Abstract
Despite the wide Eurosiberian range of the apollo butterfly, its local sites are thinly scattered and particular populations are very isolated (1978, Glassl 1993). In the northwestern part of its range the species is clearly declining. This process has been observed and recorded in Scandinavia (Bengtsson et al. 1989, Mikkola 1979), and in Central and Eastern Europe from Germany (Glassl 1993) through Bohemia (Novak & Spitzer 1982), Slovakia (Kulfan & Kulfan 1991), and Poland (Witkowski 1986) to West Russia and Ukraine (Sytnik et al. 1988). In Poland, the rate of P. apollo decline in the last two centuries (Witkowski 1986), as well as the rates of decline of the two remaining populations of this butterfly in the Tatry Mountains and Pieniny Mountains have been documented (Nuorteva et al. 1993).
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Witkowski, Z., Adamski, P. (1996). Decline and Rehabilitation of the Apollo Butterfly Parnassius Apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Pieniny National Park (Polish Carpathians). In: Settele, J., Margules, C., Poschlod, P., Henle, K. (eds) Species Survival in Fragmented Landscapes. The GeoJournal Library, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0343-2_2
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