb Institute of Public Health)
Trejos, A., Lewis, V., Fuenzalida, E. and Larghi, O. P. (1971). Laboratory investigations of neuroparalytic accidents associated with suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine. Ann. Immunol. (Inst. Pasteur), 125C, 917–24
Hattwick, M. A. W., Rubin, R. H., Music, S., Sikes, R. K., Smith, J. S. and Gregg, M. B. (1974). Postexposure rabies prophylaxis with human rabies immune globulin. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 227, 407–410
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nicholson, K.G. (1989). Rabies vaccines. In: Zuckerman, A.J. (eds) Recent Developments in Prophylactic Immunization. Immunology and Medicine, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1067-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1067-6_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6969-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1067-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive