Abstract
Early-type galaxies are luminous sources of X-ray radiation, and contain large amounts of hot, interstellar gas. In the brighter X-ray galaxies, the inferred masses of hot gas are consistent with those expected given the present rates of stellar mass loss. The required rates of heating of the gas are also roughly consistent with those expected from the motions of gas losing stars and supernovae. The X-ray observations suggest a lower rate of Type la supernovae than has been previously thought to apply. In the brightest X-ray galaxies, the cooling times in the gas are short, which suggests that the gas forms steady-state cooling flows. Cooling flow models explain most of the properties of the brighter X-ray galaxies, including their luminosities, the X-ray—optical correlation, their temperatures, and their surface brightness profiles. Homogeneous cooling flow models, in which all the hot gas flows into the central regions of the galaxy, have surface brightness profiles which are too centrally peaked, and which decline too rapidly in the outer parts. On the other hand, if the gas is inhomogeneous and much of the gas cools below X-ray emitting temperature near the point where it is injected, good agreement with the observed X-ray surface brightness profiles is found. Although the optical and X-ray luminosities of early-type galaxies are strongly correlated, there is a large dispersion in this correlation. One suggestion is that this dispersion indicates that early-type galaxies are not generally in steady-state, and that the fainter galaxies are in an earlier hydrodynamical phase in which most of the heating of the gas goes into the kinetic energy in a wind or partial wind, or into the thermal energy of subsonic inflation. Alternatively, the fainter galaxies may have lost much of their gas to ram pressure ablation. At a given optical luminosity, galaxies which are brighter in X-rays are found in less dense regions, which supports this last suggestion.
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Sarazin, C.L. (1990). Cooling Flows and X-Ray Emission in Early-Type Galaxies. In: Thronson, H.A., Shull, J.M. (eds) The Interstellar Medium in Galaxies. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 161. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0595-5_8
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