Abstract
The landscapes and ecosystems of Central and Western Europe are of recent origin. They developed after the end of the last ice age. The retreat of the ice was followed by a continuous immigration of species and changes to the developing ecosystems (Erz 1983). Humans played a role in these changes early on by exploiting and cultivating land resources (Ellenberg 1986, Küster 1992). Natural ecosystems - ecosystems with a minimum of human interference - barely had the chance to evolve or soon disappeared (De Vries 1995).For a considerable time, human land use contributed to a diversification of the developing cultural landscape, made habitats available for many species, and created new ecosystems with a wide range of extensively used habitats. These biotopes, e.g. species rich grasslands, are now considered very valuable for nature conservation because they shrank from about 30% of the cultivated land to less than 1% due to intensification of agriculture and forestry. Even the fauna of our nature reserves principally is now a product of the developing cultural landscape. Within the last century, the cultural landscape rapidly changed again and the diversification process was reversed (Erz 1983). In spite of numerous activities, the on-going decline and finally demise of species could not be stopped. This led to doubts about the efficiency of conservation measures and strategies practiced so far. In Germany, these strategies consisted mainly of the formal protection of numerous small reserves without any consideration of the area required for viable populations and in the implementation of systems of habitats connected by corridors.
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Muhlenberg, M., Henle, K., Settele, J., Poschlod, P., Seitz, A., Kaule, G. (1996). Studying Species Survival in Fragmented Landscapes: The Approach of the FIFB. In: Settele, J., Margules, C., Poschlod, P., Henle, K. (eds) Species Survival in Fragmented Landscapes. The GeoJournal Library, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0343-2_16
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0343-2_16
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