Abstract
Of nine possible mechanisms for the formation of non-sandy, wind-erodible aggregates from a more homogeneous soil or sediment, five are found to be widespread in arid and semiarid regions. In approximate order of significance, the most important mechanisms are tension and compression fracturing of shrinkable mud or soil during wet/dry cycles; tension fracturing and molding by compression during freeze/thaw cycles; direct abrasion (corrosion); fracturing and aggregation produced by salt efflorescence; and mechanical disturbance of surface materials by animals. A sixth mechanism (in soils) is by surface films, colloidal matting, or cements. Minor mechanisms are: floatation and lofting of foam and fracturing caused by hydration expansion or other chemical weathering of fine-grained bedrock. The flocculation of small particles in a water suspension or wet mud is a possible minor mechanism not yet observed. Surface soils and sediments with more than 28% clay and more than 2% organic material formed wind-erodible aggregates, but organic-poor materials did not. Calcareous loams, silt loams, silty clay loams, and clay loams formed wind-erodible aggregates, but non-calcareous materials of the same textures did not. Salt efflorescence was locally a major mechanism for production of wind-erodible aggregates. An experiment with expandible (high smectite content) clay shows that wet/dry cycles (such as might result from several summer rain showers on a dry lake bed) can produce wind-erodible aggregates without high temperatures or lengthy droughts and in the absence of salt efflorescence. For example, cold-climate clay dunes (now inactive) fringe ephemeral lakes in deflation basins in Montana at windy semiarid sites with short hot summers and intensely cold winters.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arvidson, R.E., 1972: Aeolian processes on Mars: Erosive velocities, settling velocities, and yellow clouds, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 83: 1503–1508.
Bagnold, R.A., 1941: The Physics of Blown Dust and Desert Dunes, Methuen, London, 265 pp.
Barone, J.B., Ashbaugh, L.L., Kusko, B.H., and Cahill, T.A., 1981: The effect of Owens Dry Lake on air quality in the Owens Valley with implications for the Mono Lake Area, Am. Chem. Soc. Sympos., Ser. 67: 237–345.
Baver, L.D., Gardner, W.H., and Gardner, W.R., 1972: Soil Physics, Fourth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 498 pp.
Bowler, J.M., 1973: Clay dunes: Their occurrence, formation and environmental significance, Earth Sci. Rev., 9: 315–338.
Bryan, R.B., 1974: Water erosion by splash and wash and the erodibility of Albertan soils, Geograf. Annal., 56: 159–181.
Buckman, H.O., and Brady, N.C., 1970: The Nature and Properties of Soils, Macmillan, London, 653 pp.
Caine, N., Morin, P., and Nicholas, R.M., 1977: Significance of frost action and surface soil characteristics to wind erosion at Rocky Flats, Colorado, Third Progress Report, Oct. 1, 1976-June 1977, ERDA-510500, ERDA-510100, U7805, 65 pp.
Chepil, W.S., 1945: Dynamics of wind erosion, II: Initiation of soil movement, Soil Sci., 60: 397–411.
Chepil, W.S., and Woodruff, N.P., 1963: The physics of wind erosion and its control, In: Norman, A.G. (Ed.),Advances in Agronomy, v. 15, Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–301.
Corte, A., and Higashi, A., 1964: Experimental research on desiccation cracks in soil, Research Report 66, U.S. Army Materiel Command, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, 72 pp.
Dare-Edwards, A.J., 1982: Clay pellets of clay dunes: Types, mineralogy, origin and effect of pedogenesis, In: Wassen, R.J. (Ed.), Quaternary Dust Mantles of China, New Zealand and Australia, Australian National University, Canberra, pp. 179–189.
Dare-Edwards, A.J., 1984: Aeolian clay deposits of south-eastern Australia: parna or loessic clay?, Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., M.S. 9: 337–344.
DeGraff, J.M., and Aydin, A., 1987: Surface morphology of columnar joints and its significance to mechanics and direction of joint growth, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 99: 605–617.
Gillette, D., 1978: Tests with a portable wind tunnel for determining wind erosion threshold velocities, Atmos. Environ., 12: 2309–2313.
Gillette, D., 1984a: Threshold velocities for wind erosion on natural terrestrial arid surfaces (a summary), In: Pruppacher, Semonin, and Slinn (Eds.), Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension, Elsevier, New York, pp. 1047–1057.
Gillette, D., 1984b: Threshold friction velocities and moduli of rupture at Owens Lake, California, In: Results of Test Plot Studies at Owens Dry Lake, Inyo County, California, Report prepared for State Lands Commission, by WESTEC Services, San Diego, CA.
Gillette, D., Adams, J., Endo, A., Smith, D., and Kihl, R., 1980: Threshold velocities for input of soil particles into the air by desert soils, J. Geophys. Res., 85: 5621–5630.
Gillette, D., Adams, J., Muhs, D., and Kihl, R., 1982: Threshold friction velocities and rupture moduli for crusted desert soil for the input of soil particles into the air, J. Geophys. Res., 87: 9003–9015.
Greeley, R., and Iversen, J.D., 1985: Wind as a Geological Process on Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 333 pp.
Greeley, R., Iversen, J.D., Pollack, J.B., and White, B.R., 1974: Wind tunnel studies of Martian aeolian processes, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, 341: 331–336.
Hess, S.L., 1973: Martian winds and dust clouds, Planet. Space Sci., 21: 1549–1557.
Huffman, G.G., and Price, W.A., 1949: Clay dune formation near Corpus Christi, Texas, J. Sed. Pet., 19: 118–127.
Ishihara, T., and Iwagaki, Y., 1952: On the effect of sand storm in controlling the mouth of the Kiku River, Bulletin No. 2, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Iversen, J.D., Pollack, J., Greeley, R., and White, B., 1976: Saltation threshold on Mars: The effect of interparticle force, surface roughness, and low atmospheric density, Icarus, 29: 381–393.
Jackson, M.L., 1975: Soil Chemical Analysis, Originally published by Prentice-Hall, now published by the author, Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
Marrs, R.W., and Kolm, K.E. (Eds.), 1982: Interpretation of wind flow characteristics from eolian landforms, Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper, 192,112 pp.
Nickling, W.G. (Ed.), 1986: Aeolian Geomorphology, Allen and Unwin, Boston, 311 pp.
Phillips, M., 1980: A force balance model for particle entrainment in a fluid stream, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 13: 221–233.
Price, W.A., 1963: Physicochemical and environmental factors in clay dune genesis, J. Sed. Pet., 33: 766–778.
Pye, K., 1987: Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits, Academic Press, London, pp. 10–28.
Roth, E.S., 1960: The silt-clay dunes of Clark Dry Lake, California, The Compass, 38: 18–27.
Ryan, J.A., 1964: Notes on the Martian yellow clouds, Geophys. Res., 69: 3750–3770.
Sagan, C., and Pollack, J., 1969: Wind blown dust on Mars, Nature(London), 223: 791–794.
Vershinin, P.V., 1958: The Background of Soil Structure, (Pochvennaya Struktura i Usloviya ee Formirovaniya). S.I. Dolgov (Ed.), Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad. (Translated from Russian, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1971, 128 pp.)
Wasson, R.J., 1983: Dune sediment types, sand colour, sediment provenance and hydrology in the Strzelecki-Smpson dunefield, Australia, In: Brookfield, M.E. and T.S. Ahlbrandt, (Eds.),Eolian Sediments and Processes, Developments in Sedimentology, 38, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 165–195.
Wood, G.P., Weaver, W., and Henry, R., 1974: The minimum free-stream wind for initiating motion of surface material on Mars, NASA TM X-71959, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Breuninger, R.H., Gillette, D.A., Kihl, R. (1989). Formation of Wind-Erodible Aggregates for Salty Soils and Soils with Less Than 50% Sand Composition in Natural Terrestrial Environments. In: Leinen, M., Sarnthein, M. (eds) Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport. NATO ASI Series, vol 282. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0995-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0995-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6937-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0995-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive