Abstract
In this paper we discuss how thermo-chemical nonequilibrium models must be chosen to suit specific hypersonic flows. Current models can be very complicated, involving a large chemical kinetics model and many internal energy modes. Also, realistic hypersonic flows have a very large range of length scales, making them difficult to simulate with computational methods. Therefore, it is important to use thermo-chemical models that are appropriate; the models should have sufficient complexity to capture the relevant properties of the flow, with a minimum of computational cost. Thus, there is no single thermo-chemical model that is appropriate for all re-entry flows, and more complicated models may not be useful because they make the problem computationally intractable.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bose, D. and Candler, G.V. (1996) Kinetics of the N2 + O → NO + N Reaction in Nonequilibrium Flows, AIAA Paper No. 96–0104.
Boyd, I.D., Chen, G. and Candler, G.V. (1995) Predicting Failure of the Continuum Fluid Equations in Transitional Hypersonic Flows, Physics of Fluids 7 pp. 210–219.
Boyd, I.D., Candler, G.V. and Levin, D.A. (1995) Dissociation Modeling in Low Density Hypersonic Flows of Air, Physics of Fluids 7 pp. 1757–1763.
Burnett, D. (1936) The Distribution of Molecular Velocities and the Mean Motion in a Non-Uniform Gas, Proc. London Mathematical Soc. 40 pp. 382.
Clarke, J.F. and McChesney, M. (1975) Dynamics of Relaxing Gases Butterworths, London.
Faist, M.B., Muckerman, J T and Schubert, F.E. (1978) Importance Sampling and Histogrammic Representations of Reactivity Functions and Product Distributions in Monte Carlo Quasiclassical Trajectory Calculations, J. Chem. Phys. 69 pp. 4087–4096.
Gilibert, M., Aguilar, A., González, M. and Sayós, R. (1993) Quasiclassical Trajectory Study of \( N{{(}^{4}}{{S}_{u}}) + {{O}_{2}}({{X}^{3}}\Sigma _{g}^{ - }) \to NO({{X}^{2}}II) + O{{(}^{3}}{{P}_{g}}) \) Atmospheric Reaction on the 2 Atmospheric Reaction on the 2A ‘Ground Potential Energy Surface Employing an Analytical Sorbie-Murrell Potential, Chem. Phys. 172 pp. 99–115.
Gilibert, M., Aguilar, A., Gonzalez, M. and Sayós, R. (1993) Dynamics of the \( N{{(}^{4}}{{S}_{u}}) + NO({{X}^{2}}II) \to {{N}_{2}}({{X}^{1}}\Sigma _{g}^{ + }) + O{{(}^{3}}{{P}_{g}}) \) Atmospheric Reaction on the 3A“ Ground Potential Energy Surface II. Analytical Potential Energy Surface and Preliminary Quasiclassical Trajectory Calculations, J. Chem. Phys. 99 pp. 1719–1733.
Gilibert, M., Aguilar, A., Gonzalez, M., Mota, F. and Sayds, R. (1993) Dynamics of the \( N{{(}^{4}}{{S}_{u}}) + NO({{X}^{2}}II) \to {{N}_{2}}({{X}^{1}}\Sigma _{g}^{ + }) + O{{(}^{3}}{{P}_{g}}) \) Atmospheric Reaction on the 3 A“ Ground Potential Energy Surface I. Analytical Potential Energy Surface and Preliminary Quasiclassical Trajectory Calculations, J. Chem. Phys. 97 pp. 5542–5553.
Hassan, B., Candler, G.V. and Olynick, D.R. (1993) Thermo-Chemical Nonequilibrium Effects on the Aerothermodynamics of Aerobraking Vehicles, J. Spacecraft and Rockets 30 pp. 647–655.
Heims, S.P. (1963) Moment Equations for Vibrational Relaxation Coupled with Dissociation, J. Chem. Phys. 38 pp. 603.
Hirst, D.M. (1985) Potential Energy Surfaces: Molecular Structure and Reaction Dynamics Taylor and Francis, London.
Karplus, M., Porter, R.N. and Sharma, R.D. (1965) Exchange Reactions with Activation Energy, J. Chem. Phys. 43 pp. 3259–3287.
Lee, J.H. (1985) Basic Governing Equations for the Flight Regimes of Aeroassisted Orbital Transfer Vehicles, Thermal Design of Aeroassisted Orbital Transfer Vehicles, ed. H.F. Nelson, Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics 96 pp. 3–53.
Levin, D.A., Candler, G.V. Collins, R.J., Erdman, P.W., Zipf, E.C. and Howlett, L.C. (1994) Examination of Theory for Bow Shock Ultraviolet Rocket Experiments-I, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 8 pp. 447–452.
Levin, D.A., Candler, G.C. and Collins, R.J. (1995) An Overlay Method for Calculating Excited State Species Properties in Hypersonic Flows, AIAA Paper No. 95–2073.
Lumpkin, F. E., III and Chapman, D.R. (1992) Accuracy of the Burnett Equations for Hypersonic Real Gas Flows, J. Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 6 pp. 419–425.
Macheret, S.O. and Rich, J.W. (1993) Nonequilibrium Dissociation Rates Behind Strong Shock Waves. Classical Model, J. Chem. Phys. 174 pp. 25.
Marrone, P.V. and Treanor, C.E. (1963) Chemical Relaxation With Preferential Dissociation from Excited Vibrational Levels, Physics of Fluids 6 pp. 1215–1221.
Olejniczak, J., Candler, G.V., Hornung, H.G. and Wen, C. (1994) Experimental Evaluation of Vibration-Dissociation Coupling Models, AIAA Paper No. 94–1983.
Park, C. (1986) Assessment of Two-Temperature Kinetic Model for Dissociating and Weakly Ionizing Nitrogen, AIAA Paper No. 86–1347.
Park, C., Howe, J.T., Jaffe, R.L. and Candler, G.V. Review of Chemical-Kinetic Problems of Future NASA Missions, II: Mars Entries, J. Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 8 pp. 9–23.
Porter, R.N. and Raff, L.M. (1976) Classical Trajectory Methods in Molecular Collisions, Dynamics of Molecular Collisions Part B, ed. W.H. Miller, Plenum, New York, pp. 1–50.
Truhlar, D.G. and Muckerman, J.T. (1979) Reactive Scattering Cross Sections III: Quasiclassical and Semiclassical Methods, Atom Molecule Collision Theory, ed. R.B. Bernstein, Plenum, New York, pp. 505–561.
Walch, S.P. and Jaffe, R.L. (1986) Calculated Potential Surfaces for the Reactions: O + N2 → NO + N and N + O2 → NO + O,“ J. Chem. Phys 86 pp. 6946–6956.
Zhong, X., MacCormack, R.W. and Chapman, D.R. (1993) Stabilization of the Burnett Equations and Applications to Hypersonic Flows, AIAA J. 31 pp. 1036.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Candler, G.V., Bose, D., Olejniczak, J. (1996). Interfacing Nonequilibrium Models with Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods. In: Capitelli, M. (eds) Molecular Physics and Hypersonic Flows. NATO ASI Series, vol 482. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0267-1_42
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0267-1_42
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6604-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0267-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive