Abstract
Over the next decade a vast quantity of remotely sensed data and in situ data will become available for climate studies. To gain maximum benefit from these large heterogeneous datasets, it is essential that they be quality-controlled, interpreted into directly measurable quantities, and then synthesised into a consistent description of the time-evolution of the atmosphere and ocean. Operational Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) centres have developed considerable scientific insight and technical skill in problems of this kind. Experience in NWP has shown that the quality control and the interpretation (or inversion) procedures for remotely sensed data are considerably sharpened if all available a priori information, including current and earlier observations, are brought to bear on the interpretation of the new data. This idea is implemented in NWP centres in the form of four-dimensional assimilation systems.
Based on experience with FGGE and TOGA, it is clear that there will be a strong demand for the production of timely gridded III-a analyses of all the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) data. The efficiency of the observing systems, and of the scientific work, will be considerably enhanced if the remotely-sensed WCRP data (preferably at level 1 or 1.5) is delivered to NWP centres in real time.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, D., A. Hollingsworth, S. Uppala, P. Woiceshyn (1989): A study of the feasibility of using sea and wind information from the ERS-1 Satellite, Part I: Quality Control. Submitted to J. Geophys. Res.
Baede, A.P.M., S. Uppala and P. Kallberg (1987): Impact of Aircraft Wind Data on ECMWF Analyses and Forecasts during the FGGE period 8–19 November to appear in Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., July 1987.
Baer, F. (1977): Adjustment of initial conditions required to suppress gravity oscillations in non-linear flows. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 50, 35–366.
Barwell, B.R., and A.C. Lorenc (1985): A study of the impact of aircraft wind observations on a large scale analysis and numerical weather prediction system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 103–129.
Bengtsson, L., M. Kanamitsu, P. Kallberg and S. Uppala (1982): FGGE 4-dimensional data assimilation at ECMWF. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 63, 29–43.
Bengtsson, L., J. Shukla (1988): Integration of Space and in-situ observations to study global climate change. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 69, 1130–1143.
Daley, R. (1985): The analysis of synoptic scale divergence by a statistical interpolation procedure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1066–1079.
Eyre, J. (1989): Inversion of cloudy satellite sounding radiances by nonlinear optimal estimation; theory and simulation for TOVS. Submitted to Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.
Eyre, J., A.C. Lorenc (1989): Direct use of satellite sounding radiances in numerical weather prediction. Meteor. Mag., 118, 13–16.
Gandin, L.S. (1963): Objective analysis of meteorological fields. Translated from Russian by the Israeli Program for Scientific Translations (1965).
Ghil, M., S. Cohn, J. Tavantzis, K. Bube and E. Isaacson (1981): Applications of estimation theory to numerical weather prediction. In Dynamical Meteorology Data Assimilation Methods, Ed. L. Bengtsson, M. Ghil, E. Källén, pub Springer, pp. 139–224.
Hasselmann, K. (1985): Assimilation of microwave data in atmospheric and wave models. Proc. ESA Alpbach Conference on use of satellite data in wave models, pp. 47–52.
Hollingsworth, A. (1987): Objective analysis for numerical weather prediction. Special Volume J. Met. Soc. Jap. ‘Short and Medium Range Numerical Weather Prediction’ ed. T.Matsuno, pp. 11–60.
Hollingsworth, A., A.C. Lorenc, M.S. Tracton, K. Arpe, G. Cats, S. Uppala and P. Kallberg (1985): The response of Numerical Weather Prediction Systems to FGGE II-b Data Part I: Analyses. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 1–66.
Hollingsworth, A, D.B. Shaw, P. Lönnberg, L. Illari, K. Arpe and A.J. Simmons (1986): Monitoring of observation quality by a data assimilation system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 861–879.
Hollingsworth, A. and P. Lönnberg (1986): The statistical structure of short range forecast errors as determined from radiosonde data. Part I: The wind errors. Tellus, 38A, 111–136.
Hollingsworth, A. J. Horn and S. Uppala (1989): Verification of FGGE assimilations of the tropical wind-field: The effect of model and data bias. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, April Issue.
Hoskins, B.J., P.D. Sardeshmukh (1987): A diagnostic study of dynamics of the northern hemisphere winter of 1985/86. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 759–778.
Janssen, P., P. Lionello, M. Reistad, A. Hollingsworth (1989): Hindcasts and data assimilation with the WAM model during the SEASAT period. To appear in J. Geophys. Res.
Kallberg, P. and F. Delsol (1986): Systematic biases in cloud-track-wind data from jet stream regions. Programme on Short and Medium Range Numerical Weather Prediction Research, Tokyo pp. 15–18. WMO PSMP Rept 19, available from WMO, Geneva.
Le Dimet, F.X. and O. Talagrand (1986): Variational algorithms for analysis and assimilation of meteorological observations: theoretical aspects. Tellus, 38a, 97–110.
Lönnberg, P. and A. Hollingsworth (1986): The statistical structure of short range forecast errors as determined from radiosonde data. Part II: Covariance of height and wind errors. Tellus, 38A, 137–161.
Lorenc, A.C. (1981): A global three-dimensional multivariate statistical interpolation scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 701–721.
Lorenc, A.C. (1986): Analysis methods for numerical weather prediction. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 1177–1194.
Machenhauer, B. (1977): On the dynamics of gravity oscillations in a shallow water model, with application to normal mode initialisation. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 50, 253–271.
Menke, W. (1984): Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory. Academic Press pp. 260.
Murakami, T. (1988): Intraseasonal atmospheric teleconnection patterns during the northern hemisphere winter. J. Climate, I, 117–131.
NASA (1988a): Earth Observing System, Tech.Memo. 86129.
NASA (1988b): Earth System Science — A closer view.
Pierrard, M.C. (1985): Intercomparison between cloud-track-winds and radiosonde winds. In Proceedings of Fifth Meteosat User Conference, Rome, pub. European Space Agency.
Reed, R.J., A. Hollingsworth, W.A. Heckley, F. Delsol (1988): An evaluation of the performance of the ECMWF operational forecasting system in analysing and forecasting tropical easterly Wave disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 824–865.
Rodgers, C.D. (1976): Retrieval of atmospheric temperature and composition from remote measurement of thermal radiation. Rev. Geophys. Space PHys., 14, 609–624.
Simmons, A.J. and B.J. Hoskins (1979): The downstream and upstream development of unstable baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1239–1254.
Temperton, C. and D.L. Williamson (1981): Normal mode initialisation for a multilevel grid-point model. Part I: Linear Aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 729–743.
Wergen, W. (1988): Diabatic non-linear normal mode initialisation for a spectral model. Beit. Phys. Atmosph. 61, 274–302.
Woiceshyn, P.M., M.G. Wurtele, D.H. Boggs, L.F. McGoldrick and S. Peteherych (1986): ‘The necessity for a new parameterisation of an empirical model for wind/ocean scatterometry’. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2273–2288.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hollingsworth, A. (1989). The Role of Real-Time Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation in the Quality Control, Interpretation, and Synthesis of Climate Data. In: Anderson, D.L.T., Willebrand, J. (eds) Oceanic Circulation Models: Combining Data and Dynamics. NATO ASI Series, vol 284. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1013-3_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1013-3_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6946-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1013-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive