Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Storage of Carbon Dioxide in the Oceans

  • Chapter
Climate and Energy: The Feasibility of Controlling CO2 Emissions

Abstract

Past and present variations of the global C cycle are dominated by the oceans. At present the oceans act as moderator for the atmospheric CO2 increase from combustion of fossil fuels. From the annual fossil fuel CO2 emission by mankind of 5–6 GtC/yr about half or 2–3 GtC/yr is currently taken up by the oceans. The rate of CO2 transfer through the surface ocean, which acts as a barrier between atmosphere and deep ocean, is critical. The transfer routes are through both inorganic dissolution and biological fixation. We are currently not certain which route is dominant. Research towards worldwide quantification of both routes is now underway in the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. The strictly inorganic route will definitely decrease in the future, the biological route may well remain more or less constant or increase in the future. More accurate quantification of both routes is crucial for improving accuracy of predictive CO2 climate models upon which policy decisions for curtailing CO2 emissions are to be based.

The crucial problem with fossil fuel CO2 is its very rapid introduction within 100–200 years into the atmosphere as opposed to the very slow response of many thousands to millions of years of the deep ocean in absorbing such CO2. Eventually the capacity for storage of CO2 in the deep ocean is very large. Yet in the meantime we will witness a transient peak of atmospheric CO2 which may yield catastrophic changes in the climate. Only after several thousands to millions of years most, but not all, of the fossil fuel CO2 will be taken up by the oceans.

Deep sea injection has been proposed as a technical fix for bypassing the surface ocean barrier in order to delay the peak buildup of atmospheric CO2. Only CO2 from large stationary energy plants (currently 30% of total emission) is suitable for deep sea injection. At the expense of 30–45% of the total energy produced this results in a 30–45% decrease in electricity production. Furthermore ocean circulation would also return the deep injected CO2 to the surface within decades or centuries. Deep sea injection is at best a partial, expensive and temporal remedy to the CO2 problem. With or without deep sea injection the intrusion of CO2 into first the surface waters and then the deep ocean will cause shifts in ecological conditions. For example the acidity of surface waters would roughly double, causing inevitable but poorly predictable shifts in the plankton population. Similar shifts in the deep sea ecosystem, also due to dissolution of calcite sediments, would be accelerated by deep sea CO2 injection.

Reduction of CO2 production by both energy conservation as well as shifting to other energy sources is recommended instead.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Neftel, A., H. Oeschger, T. Staffelbach and B. Stauffer. (1988). “CO2 record in the Byrd ice core, 50,000 - 5,000 years BP”, in Nature, 331, pp. 609–611.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Knox, F., and M.B. McElroy. (1984). “Changes in atmospheric CO2: influence of the marine biota at high latitude.” in J. Geophys. Res., 89, pp. 4629–4637.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Broecker, W.S. (1982). “Glacial to interglacial changes in ocean chemistry.” in Progress in Oceanography, 11, pp. 151–197.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Broecker, W.S. (1987). “Unpleasant surprises in the greenhouse?” in Nature, 238, pp. 123–126.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sarmiento, J.L., and J.R. Toggweiler. (1984). “A new model for the role of the ocean in determining atmospheric pCO2.” in Nature, 308, pp. 624-

    Google Scholar 

  6. Mix, A.C., and R.G. Fairbanks. (1985). “North Atlantic surface-ocean control of Pleistocene deep-ocean circulation.” in Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 73, pp. 231–243.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Boyle, E.A. (1986). “Paired carbon and cadmium isotope data in benthic foraminifera: Implications for changes in oceanic phosphorus, oceanic circulation, and atmospheric carbon dioxide.” in Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 50, pp. 265–276.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Boyle, E.A. (1988). “Vertical oceanic nutrient fractionation and glacial/interglacial CO2 cycles.” in Nature, 331, pp. 55–56.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sundquist, E.T., & W.S. Broecker. (Eds.,). (1985). “The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present.” in AGU Geophys. Monograph Series, Washington D.C., Vol.32, 627pp.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Moore, B., and B. Bolin. (1986). “The oceans, CO2 and global climate change.” in Oceanus, 29, pp. 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bolin, B., BoR. Doos, J. Jager and R.A. Warrick. (1986). “The greenhouse effect, climatic change and ecosystems.” in SCOPE-29, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 541pp.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Broecker, W.S., & T.H. Peng. (1987). “The role of CaCO3 in glacial to interglacial atmospheric CO2 change.” in Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1, pp. 15–29.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sarnthein, M., K. Winn, J.C. Duplessy and M.R. Fontugne. (1988). “Global variations of surface ocean productivity in low and mid latitudes: influence on CO2 reservoirs of the deep ocean and atmosphere during the last 21,000 years.” in Paleooceanography, 3(3), pp. 361–399.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Berger, W.H., V.S. Smetacek and G. Wefer. (Eds.,). (1988). “Productivity of the Ocean: Past and Present.” Dahlem Konferenzen, April 1988.John Wiley and Sons Ltd., (Chichester); in press.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Keeling, C.D., R.B. Bacastow, A.E. Bainbridge, C.A. Ekdahl Jr., P.R. Gunther, L.S. Waterman and J.F.S. Chin. (1976a). “Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Lao Observatory, “in Tellus, V28, pp. 538–551.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Keeling, C.D., J.A. Adams Jr., C.A. Ekdahl and P.R. Gunther. (1976b). “Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at the South Pole.” in Tellus, V28, pp. 552–564.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gammon, R.H., E.T. Sundquist and P.J. Fraser. (1985). “History of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.” In: J.R. Trabalka (Ed.,) Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, U.S. DOE/ER-0239, pp. 25–62.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Houghton, R. A. and G.M. Woodwell. (1989). “Global Climatic Change.” in Scientific American 260, pp. 18–26.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bryan, K. (1986). “Man’s great geophysical experiment: can we model the consequences?” in Oceanus, 29, pp. 36–42.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Tyndall, J. (1863). “On radiation through the Earth’s atmosphere.” in Phil. Mag., 4, 200.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Callendar, G.S. (1938). “The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature.” in Q.J.Roy.Meteorol.Soc., 64, 223.

    Google Scholar 

  22. National Academy of Sciences. (1983). “Changing Climate.” Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 360p.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Schlesinger, M.E., W.L. Gates and Y.J. Han. (1985). “The role of the ocean in carbon-dioxide-induced climate change: Preliminary results from the OSU coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model.” In: J.C.J. Nihoul (Ed.,), Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models, Elsevier, 767p.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Trabalka, J.R. and D.E. Reichle. (1986). The Changing Carbon Cycle: A Global Analysis, Springer Verlag, New York, NY, 592p.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  25. Ferguson, H.L. (Ed.,) (1988). World Conference on The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security, Toronto, Ontario, June 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Jones, P.D., T.M.L. Wigley, C.K. Folland, D.E. Parker, J.K. Angell, S. Lebedeff and J.E. Hansen. (1988). “Evidence for global warming in the past decade.” in Nature, 332, 790.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hare, F.K. (1988). “Jumping the greenhouse gun?” in Nature, 334, 646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Grove, J.M. (1988). The Little Ice Age. Methuen. 498p.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Takahashi, T., W.S. Broecker, A.E. Bainbridge and R.F. Weiss. (1980). “Carbonate chemistry of the surface waters of the world oceans.” In: E. Goldberg, Y. Horibe and K. Saruhashi (Eds.,) in Isotope Marine Chemistry, Ochida Rokakuho, Tokyo, 147–182.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bacastow, R.B. (1976). “Modulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide by the southern oscillation.” in Nature, 261, 116-

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bacastow, R.B. (1977). “Influence of the southern oscillation on atmospheric carbon dioxide.” In: N.R. Anderson and A. Malahoff (Eds.,) The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO 2 , in the Oceans, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 33–43.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  32. Keeling, C.D. and R. Revelle. (1985). “Effects of El Nino/Southern Oscillation on the atmospheric content of carbon dioxide.” in Meteoritics, 20, pp. 437–450.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Brewer, P.G. (1986). “What controls the variability of carbon dioxide in the surface ocean? A plea for complete information,” in Burton, J.D., P.G. Brewer and R. Chesselet (Eds.,) (1986). Dynamic Processes in the Chemistry of the Upper Ocean. NATO Conference Series, IV Marine Sciences, Vol. 17, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 215–231.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  34. Hansen, J., A. Lacis, D. Rind, G. Russell, P. Stone, I. Fung, R. Ruedy and J. Lerner. (1984). “Climate sensitivity: analysis of feedback mechanisms,” in J.E. Hansen and T. Takahashi (Eds.,) Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity. Maurice Ewing Series, Vol. 5, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington D.C., pp. 130–163.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Washington, W.M., and G.A. Meehl. (1984. “Seasonal cycle experiment on the climate sensitivity due to a doubling of CO2 with an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a simple mixed-layer ocean model.” in J. Geophys. res., 89, pp. 9475–9503.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Wetherald, R.T., and S. Manabe. (1986). “An investigation of cloud cover change in response to thermal forcing.” in Climatic Change 8, 5–23.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Wetherald, R.T. and S. Manabe. (1988). “Cloud feedback processes in a general cirulation model.” in J. Atmos. Sci., 45 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Schlesinger, M. (1986). “Equilibrium and transient climatic warming induced by increased atmospheric CO2.” in Climate Dynamics, 1, pp. 35–51.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Wilson, C.A. and J.F.B. Mitchell. (1987). “A doubled CO2 climate sensitivity experiment with a global climate model including a simple ocean.” in J. geophys. res., 92, 13, pp. 315–343.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Schlesinger, M. & J.F.B. Mitchell. (1987). “Climate model simulations of the equilibrium climatic response to increased carbondioxide.” in Rev. of Geophys., 25, pp. 760–798.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Schlesinger, M. & Z.C. Zhao. (1988). “Seasonal climatic changes induced by doubled CO2 as simulated by the OSU GCM/mixed layer oceanmodel.” Report No. 70, Climatic Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 73pp.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Schlesinger, M. (1988). “Model projections of the climatic change induced by increased atmospheric CO2.” Paper presented at Symposium, Louvain la Neuve, August 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Broecker, W.S., & T.H. Peng. (1982). Tracers in the Sea. Eldigio Press, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, 690p.

    Google Scholar 

  44. O’Brien, J.J. (1986). “An important scientific controversy; oceanic CO2 fluxes.” in J. Geophys. Res., 91 (10) pp. 515–535.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Dugdale, R.C., and J.J. Goering. (1967). “Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity.” in Limnol. Ocean., 12, pp. 196–206.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Eppley, R.W., and B.J. Peterson. (1979). “Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean.” in Nature, 282, pp. 677–678.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Eppley, R.W. (1989). “New production: History, methods, problems.” In: Berger, W.H., V.S. Smetacek and G. Wefer. (Eds.,) (1988). Productivity of the Ocean: Past and Present. Dahlem Konferenzen, April 1988. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., (Chichester); in press.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hamilton, J.M., M.R. Lewis and B.R. Ruddick. (1989). “Vertical Fluxes of nitrate associated with salt fingers in the world oceans.” in J. of Geophys. Res. 94(C2), pp. 2137–2145.

    Google Scholar 

  49. De Baar, H.J.W., H.M. Van Aken, H.G. Fransz, G.M. Gansen, W.W.C. Gieskes, W.G. Mook and J.H. Stel. (1988). “Towards a Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Rationale and Objectives.” in Oceanography 1988, Proceedings of the Joint Oceanographic Assembly, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Stuiver, M.P., P.D. Quay and H.G. Ostlund. (1982). “Abyssal water carbon-14 distribution and the age of the world oceans.” in Science, 219, pp. 849–851.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Keeling, C.D., A.F. Carter and W.G. Mook. (1984). “Seasonal, Latitudinal and Secular variations in the Abundance and Isotopic Ratios of Atmospheric CO2: Results from Oceanographic Cruises in the Tropical Pacific Ocean.” in J. Geophys. Res., 89, pp. 4615–4628.

    Google Scholar 

  52. McCave, I.N. (1975). “Vertical flux of particulates in the ocean.” in Deep-Sea Res., 22, pp. 491–502.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Honjo, S. (1980). “Material fluxes and modes of sedimentation in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones.” in J. Mar. Res., 38, pp. 53–97.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Wakeham, S.G., J.W. Farrington, R.B. Gagosian, C. Lee, H. De Baar, G.E. Nigrelli, B.W. Tripp, S.O. Smith and N.M. Frew. (1980). “Organic matter fluxes from sediment traps in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean.” in Nature, 286, pp. 798–800.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Fowler, S.W. and G.A. Knauer. (1986). “Role of large Particles in the Transport of Elements and Organic Compounds Through the Oceanic Water Column.” in Prog. Oceanog., 16, pp„ 147–194.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Martin, J.H., G.A. Knauer, D.M. Karl and W.W. Broenkow. (1987). “VERTEX carbon cycling in the Northeast Pacific.” in Deep-Sea Res., 34, pp. 267–285.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Pilskaln, C. and S. Honjo. (1987). “The fecal pellet fraction of biogeochemical particle fluxes to the deep sea.” in Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1, pp. 31–48.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Pace, M.L., G.A. Knauer, D.M. Karl and J.H. Martin. (1987). “Particulate matter fluxes in the ocean: A predictive model.,” in Nature, 325, pp. 803–804.

    Google Scholar 

  59. De Baar, H.J.W., Farrington, J.W. and S.G. Wakeham. (1983). “Vertical flux of fatty acids in the North Atlantic Ocean.” in J. Mar. Res., 41, pp. 19–41.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Lee, C. & C. Cronin. (1984). “Particulate amino acids in the sea: Effects of primary productivity and biological decomposition.” in J. Mar. Res., 42, pp. 1075–1097.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Wakeham, S.G., C. Lee, J.W. Farrington and R.B. Gagosian. (1984). “Biogeochemistry of particulate organi matter in the oceans: results from sediment trap experiments.” in Deep-Sea Res., 31, pp. 509–528.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Watson, A.J. and M. Whitfield. (1985). “Composition of particles in the global ocean.” in Deep-Sea Res., 32, pp. 1023–1039.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Deuser, W.G. (1986). “Seasonal and interannual variations in deep-water particle fluxes in the Sargasso Sea and their relation to surface hydrography.” in Deep-Sea Res., 33A, pp. 225–246.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Sugimura, Y. and Y. Suzuki. (1988). “A high temperature catalytic oxidation method for the determination of non-volatile dissolved organic carbon in seawater by direct injection of a liquid sample.” in Mar. Chem., 24, pp. 105–131.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Karl, D.M., G.A. Knauer and J.H. Martin. (1988). “Downward flux of particulate organic matter in the ocean: a particle decomposition paradox.” in Nature, 332, pp. 438–441.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Cho, B.C. and F. Azam. (1988). “Major role of bacteria in biogeochemical fluxes in the ocean’s interior.” in Nature, 332, pp. 441–443.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Williams, P.M. and E.R.M. Druffel. (1988). “Dissolved Organic Matter in the Ocean: Comments on a Controversy.” in Oceanography, 1, pp. 14–17.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Toggweiler, J.R. (1989). “Is the downward dissolved organic matter (DOM) flux important in carbon transport?” in W.H. Berger, V.S. Smetacek and G. Wefer (Eds.,). (1988). Productivity of the Ocean: Past and Present. Dahlem Konferenzen, April 1988. John Wiley and Sons Ltd (Chichester); in press.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Williams, P.J. leB. (1981). “Incorporation of micro-heterotrophic processes into the classical paradigm of the planktonic food web.” in Kieler Meeresforsch., 5, pp. 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Williams, P.J. LeB. (1984). “Bacterial production in the marine food chain: The emperor’s new suit of clothes?” in M.J.R. Fasham (Ed.,) Flows of Energy and Materials in Marine Ecosystems, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 271–299.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  71. Azam, F., T. Fenchel, J.G. Field, J.S. Gray, L.A. Meyer-Reil and F. Thingstad. (1983). “The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea.” in Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 10, pp. 257–263.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Hobbie, J.E. and P.J. Leb. Williams. (Eds.,). (1984). “Heterotrophic activity in the sea.” NATO conference Series IV: Marine Science, Plenum Press, Vol. 15, xv + 569 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Bird, D. and J. Kalff. (1984). “Empirical relationship between bacterial abundance and chlorophyll concentration in fresh and marine waters. “in Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 41, pp. 1015–1023.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hodson, R.E. and F. Azam. (1977). “Size distribution and activity of matine microheterotrophs.” in Limnol. Oceanogr. 22, pp. 492–501.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ducklow, H.W., D.A. Purdie, P.J. Leb. Williams and J.M. Davies. (1986). “Bacterioplankton: A sink for carbon in a coastal plankton community.” in Science, 232, 865–867.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Platt T. (1985). “Structure of the marine ecosystem: Its allometric basis.” in R.E. Ulanowicz and T. Platt (Eds.,). Ecosystem Theory for Biological Oceanography. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquatic. Sci., 213, pp. 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Frost, B.W. (1984). “Utilization of phytoplankton production in the surface layer.” in Global Ocean Flux Study: Proceedings of a Workshop, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., pp. 125–135.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Fasham, M.J.R. (1985). “Flow analysis of materials in the marine euphotic zone.” in Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 213, pp. 139–162.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Fransz, H.G. and J.H.G. Verhagen. (1985). “Modelling research on the production cycle of phytoplankton in the Southern Bight of the North sea in relation to riverborne nutrient loads.” in Neth.J.Sea Res., 19, pp. 241–250.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Deuser, W.G., E.H. Ross, C. Hemleben and M. Spindler. (1981). “Seasonal change in species composition, numbers, mass, size and isotopie composition of planktonic foraminifera settling into the deep Sargasso Sea.” in Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology and Paleoecology, 33, pp. 103–127.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Volk, T. and M.I. Hoffert. (1985). “Ocean Carbon Pumps: Analysis of Relative Strengths and Efficiencies in Ocean-Driven Atmospheric CO2 changes.” in E.T. Sundquist and W.S. Broecker (Eds.,). The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO 2 : Natural Variations Archean to Present. Geophys.. Monograph Series, Vol. 32, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington D.C., pp. 99–110

    Google Scholar 

  82. Skirrow, G. (1975). “The dissolved gases — Carbon Dioxide.” in J.P. Riley and G. Skirrow (Eds.,) Chemical Oceanography, New York, Academic Press, pp. 1–192.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Kennett, J.P. (1982). Marine Geology, Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 813 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Baes, C.F. and G.G. Killough. (1986). “Chemical and biological processes in CO2-Ocean Models.” in J.R. Trabalka and D.E. Reichle (Eds.,). The Changing Carbon Cycle: A Global Analysis, New York, Springer Verlag, 329–347 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Shaffer, G. (1989). “A model of biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur in the Ocean: one step toward a global climate model.” in J. of Geophys. Res. 94(C2), pp. 1979–2004.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Plass, G.N. (1972). “Relationship betweem atmospheric carbon dioxide amount and the properties of the sea.” in Environ. Sci. Technol. 6(8), pp. 736–740.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Hoffert, M.I. (1974). “Global distribution of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the fossil fuel era: a projection.” in Atmospheric Environment 8, pp. 1225–1249.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Sundquist, E.T. (1988). “Implications of Pleistocene CO2 changes for the long term buffering of antropogenie CO2.” in EOS 69(44), 1236.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Berner, R.A. and A.C. Lasaga. (1989). “Modeling the geochemical Carbon Cycle.” in Scientific American March 1989, pp. 54–61.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Siegenthaler, U. and H. Oeschger. (1978). “Predicting future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.” in Science 199(4237), pp. 388–395.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Trabalka, J.R., J.A. Edmonds, J. M. Reilly, R. H. Gardner and D.E. Reichle. (1986). “Atmospheric CO2 projections with globally averaged carbon cycle models.” in J.R. Trabalka and D.E. Reichle (Eds.,). The Changing Carbon Cycle: A Global Analysis, New York, Springer Verlag, pp. 534–560.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  92. Marland, G. (1986). “Technical fixes for limiting the increase of atmospheric CO2: A review.” Institute for Energy Analysis, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennesee, U.S.A., August, Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Dyson, F.J. (1976). “Can we control the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?” IEA(0)-76-4, Institute for Energy Analysis, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, July.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Dyson, F.J. and G. Marland (1979). “Technical fixes for the climatic effects of CO2.” in W.P. Elliott and L. Machta, Workshop on the global effects of Carbon dioxide from fossil fuels, Miami Beach, Florida, March 7–11, 1977, U.S. Department of Energy, CONF-770305, pp. 111–118.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Broecker, W.S. (1977). Unpublished manuscript as cited by Marland (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  96. Marchetti, C. (1975). “On geoengineering and the CO2 problem,” International Institute for Applied Systems analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, July.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Marchetti, C. (1978). “Constructive solutions to the CO2 problem,” International Institute for Applied Systems analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Whitehead, J. A. (1989). “Giant Ocean Cataracts.” in Scientific American February 1989, pp. 36–43.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Baes, C.F., S.E. Beall and G. Marland. (1979). “Options for collection and disposal of carbon dioxide from concentrated sources.” in U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Control Symposium, Proceedings, DOE/EV-0046, Vol. 1, pp. 260–271.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Baes, C.F., S.E. Beall, D.W. Lee and G. Marland. (1980a). “Options for the collection and disposal of carbon dioxide.” ORNL-5657, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Baes, C.F., S.E. Beall, D.W. Lee and G. Marland. (1980b). “The collection, disposal and storage of carbon dioxide.” in W. Bach, J. Pankrath and J. Williams (Eds.) Interactions of Energy and Climate, pp. 495–519, Reidel Publishing Co., Boston, Massachusetts.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  102. Hohmann, R.P. and A.H. Kwai. (1980). “A survey of methods for isolating and containing gaseous carbon dioxide as nonvolatile products.” ORNL/MIT-291, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Hoffert, M.I., Y-C Wey, A.J. Callegari and W.S. Broecker. (1979). “Atmospheric response to deep-sea injections of fossil fuel carbon dioxide.” in Climatic Change 2, pp. 53–68.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Lysen, E.H. (1989). “The absorption of carbon dioxide by the Oceans, Amersfoort, April 1989 (in Dutch). Dutch Ministry of the Environment (VROM/DGM) ELMI — Project.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Baron, S., and M. Steinberg. (1975). “The economics of the production of liquid fuel and fertilizer by the fixation of atmospheric carbon and nitrogen using nuclear power.” BNL 20273, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Albanese, A.S., and M. Steinberg. (1980). “Environmental control technology for atmospheric carbon dioxide.” Final report, DOE/EV- 0079, U.S. Department of Energy.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  107. Horn, F.L., and M. Steinberg. (1982). “Posible storage sites for disposal and environmental control of atmospheric carbon dioxide.” BNL-51597, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Steinberg, M. (1983). “An analysis of concepts for controlling atmospheric carbon dioxide.” DOE/CH/ 00016–1, U.S. Department of Energy.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Steinberg, M., H.C. Cheng and F. Horn. (1984). “A systems study for the removal, recovery and disposal of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel power plants in the U.S.” DOE/CH/00016–2, U.S. Department of Energy.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Steinberg, M., and H.C. Cheng. (1988). “A systems study for the removal, recovery and disposal of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel power plants in the U.S.” Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, May 1984. For: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, carbon dioxide research Division.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Kaplan, L.J. (1982). “Cost saving process recovers CO2 from power plant Fuel Gas.” in Chem. Eng. November 29, p. 30.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Ellington, R.T., L. Warzel, B. Achilladelis, K. Saldanha and M.J. Mueller. (1984). “Scrubbing CO2 from plant exhausts provides economic sources of gas for EOR Projects.” in Oil and Gas Journal, October 15, pp. 112–124.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Blok, K., C. Hendriks and W. Turkenburg. (1989). “The role of carbon dioxide removal in the reduction of the greenhouse effect.” Contribution to the IEA/OECD Expert Seminar on Energy Technologies for Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse gases, Paris, 12–14th April, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Oeschger, H. and B. Staufer. (1986). “Review of the history of atmospheric CO2 recorded in Ice Cores,” in J.R. Trabalka (Ed.,) Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, U.S. DOE/ER-0239, pp. 89–108.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Rotty, R.M. and C.D. Masters. (1985). Carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion: rends, resources and technological implications,” in J.R. Trabalka (Ed.,) Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, U.S. DOE/ER-0239, pp. 63–80

    Google Scholar 

  116. Marland, G. (personal communication).

    Google Scholar 

  117. Perry, A.M. (1986). “Possible changes in the future Use of fossil fuel to limit environmental effects.” in J.R. Trabalka (Ed.,) Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, U.S. DOE/ER-0239, pp. 561–570.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Cheng, H.C., M. Steinberg and M. Beller. (1986). “Effects of energy technology on global CO2 emissions,” DOE/NBB-0076, pp. 1–92.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Rotty, R.M. and G. Marland. (1986). “Fossil fuel combustion: recent amounts, patterns and trends of CO2.” in J.R. Trabalka and D.E. Reichle (Eds.,). The Changing Carbon Cycle — A Global Analysis, New York, Springer Verlag, pp. 474–490.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  120. Barnola, J.M., D. Raynaud, Y.S. Koretkevich and C. Lorius. (1987). “Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2.” in Nature, 329, pp. 408–414.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Climate Research Unit, Netherlands Institute of Ocean Sciences (NIOZ), P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands

    Hein J. W. de Baar & Michel H. C. Stoll

Authors
  1. Hein J. W. de Baar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michel H. C. Stoll
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Petten (NH), The Netherlands

    P. A. Okken

  2. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    R. J. Swart  & S. Zwerver  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de Baar, H.J.W., Stoll, M.H.C. (1989). Storage of Carbon Dioxide in the Oceans. In: Okken, P.A., Swart, R.J., Zwerver, S. (eds) Climate and Energy: The Feasibility of Controlling CO2 Emissions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0485-9_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0485-9_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6704-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0485-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation