Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Toxicological Aspects of Antioxidants Used as Food Additives

  • Chapter
Food Antioxidants

Part of the book series: Elsevier Applied Food Science Series ((EAFSS))

Abstract

The toxicology of antioxidants has become one of the more controversial areas in the continuing debate on the safety of food additives. In recent years, problems have arisen with the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) & butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) when new long-term studies showed that these compounds could produce tumours in animals. Chemicals which have been shown to cause cancer in long-term animal studies are normally not permitted as food additives, & regulatory authorities would have little hesitation in making such a decision in the case of any new chemical submitted to them for approval which appeared to be a genotoxic carcinogen. However, with BHA & BHT, not only did the new findings conflict with the results of earlier, negative, long-term studies, but also their significance for hazard assessment in man was surrounded by even more uncertainties than those which toxicologists are used to considering when extrapolating from animal experiments to man.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Addis, P.B., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Haigh, R ., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld Hlth Org. 669 (1981) 52.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld Hlth Org., 539 (1974) 146.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Agricultural Research Council/Medical Research Council Committee Report, Food Nutr. Res., 72 (1974), HMSO, London.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Baker, E. M., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 109 (1962) 737.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Barness, L. A., Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 258 (1975) 523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. McMichael, A.J., Commun. Hlth Studies, 2 (1978) 9.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lamden, M. P. & Chrystowski, G. A., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 85 (1954) 190.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Takenouchi, K., Aso, L., Kawase, K., Ichikawa, H. & Shioni, T., J. Vitaminol, 12 (1966) 49.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Takiguchi, H., Furuyama, S. & Shimazono, N., J. Vitaminol., 12 (1966) 307.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Yamazoe, J., Eiyo To Shokuryo, 18 (1966) 342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Tiselins, H. G. & Almgard, L. E., Eur. Urol., 3 (1977) 41.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kallner, A., Acta Med. Scand., 20 (1977) 283.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kallner, A., Hartmann, D. & Hornig, D., Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 32 (1979) 530.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Schmidt, K. H., Hagmaier, V., Hornig, D. H., Vuilleumier, J. P. & Rutishauser, G., Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 34 (1981) 305.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Briggs, M., Lancet, i (1976) 154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Demole, V., Biochem. J., 28 (1934) 770.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ohno, T. & Myoga, K., Nutr. Rep. Int., 24 (1981) 291.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Neuweiler, W., Int. Z. Vitaminforsch, 22 (1951) 392.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mouriqu&, G. & Edel, V., C.R. Soc. Biol., 148 (1954) 1422.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Samborskaya, E. P., Byull. Eksp. Biol. Med., 57 (1964) 105.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Samborskaya, E. P. & Ferdman, T. D., Byull. Eksp. Biol. Med., 62 (1966) 96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Fahim, M. S., Hilderbrand, D., Wilson, R., Harman, J. M. & Hall, D. G., Fifth International Congress in Pharmacology, 1972, San Francisco, Abstract p. 66.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Alleva, F. R., Alleva, J. J. & Balazs, T., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 35 (1976) 393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Frohberg, H., Gleich, J. & Kieser, H., Arzneim. Forsch., 23 (1973) 1081.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Stich, H. F., Karim, J., Koropatnick, J. & Lo, L., Nature, 260 (1976) 722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Stich, H. F., Wei, L. & Whiting, R. F., Cancer Res., 39 (1979) 4145.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Omura, H., Shinohara, K., Maeda, H., Nonaka, M. & Murakami, H., J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 24 (1978) 185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Norkus, E. P., Kuenzig, W. & Conney, A. H., Mutat. Res., 117 (1983) 183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. MacRae, W. D. & Stich, H. F., Toxicology, 13 (1979) 167.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Rosin, M. P., San, R. H. C. & Stich, H. F., Cancer Lett., 8 (1980) 299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Galloway, S. M. & Painter, R. B., Mutat. Res., 60 (1979) 321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Speit, G., Wolf, M. & Vogel, W., Mutat. Res., 78 (1980) 273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Chauhan, P. S., Aravindakshan, M. & Sundaram, K., Mutat. Res., 53 (1978) 166.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Amacher, D. E. & Paillet, S. C., Cancer Lett., 14 (1981) 151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. National Toxicology Program, Carcinogenesis bioassay of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in F344/N rats & B6C3F1 mice (feed study). March 1983, NIH Publication No. 83-2503.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fukushima, S., Imaida, K., Sakata, T., Okamura, T., Shibata, M. & Ito, N., Cancer Res., 43 (1983) 4454.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fukushima, S., Kurata, Y., Shibata, M., Ikawa, E. & Ito, N., Cancer Lett., 23 (1984) 29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Fukushima, S., Ogiso, T., Kurata, Y., Shibata, M. & Kakizoe, T., Cancer Lett., 35 (1987) 17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Ito, N., Hirose, M., Fukushima, S., Tsuda, H., Shirai, T. & Takematsu, M., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1071.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Cameron, E., Pauling, L. & Leibowitz, B., Cancer Res., 39 (1979) 663.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld Hlth Org., 751 (1987) 18.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Weber, F., Gloor, U., Wursch, J. & Wiss, O., Biochem. Biophys. Commun., 14 (1964) 189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Pearson, C. K. & Barnes, M. M., Int. Z. Vitaminforsch., 40 (1970) 19.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Schm&ke, H., Sima, C. & Maune, R., Int. Z. Vitaminforsch., 39 (1969) 296.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Johnson, P. & Pover, W. F. R., Life Sci., 1 (1962) 115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Takahashi, Y., Urono, K. & Kimura, S., J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 23 (1977) 201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Machlin, L. F. & Gabriel, E., Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 393 (1982) 48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Schm&ke, H. & Schmidt, G., Int. Z. Vitaminforsch., 38 (1968) 75.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kelleher, J. & Losowsky, M.S., Brit. J. Nutr., 24 (1970) 1033.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. MacMahon, M. T. & Neale, G., Clin. Sci., 38 (1970) 197.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Huter, F., Z. Naturforsch., 2B (1947) 414.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Costa, A., Cetini, G., Monteferrario, P. & Volterrani, O., Vitamina E, Atti 3 Congr. Intern., Venice, 1955, p. 233.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Valenti, G. & Bottarelli, E., Folia Endocrinol., 18 (1965) 318.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Czyba, J. C., Girod, C. & Durand, N., C.R. Soc. Biol., 160 (1966) 2101.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Abdo, K.M., Rao, G., Montgomery, C. A., Dinowitz, M. & Kanalin - gam, K., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Wheldon, G. H., Bhatt, A., Kelber, P. & Hummler, H., Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res., 53 (1983) 287.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Greenblatt, I. J., Circulation, 16 (1957) 508.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Informatics Inc., GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe) food ingredients-tocopherols. NTIS PB-221 237, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Dymsza, H. A. & Park, J., Fedn Proc. Fedn Am. Socs Exp. Biol., 34 (1975) 321.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Yang, N. Y. & Desai, I. D., J. Nutr., 107 (1977) 1410.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Anon., Nutr. Rev., 41 (1983) 268.

    Google Scholar 

  64. March, B. E., Wong, E., Scier, L., Sim, J. & Biely, J., J. Nutr., 103 (1973) 371.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Schrogie, J. J., J. Am. Med. Assoc., 232 (1975) 19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Corrigan, J. J. & Ulfers, L. L., Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 34 (1981) 1701.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Tomassi, G. & Silano, V., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Ichihara, I., Okajimas Folia Anat. Jap., 43 (1967) 203.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Czyba, J. C., C.R. Soc. Biol., 160 (1966) 765.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Telford, I. R., Woodruff, C. S. & Linford, R. H., Am. J. Anat., 110 (1962) 29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Food & Drug Research Laboratories, Teratologic evaluation of FDA 71–58 (dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) in mice, rats, hamsters & rabbits’. NTIS PB-233 809, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Martin, M.M. & Hurley, L.S., Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 30 (1977) 1629.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Winkler, H., Zent. Gynakol., 67 (1943) 32.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Solomon, D., Strummer, D. & Nair, P. P., Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 203 (1972) 103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Shklar, G., J. Natl Cancer Inst, 68 (1982) 791.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Cook, M.G. & McNamara, P., Cancer Res., 40 (1980) 1329.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Shamberger, R. J. & Rudolph, G., Experientia, 22 (1966) 116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Kagerud, A. & Paterson, H. I., Acta Radiol Oncol., 20 (1981) 97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Kurek, M. P. & Corwin, L. M., Nutr. Cancer, 4 (1982) 128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Newberne, P. M. & Suphakarn, K., Nutr. Cancer, 5 (1983) 107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Moore, M. A., Tsuda, H., Thamavit, W., Masui, T. & Ito, N., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 78 (1987) 289.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Welsh, A. L., Arch. Dermatol., 65 (1952) 137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Welsh, A. L., Arch. Dermatol., 70 (1954) 181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Hillman, R. W., Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 5 (1957) 597.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Cohen, H. M., Calif. Med., 119 (1973) 72.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Briggs, M., New Engl. J. Med., 290 (1974) 579.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Johnson, L., Bowen, F. W., Abbasi, S., Herrmann, N., Weston, M., Sacks, L., Porat, R., Stahl, G., Peckham, G., Delivoria-Papadopoulos, M., Quinn, G. C. & Schaffer, D., Pediatrics, 75 (1985) 619.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Lorch, V., Murphy, D., Hoersten, L. R., Harris, E., Fitzgerald, J. & Sinha, S. N., Pediatrics, 75 (1985) 598.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld Hlth Org., 653 (1980) 16.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Scientific Committee for Food, Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, 5th Series. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld Hlth Org., 751 (1987) 15.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Booth, A. N., Masri, M. S., Robbins, D. J., Emerson, O. H., Jones, F. T. & De Eds, F., J. Biol. Chem., 234 (1959) 3014.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Dacre, J. C., J. N.Z. Inst. Chem., 24 (1960) 161.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Van Esch, G. J., Voeding, 16 (1955) 683.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Orten, J. M., Kuyper, A. C. & Smith, A. H., Food Technot., 2 (1948) 308.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Tollenaar, F. D., Proc. Pacific Sci. Congr., 5 (1957) 92 (published 1963 ).

    Google Scholar 

  97. Johnson, A. R. & Hegwill, F. R., Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 39 (1961) 353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Van der Heijden, C. A., Janssen, P. J. C. M. & Strik, J. J. T. W. A., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1067. (Refers to unpublished studies: 13-week rat & dog studies by Hazleton Laboratories Inc., 1969; 4-week rat study by J. Strik, 1986; two-generation study in rats by Hazleton Laboratories Inc., 1970; three-generation rat study by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories Inc., 1970 ).

    Google Scholar 

  99. Allen, C. S. & De Eds, F. D., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 28 (1951) 394.

    Google Scholar 

  100. King, M. M. & McCay, P. B., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 19 (1981) 13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Depner, M., Kahl, G. F. & Kahl, R., Food Chem. Toxicol., 20 (1982) 507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Sluis, K. J. H., Food Manuf., 26 (1951) 99.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Tanaka, D., Kawashima, K., Nakaura, S., Nagao, S. & Omori, Y., Shokuhin Eisegaki Zasshi, 20 (1979) 378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Food & Drug Research Laboratories, Teratologic evaluation of FDA 71–39 (propyl gallate). NTIS PB-223-816, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Litton Bionetics Inc., Mutagenic evaluation of compound FDA 71–39, propyl gallate. NTIS PB-245-441, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Rosin, M. P. & Stich, H. F., J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol., 4 (1980) 159.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Shelef, L. A. & Chin, B., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 40 (1980) 1039.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Park, S. C., Kim, I. & Tchai, B. S., Korean J. Biochem., 13 (1981) 180.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Monta, K., Ishigaki, M. & Abe, T., J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 15 (1981) 243.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Ishidate, M., Sofuni, T., Yoshikawa, K. Hayashi, M., Nohmi, T., Sawada, M. & Matsuoka, A., Food Chem. Toxicol., 22 (1984) 623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Mortelmans, K., Haworth, S. & Lawlor, T., Environ. Mutagen., 8 (Suppl 7) (1986) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Sasaki, M., Sugimura, K., Yoshida, M. A. & Abe, S., La Kromosomo, 11(20) (1980) 574.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Kaul, B.L., Mutat. Res., 67 (1979) 239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Raj, A. S. & Katz, M., Mutat. Res., 136 (1984) 247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Kamra, O. P. & Bhaskar, G., Mutat Res., 53 (1977) 207.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Calle, L. M. & Sullivan, P. D., Mutat. Res., 101 (1982) 99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Ben-hur, E. & Green, M., J. Radiat. Res., 22 (1981) 250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Sugimura, T., Sato, S. & Nagao, M., Overlapping of carcinogens & mutagens. In Fundamentals in Cancer Prevention, ed. P. N. Magee, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Yoshikawa, K., Uchino, M. & Kurata, H., Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku, 94 (1976) 28.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Wang, C.Y. & Klemencic, J.M., Proc. Am. Soc. Cancer Res., 20 (1979) 117.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Yamaguchi, T., Agric. Biol. Chem., 45 (1981) 327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Haworth, S., Lawlor, T., Mortelmans, K., Speck, W. & Zeiger, E., Environ. Mutagen., Suppl. 1 (1983) 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Rashid, K.A., Baldwin, I.T. & Babish, J.G., J. Environ. Sci. Hlth, B20 (1985) 153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Stich, H. F., Rosin, M. P., Wu, C. H. & Powrie, W. D., Cancer Lett., 14 (1981) 251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Mitra, A.B. & Manna, G.K., Indian J. Med. Res., 59 (1971) 1442.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Rosin, M. P., Mutat. Res., 135 (1984) 109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Yamada, K., Shirahata, S. & Murakami, H., Agric. Biol. Chem., 49 (1985) 1423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Lehman, A. J., Fitzhugh, O. G., Nelson, A. A. & Woodard, G., Adv. Food Res., 3 (1951) 197.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Clayson, D. B., Iverson, F., Nera, E., Lok, E., Rogers, C., Rodrigues, C., Page, D. & Karpinski, K., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Dacre, J.C., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 12 (1974) 125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. National Toxicology Program, Carcinogenesis bioassay of propyl gallate (CAS No 121-79-9) in F344/N rats & B6C3F1 mice (feed study). NIH Publication No 83 - 1796, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Gammal, E.B., Carroll, K.K. & Plunkett, E.R., Cancer Res., 27 (1967) 1737.

    Google Scholar 

  133. McCay, P. B., King, M. M. & Pitha, J. V., Cancer Res., 41 (1981) 3745.

    Google Scholar 

  134. King, M. M. & McCay, P. B., Cancer Res., 43 (1983) 2485S.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Astill, B. D. & Mulligan, L. T., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 15 (1977) 167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Mirvish, S., Cardesa, A., Wallace, L. & Shubik, P., J. Natl Cancer Inst., 55 (1975) 633.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Scientific Committee for Food, Report of the Scientific Committee for Food on Tertiary Butyl Hydroquinone. EEC Commission Document 111/26/82, Brussels, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld Hlth Org., 617 (1978) 14.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld Hlth Org., 751 (1987) 17.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Astill, B.D., Terhaar, C.J., Krasavage, W.J., Wolf, G.L., Rouda-bush, R.L., Fassett, D.W. & Morgareidge, K., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 52 (1975) 53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Van Esch, G.J., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Krasavage, W.J., Teratology, 16 (1977) 31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Giri, A. K., San, S., Talukdor, G., Sharma, A. & Banerjee, T. S., Food Chem. Toxicol., 22 (1984) 459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Nera, E.A., Lok, E., Iverson, F., Ormsby, E., Karpinski, K.F. & Clayson, D.B., Toxicology, 32 (1984) 197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Altmann, H.-J., Grunow, W., Mohr, U., Richter-Reichhelm, H.B. & Wester, P.W., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Ito, N., Hirose, M., Fukushima, S., Tsuda, H., Shirai, T. & Takematsu, M., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1071.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Tamano, S., Fukushima, S., Shirai, T., Hirose, M. & Ito, N., Cancer Lett., 35 (1987) 39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Astill, B.D. & Mulligan, L.T., Food Cosmet. Toxicol, 15 (1977) 167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Kirkpatrick, D.C. & Lauer, B.H., Food Chem. Toxicol, 24 (1986) 1035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. National Academy of Sciences, 1977 survey of industry on the use of food additives. NAS, Washington, D.C., 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld Hlth Org., 751 (1987) 12.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Minegishi, K.T., Watanabe, M. & Yamaha, T., Chem. Pharm. Bull Tokyo, 29 (1981) 1377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Dacre, J.C., Denz, F. A. & Kennedy, T.H., Biochem. J., 64 (1956) 111.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Astill, B.D., Fassett, D.W. & Roudabush, R.L., Biochem. J., 75 (1960) 543.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Astill, B.D., Mills, J., Fassett, D.W., Roudabush, R.L. & Terhaar, C.J., J. Agric. Food Chem., 10 (1962) 315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Francois, A.C. & Pihet, A., Ann. Inst. Natl Rech. Agron., Ser. D9 (1960) 195.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Hodge, H.C., Fassett, D.W., Maynard, E.A., Downs, W.L. & Coye, R.D., Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol., 6 (1964) 512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Wilder, O.H.M., Ostby, P.C. & Gregory, B.R., J. Agric. Food Chem., 8 (1960) 504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Verhagen, H., Thijssen, H.H.W., ten Hoor, F., & Kleinjans, J.C.S., Fd Chem. Toxicol, 27 (1989) 151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Daniel, J. W. & Gage, J.C., Food Cosmet, Toxicol, 3 (1965) 405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. El-Rashidy, R. & Niazi, S., Biopharm. Drug Dispos., 4 (1983) 389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Armstrong, K.E. & Wattenburg, L.W., Cancer Res., 45 (1985) 1507.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Cummings, S.W., Ansari, G.A.S., Guengerich, F.P., Crouch, L.S. & Prough, R.A., Cancer Res., 45 (1985) 5617.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Hirose, M., Hagiwara, A., Inoue, K., Ito, N., Kaneko, H., Saito, K., Matsunaga, H., Isobe, N., Yoshitake, A. & Miyamoto, J., Toxicology. 53 (1988) 33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Karplyuk, I. A., Vop. Pitan., 18 (1959) 24.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Brown, W. D., Johnson, A. R. & O’Halloran, M. W., Aust. J. Exp. Biol Med. Sci., 37 (1959) 533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Johnson, A.R. & Hegwill, F.R., Aust. J. Exp. Biol Med. Sci., 39 (1961) 353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Feuer, G., Gaunt, I.F., Goldberg, L. & Fairweather, F.A., Food Cosmet. Toxicol, 3 (1965) 457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Gaunt, I. F., Feuer, G., Fairweather, F. A. & Gilbert, D., Food Cosmet Toxicol, 3 (1965) 433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  170. Hiraga, K., Hayashida, S., Ichikawa, H., Yoneyama, M., Fijii, T., Ikeda, T. & Yano, N., Tokyo Toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Nempo, 22 (1970) 231.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Gilbert, D., Martin, A. D., Gangolli, S. D., Abraham, R. & Goldberg, L., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 7 (1969) 603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Ford, S.M., Hook, J.B., Arata, D. & Bond, J.T., Fed. Proc., 36 (1977) 1116.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Allen, J. R. & Engblom, J. F., Food Cosmet. Toxicol, 10 (1972) 769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Cha, Y. & Bueding, E., Biochem. Pharmacol., 28 (1979) 1917.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. Cha, Y. & Heine, S., Cancer Res., 42 (1982) 2609.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Creaven, P.J., Davies, W.H. & Williams, R.T., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 18 (1966) 485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Creaven, P.J. & de Rubertis, F.R., Cancer Res., 37 (1977) 4088.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Yang, C.S., Sydor, W., Martin, M.B. & Lewis, K.F., Chem. Biol. Interact., 37 (1981) 337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Clegg, D.J., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 3 (1965) 387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Foods & Drugs Research Laboratories, Teratologic evaluation of FDA 71–24 (butylated hydroxyanisole) in mice, rats & hamsters. NTIS PB-221 783, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Food & Drugs Research Laboratories, Teratologic evaluation of compound FDA 71–24 (butylated hydroxyanisole) in rabbits. NTIS PB-267 200, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Hansen, E. & Meyer, O., Toxicology, 10 (1978) 195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  183. Hansen, E., Meyer, O. & Olsen, P., Toxicology, 23 (1982) 79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  184. Vorhees, C.V., Butcher, R.E., Brunner, R.L., Wootten, F. & Sobotka, T.J., Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol., 3 (1981) 321.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Stokes, J.D. & Scudeter, C.L., Dev. Psychobiol., 7 (1974) 343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Allen, J.R., Arch. Environ. Hlth, 31 (1976) 47.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Litton Bionetics Inc., Mutagenic evaluation of compound FDA 71–24, butylated hydroxyanisole. NTIS PB-245 510, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Litton Bionetics Inc., Mutagenic evaluation of compound FDA 71-24, butylated hydroxyanisole. NTIS PB-245 460, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Ishidate, M., Sofuni, T., Yoshikawa, K., Hayashi, M., Nohmi, T., Sawada, M. & Matsuoka, A., Food Chem. Toxicol., 22 (1984) 623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  190. Joner, P.E., Acta Vet. Scand., 18 (1977) 187.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Morita, K., Ishigaki, M. & Abe, T., J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. Jap. 15 (1981) 243.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Williams, G.M., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. Hageman, G.J., Verhagen, H. & Kleinjans, J.C.S., Mutat. Res., 208 (1988) 207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. Tan, E.L., Schenley, R.L. & Hsie, A.W., Mutat. Res., 103 (1982) 359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. Rogers, C.G., Nayak, B.N. & Heroux-Metcalf, C., Cancer Lett., 21 (1985) 61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Prasad, O. & Kamra, O.P., Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 25 (1974) 67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. Miyagi, M.P. & Goodheart, C.R., Mutat. Res., 40 (1976) 37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. Ishidate, M. & Odashima, S., Mutat. Res., 48 (1977) 337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Abe, S. & Sasaki, M., J. Natl Cancer Inst., 58 (1977) 1635.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Wilder, O. H. M. & Kraybill, H. R., Fed. Proc., 8 (1949) 165.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Graham, W.D. & Grice, H.C., J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 7 (1955) 1126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. Ito, N., Fukushima, S., Hagiwara, A., Shibata, M. & Ogiso, T., J. Nati Cancer Inst., 70 (1983) 343.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Ito, N., Fukushima, S., Tamano, S., Hirose, M. & Hagiwara, A., J. Nati Cancer Inst., 77 (1986) 1261.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Ito, N., Fukushima, S., Imaida, K., Sakata, T. & Masui, T., Gann, 74 (1983) 459.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Masui, T., Hirose, M., Imaida, K., Fukushima, S., Tamano, S. & Ito, N., Jpn J. Cancer Res., 77 (1986) 1083.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Iverson, F., Lok, E., Nera, E. A., Karpinski, K. & Clayson, D. B., Toxicology, 35 (1985) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  207. Hirose, M., Masada, A., Kurata, Y., Ikawa, E., Mera, Y. & Ito, N., J. Natl Cancer Inst., 76 (1986) 143.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Grice, H. C., Food Chem. Toxicol. 26 (1988) 717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Ikeda, G.J., Stewart, J.E., Sapienza, P.P., Peggins, J.O., Michel, T.C., Olivito, V., Alam, H.Z. & O’Donnell, M.W., Food Chem. Toxicol, 24 (1986) 1201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  210. Tobe, M., Furuya, T., Kawasaki, Y., Naito, K., Sekita, K., Matsumoto, K., Ochiai, T., Usui, A., Kokubo, T., Kanno, J. & Hayashi, Y., Food Chem. Toxicol, 24 (1986) 1223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Wiirtzen, G. & Olsen, P., Food Chem. Toxicol, 24 (1986) 1229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  212. Iverson, F., Truelove, J., Nera, E., Wong, J., Lok, E. & Clayson, D.B., Cancer Lett., 26 (1985) 43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  213. Hirose, M., Asamoto, M., Hagiwara, A., Ito, N., Kaneko, H., Saito, K., Takamatsu, Y., Yoshitake, A. & Miyamoto, J., Toxicology., 45 (1987) 13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. Hirose, M., Inoue, T., Masuda, A., Tsuda, H. & Ito, N., Carcinogenesis., 8 (1987) 1555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  215. de Stefany, C.M., Prabhu, U.D.G., Sparnins, V.L. & Wattenberg, L.W., Food Chem. Toxicol, 24 (1986) 1149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  216. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Butylated hydroxyanisole. IARC Monographs, Vol. 40, (1986), 123.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Wattenberg, L.W ., Food Chem. Toxicol, 24 (1986) 1099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  218. Mizuno, M., Ohara, A., Danno, G., Kanazawa, K. & Natake, M., Mutai. Res., 176 (1987) 179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  219. Hirose, M., Hagiwara, A., Masui, T., Inoue, K. & Ito, N., Cancer Lett., 30 (1986) 169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  220. Hirose, M., Masuda, H., Tsuda, H., Uwagawa, S. & Ito, N., Carcinogenesis., 8 (1987) 1731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  221. Fukushima, S., Sakata, T., Tagawa, Y., Shibata, M.-A., Hirose, M. & Ito, N., Cancer Res. 47 (1987) 2113.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Warner, C.R., Brumley, W.C., Daniels, D.H., Joe, F.L. & Fazio, T., Food Chem. Toxicol, 24 (1986) 1015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld Hlth Org., 751 (1987) 14.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Matsuo, M., Mihara, K., Okuno, M., Ohkawa, H. & Miyamoto, J., Food Chem. Toxicol, 22 (1984) 345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  225. Collings, A. J. & Sharratt, M., Food Cosmet. Toxicol, 8 (1970) 409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  226. Yamamoto, K., Tajima, K. & Mizutani, T., J. Pharm. Dyn., 2 (1980) 164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  227. Tajima, K., Yamamoto, K. & Mizutani, T., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 29 (1981) 3738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  228. Akagi, M. & Aoki, I., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 10 (1962) 101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  229. Aoki, I, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 10, (1962) 105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Branen, A. L., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 52 (1975) 54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  231. Daniel, J.W., Gage, J.C. & Jones, D.I., Biochem. J., 106 (1968) 783.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Wiebe, L.I., Merrier, I. R. & Ryan, A.J., Drug Metab. Dispos., 6 (1978) 296.

    Google Scholar 

  233. El-Rashidy, R. & Niazi, S., J. Pharm. Sci., 69 (1980) 1455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  234. Daere, J.C., J. N. Z. Inst. Chem., 24 (1960) 161.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Deichmann, W.B., Clemmer, J.J., Rakoczy, R. & Bianchine, J., AMA Arch. Ind. Hlth, 11 (1955) 93.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Day, A. J., Johnson, A. R., O’Halloran, M. W. & Schwartz, G. J., Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 37 (1959) 295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  237. Brown, W.D., Johnson, A.R. & O’Halloran, M.W., Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 37 (1959) 533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  238. Lane, B.P. & Lieber, C.S., Lab. Invest., 16 (1967) 342.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Botham, C.M., Conning, D.M., Hayes, J., Litchfield, M.H. & McElligott, T.F., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 8 (1970) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  240. Kawano, S., Nakao, T. & Hiraga, K., Jap. J. Pharmacol., 30 (1980) 861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  241. Kawano, S., Nakao, T. & Hiraga, K., Jap. J. Pharmacol., 31 (1981) 459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  242. Saccone, G.T.P. & Pariza, M.W., Cancer Lett., 5 (1978) 145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  243. Powell, C.J., Connelly, J.C., Jones, S.M., Grasso, P. & Bridges, J.W., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  244. Nakagawa, K., Tayama, K. & Hiraga, K., Toxicol. Lett., 31 (Suppl) (1986) P6–19.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Takahashi, O. & Hiraga, K., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 17 (1979) 451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  246. Tajima, K., Yamamoto, K. & Mizutani, T., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 29 (1981) 3738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  247. Nakagawa, Y., Toxicol. Lett., 37 (1987) 251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  248. Mizutani, T., Nomura, H., Nakanishi, K. & Fujita, S., Toxicol. Appi. Pharmacol., 87 (1987) 166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  249. Kahl, R., Toxicology, 33 (1984) 185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  250. Marino, A.A. & Mitchell, J.T., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 140 (1972) 122.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Saheb, W. & Witschi, H., Toxicol. Appi. Pharmacol., 33 (1975) 309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  252. Omaye, S. T., Reddy, K. A. & Cross, C. E., J. Toxicol. Environ. Hlth, 3 (1977) 829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  253. Adamson, I.Y.R., Bowden, D.H., Cote, M.G. & Witschi, H., Lab. Invest., 36 (1977) 26.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Mizutani, T., Ishida, I., Yamamoto, K. & Tajima, K., Toxicol. Appi. Pharmacol., 62 (1982) 273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  255. Fujii, T., Nakagawa, Y., Fukumori, N., Sakamoto, Y. & Hiraga, K., Jap. J. Pharmacol. (Suppl.), 25 (1975) 29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  256. Suzuki, H., Hiraga, K. & Nakao, T., Tokyo Eiken Nempo, 26 (1975) 49.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Takahashi, O. & Hiraga, K., Tokyo Eiken Nempo, 27 (1976) 86.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Takahashi, O., Takahashi, A., Hiraga, K. & Nakao, T., J. Toxicol. Sci. Suppl., 2 (1977) 66.

    Google Scholar 

  259. Takahashi, O., Hayashida, S. & Hiraga, K., Food Cosmet. Toxicol, 18 (1980) 299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  260. Takahashi, O. & Hiraga, K., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 43 (1978) 399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  261. Takahashi, O. & Hiraga, K., Food Cosmet. Toxicol, 16 (1978) 475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  262. Takahashi, O. & Hiraga, K., J. Nutr., 109 (1979) 453.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Suzuki, H., Nakao, T. & Hiraga, K., Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 50 (1979) 261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  264. Suzuki, H., Nakao, T. & Hiraga, K., Toxicol Appl Pharmacol., 67 (1983) 152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  265. Takahashi, O. & Hiraga, K., Food Chem. Toxicol., 22 (1984) 97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  266. Takahashi, O. & Hiraga, K., Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 46 (1978) 871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  267. Takahashi, O., Foot Chem. Toxicol., 25 (1987) 219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  268. Takahashi, O., Arch. Toxicol, 62 (1988) 325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  269. Johnson, A. R., Food Cosmet. Toxicol, 3 (1965) 371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  270. Frawley, J. P., Kohn, F. E., Kay, J. H. & Calandra, J. C., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 3 (1965) 377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  271. Food & Drug Research Laboratories, Teratologic evaluation of FDA 71–25 (butylated hydroxytoluene-Ionol). NTIS PB-221-782, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Food & Drug Research Laboratories, Teratologic evaluation of com¬pound FDA 71-25, butylated hydroxytoluene (Ionol) in rabbits. NTIS, PB-267-201, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Voorhees, C. V., Butcher, R. E., Brunner, R. L. & Sobotka, T. J., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 19 (1981) 153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  274. Meyer, O. & Hansen, E., Toxicology, 16 (1980) 247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  275. Stanford Research Institute, Study of the mutagenic effects of Ionol C. P. (butylated hydroxytoluene). NTIS PB-221-827, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Litton Bionetics Inc., Mutagenic evaluation of butylated hydroxytoluene. NTIS PB-245-487, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  277. Hiraga, K., Tokyo Metropol. Res. Lab. Public Hlth, 32 (1977) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  278. Bruce, W. R. & Heddle, J. A., Can. J. Genet. Cytol., 21 (1979) 319.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Bonin, A. W. & Baker, R. S. U., Food Technol. Aust., 32 (1980) 608.

    Google Scholar 

  280. Kinae, N., Hashizume, T. & Makita, T., Water Res., 15 (1981) 17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  281. Reddy, B.S., Hanson, D., Matthews, L. & Sharma C., Food Chem. Toxicol, 21 (1983) 129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  282. Williams, G.M., Shimada, T., McQueen, C., Tong, C. & Brat, S.V., The Toxicologist, 4 (1984) 104.

    Google Scholar 

  283. Paschin, Y.V. & Bahitova, L.M., Mutat. Res., 137 (1984) 57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  284. McGregor, D.B., Brown, A., Cattanach, P., Edwards, I., McBride, D. & Caspary, W. J., Environ. Molec. Mutagen., 11 (1988) 91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  285. Sciorra, L.J., Kaufmann, B.N. & Maier, R., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 12 (1974) 33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  286. Patterson, R.M., Keith, L.A. & Stewart, J., Toxicol in vitro., 1 (1987) 55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  287. Harman, D., Curtis, H.J. & Tilley, J., J. Gerontol, 25 (1970) 17.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Cumming, R.B., Walton, M.F., Kelly, E.M. & Russel, W.L., Mutat. Res., 115 (1983) 293.

    Google Scholar 

  289. Epstein, S.S. & Shafner, H., Nature, 219 (1968) 385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  290. Scheu, C. W., Cain, K. T., Rushbrook, C. J., Jorgenson, T. A. & Generoso, W. M., Environ. Mutagen., 8 (1986) 357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  291. Stanford Research Institute, Study of the mutagenic effects of butylated hydroxytoluene (71–25) by the dominant lethal test. NTIS PB-278-026, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  292. Kamra, O.P., Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 23 (1973) 295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  293. Clapp, N.K., Tyndall, R.L., Cumming, R.B. & Otten, J.A., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 12 (1974) 367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  294. Brooks, T.M., Hunt, P.F., Thorpe, E. & Walker, A.T., Unpublished results listed in Fed. Register, 42 (1974) 27603.

    Google Scholar 

  295. National Institutes of Health, Bioassay of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) for possible carcinogenicity. NCI-CG-TR-150, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  296. Shirai, T., Hagiwara, A., Kurata, Y., Shibata, M., Fukushima, S. & Ito, N., Food Chem. Toxicol., 20 (1982) 861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  297. Lindenschmidt, R.C., Tryka, A.F., Goad, M.E. & Witschi, H.P., Toxicology, 38 (1986) 151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  298. Inai, K., Kobuke, T., Nambu, S., Takemoto, T., Kou, E., Nishina, H., Fujihara, M., Yonehara, S., Suehiro, S., Tsuya, T., Horiuchi, K. & Tokuoka, S., Jpn J. Cancer Res. (Gann). 79 (1988) 49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  299. Olsen, P., Meyer, O., Billie, N. & Wurtzen, G., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  300. Deichmann, W. B., Clemmer, J. J., Rakoczy, R. & Bianchine, J., AMA Arch. Ind. Hlth, 11 (1955) 93.

    Google Scholar 

  301. Hirose, M., Shibata, M., Hagiwara, A., Imaida, K. & Ito, N., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 19 (1981) 147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  302. Olsen, P., Billie, N. & Meyer, O., Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol., 53 (1983) 433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  303. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Butylated hydroxytoluene. IARC Monograph, Vol. 40, 1986, p. 161.

    Google Scholar 

  304. Witschi, H.P., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  305. Thompson, D.C. & Trash, M.A., Food Chem. Toxicol., 24 (1986) 1189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  306. Shlian, D.M. & Goldstone, J.,New Engl. J. Med. 314 (1986) 648.

    Google Scholar 

  307. Graham, W.D., Teed, H. & Grice, H.C., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 6 (1954) 534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  308. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld Hlth. Org. 776 (1989) 14.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Daniel, J.W., Gage, J.C., Jones, D.I. & Stevens, M.A., Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 5 (1967) 475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Toxicology and Environmental Health Division, Department of Health, Hannibal House, Elephant and Castle, London, SE1 6TE, UK

    Susan M. Barlow

Authors
  1. Susan M. Barlow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Reading, UK

    B. J. F. Hudson (Honorary REsearch Fellow and Consultant) (Honorary REsearch Fellow and Consultant)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Barlow, S.M. (1990). Toxicological Aspects of Antioxidants Used as Food Additives. In: Hudson, B.J.F. (eds) Food Antioxidants. Elsevier Applied Food Science Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0753-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0753-9_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6824-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0753-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation