Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Solids Dispersion in Liquids

  • Chapter
Carbide, Nitride and Boride Materials Synthesis and Processing

  • 1873 Accesses

Abstract

Spray drying is a cost-effective process for granulating non-oxide ceramic powders. Granulation is necessary to achieve good powder flow properties. For a dry pressing operation, good flow properties are essential to obtain uniform die filling and high green bulk densities. A variety of non-oxide ceramic powders have been spray dried to produce dense, flowable granules. Some of these materials are SiC, Si3N4, AlN, WC and mixed carbides.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adair, J.H., Mutsuddy, B.C. and Drauglis, E.J. (1988) Stabilization of silicon carbide suspensions: I. Influence of surface oxidation in aqueous suspensions. Adv. Ceram. Mat., 3(3), 231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, A.H.M. and Andersen, J. (1930) Uber die Beziehung zwischen Kornabstufan und Swishenraum in Produkten aus losen Korhern (mit einigen Experimenten). Kolloid Z., 50, 217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, H.A., Hutton, J.F. and Walters, K. (1989) An Introduction to Rheology, Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bensley, C.N. and Hunter, R.J. (1983) The coagulation of concentrated colloidal dispersions at low electrolyte concentrations: I. Rate of coagulation and the onset of instability. J. Coll. Int. Sci., 92(2), 436.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergstrom, L. and Pugh, R.H. (1989) Interfacial characterization of silicon nitride powders. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72, 103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Busca, G., Lorenzelli, V., Pocile, G., Baraton, M.I., Quintand, P. and Marchand, R. (1986) FTIR study of the surface properties of silicon nitride. Mat. Chem. Phys., 14, 123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D.L. (1913) A contribution to the theory of electrocapillarity. Phil. Mag., 25, 475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou, K.S. and Lee, L.J. (1989) Effect of dispersants on the rheological properties and slip casting of concentrated alumina slurries. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72(9), 1622.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, E.A., Hoffman, D.J. and Soni, P.L. (1979) Rheology of PVC dispersions: I. Effect of particle size and particle size distribution. J. Coll. Int. Sci., 71(1), 21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crimp, M.J., Johnson, R.E. Jr, Halloran, J.W. and Feke, D.L. (1986) Colloidal behavior of silicon carbide and silicon nitride, in Science of Ceramic Chemical Processing, John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einstein, A. (1956) Investigation of the Broiwnian Movement, Dover, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feat, G.R. and Levine, S. (1976) The double-layer interaction of two charged colloidal spherical particles of a concentrated dispersion in a medium of low dielectric constant: III. Approximation of perfectly conducting particles. J. Coll. Int. Sci., 54, 34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Firth, B.A. (1976) Flow properties of coagulated suspensions: II. Experimental properties of the flow curve parameters. J. Coll. Int. Sci., 57(2), 257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowkes, F.M. (1981) Dispersion of ceramic powders in organic media, in Ceramic Powder Science, Advances in Ceramics, Vol. 21, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowkes, F.M. and Pugh, R.J. (1984) Steric and electrostatic contributions to the colloidal properties of nonaqueous dispersions, in Polymer Adsorption and Dispersion Stability, ACS Symposium Series 240, The American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fowkes, F.M., Jinnai, H., Mostafa, M.A., Anderson, F.W. and Moore, R.J. (1982) Electrical charging of particles, in Colloids and Surfaces in Reprographic Technologies (eds M.L. Hair and M.D. Croucher), ACS Symposium Series 307, The American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Funk, J.E., Dinger, D.R. and Funk, J.E. Jr. (1980) Coal grinding and particle size distribution studies for coal-water slurries at high solids loadings. Alfred University Research Foundation, Alfred, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouy, G. (1910) Concerning the surface electric charge of an electrolyte. Ann. Phys. (Paris), 4(9), 257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greil, P., Nagel, A., Stadelmann, H. and Petzow, G. (1989) Review: Colloidal processing of silicon nitride ceramics, in Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines (Proceedings Third International Symposium), The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, p. 319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashiba, M., Okamoto, H., Nurishi, Y. and Hiramatsu, K. (1988) The zeta-potential measurement for concentrated aqueous suspension by improved electrophoretic mass transport apparatus — application to alumina, zirconia, and silicon carbide suspensions. J. Mater. Sci., 23(8), 2893.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heimenz, P.C. (1977) Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirokawa, K. and Taniguchi, H. (1991) Aluminum nitride particles and their manufacture. German Patent DE 4119695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, E.R. (1972) Importance of binders in spray dried pressbodies. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 51(3), 240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg, R., Healy, T.W. and Fuerstenau, D.W. (1966) Mutual coagulation of colloidal dispersions. Disc. Faraday Soc., 62, 1638.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, R.J. (1987) Foundations of Colloid Science, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, R.O., Stiglich, P.J. and Healy, T.W. (1981) In Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions (ed. P.H. Tewari), Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R.E. and Morrison, W.H. (1987) Ceramic powder dispersion in nonaqueous systems, in Ceramic Powder Science, Advances in Ceramics, Vol. 21 (eds G.L. Messing, J.W. McCauley, K.S. Mazdiyasni and R.A. Haber), The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, p. 323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitahara, A. (1984) Nonaqueous systems, in Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces — Fundamentals, Measurements, and Applications, Surfactant Science Series, Vol. 15 (eds A. Kitahara and A. Watanabe), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 119–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kito, T. and Hattori, Y. (1987) Pelletization of ceramic powder. Japanese Patent JP 62114638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konsztowicz, K.J., Maksym, G., Maksym, T., King, H.W., Caley, W.F. and Vargha-Butler, E. (1992) The role of surface tension in the formation of donut-shaped granules during spray-drying. Ceram. Trans., 26, 46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H., Pober, R. and Calvert, P. (1986) Dispersion of powders in solutions of a block copolymer. J. Coll. Int. Sci., 110, 144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, H.C. and de Bruyn, P.L. (1966) Electrokinetic and adsorption studies on quartz. Surf. Sci., 5, 203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liden, E., Bergstrom, L., Persson, M. and Carlsson, R. (1991) Surface modification and dispersion of silicon nitride and silicon carbide powders. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 7, 361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lukasiewicz, S.J. (1989) Spray-drying ceramic powders. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72, 617.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyklema, J. (1968) Lyophobic colloidal dispersions. Adv. Coll. Int. Sci., 2, 65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyklema, J. (1984) Interfacial electrochemistry of disperse systems. Mat. Sci. Res., 17, 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malghan, S.G. and Lum, L. (1990) Factors affecting interface properties of silicon nitride powder in aqueous environment, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Ceramic Powder Processing Science, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malghan, S.G., Premachandran, R.S. and Pei, P.T. (1994) Mechanistic understanding of silicon nitride dispersion using cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. Powder Technol., 79(1), 43–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masters, K. (1985) Spray Drying Handbook, John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meenan, B.J., Haber, R.A. and Neisz, D.E. (1992) Processing of a high toughness silicon nitride material. Ceram. Trans., 26 (Form. Sci. Technol. Ceram.), 172.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michaels, A.S. and Bolger, J.S. (1962) The plastic flow behavior of deflocculate kaolin suspensions. I.C.E. Fund., Vol. I, p. 153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, M. (1951) The viscosity of a concentrated suspension of spherical particles. J. Coll. Sci., 6, 162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Napper, D.H. (1983) Polymeric Stabilization of Colloidal Dispersions, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsen, K.J., Riman, R.E. and Danforth, S.C. (1988) The effect of moisture on the processing of silicon nitride in imidazoline-hexane solutions, in Proceedings 3rd International Symposium on Ceramics in Engines, Las Vegas, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parfitt, G.D. and Peacock, J. (1978) Stability of colloidal dispersions in nonaqueous media, in Surface and Colloid Science, Vol. 10 (ed. E. Matjevic), Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parks, G.A. (1965) The isoelectric points of solid oxides, solid hydroxides, and aqueous hydroxo complex systems. Chem. Rev., 65(2), 177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persson, M., Hermansson, L. and Carlsson, R. (1983) Some aspects of slip casting of silicon nitride and silicon carbide, in Ceramic Powders, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 734.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peuckert, M. (1988) Manufacture of free-flowing sintering aid-coated silicon nitride powder and of sintered silicon nitride ceramics from this powder. German Patent DE 3711171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, G.W., Silwanowicz, A. and Romig, W. (1971) Role of particle size distribution in nonclay slip rheology. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 5, 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollinger, J.P. (1988) Dispersion and stabilization of multicomponent silicon nitride based aqueous suspensions, in Proceedings 3rd International Symposium on Ceramics in Engines, Las Vegas, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Premachandran, R.S. and Malghan, S.G. (1994) Dispersion characteristics of ceramic powders in the application of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. Powder Technol., 79(1), 53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, J.S. (1988) Introduction to the Principles of Ceramic Processing, John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reerink, H. and Overbeek, J.Th.G. (1954) The rate of coagulation as a measure of the stability of silver iodide salts. Disc. Faraday Soc., 62, 1638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiner, M. (1960) Deformation and Flow, 2nd edn, Interscience Publishing, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romo, L.A. (1966) Effect of C3, C4, and C5 alcohols and water on the stability of dispersions with alumina and aluminum hydroxide. Disc. Faraday Soc., 42, 232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwelm, M., Kaiser, G., Schultz, W., Schubert, H. and Petzow, G. (1993) The effect of alcohol treatment on the rheology of silicon nitride. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 11(4), 283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, D.J. (1983) Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry, 3rd edn, Butterworths, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, T.M. and Pethica, B.A. (1986) Preparation and sintering of homogeneous silicon nitride. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 69, 88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smit, W., Holten, C.L.M., Stein, H.N., DeGoeij, J.J.M. and Thelen, H.M.J. (1978) A radiotracer determination of the sorption of sodium ions by microporous silica films. J. Coll. Int. Sci., 67, 397.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stadelmann, H., Petzow, G. and Greil, P. (1989) Effects of surface purification on the properties of aqueous silicon nitride suspensions. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 5, 155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, O. (1924) The theory of the electrolytic double layer. Z. Elektrochem., 30, 508.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tadros, Th.F. (1980) Physical stability of suspension concentrates, in Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uematsu, K., Kim, J.Y., Miyashita, M., Nozomu, U. and Katsuichi, S. (1990) Direct observations of internal structure in spray-dried alumina granules. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 73(8), 2555.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vand, V. (1948) Viscosity of solutions and suspensions: I. Theory. J. Phys. Coll. Chem., 52(2), 277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vold, M.J. (1961) The effect of adsorption on the van der Waals interaction of spherical colloidal particles. J. Coll. Sci., 16, 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitman, P.K. (1987) Colloidal characterization of ultrafine silicon nitride and silicon carbide. PhD Thesis, Case Western Reserve University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiese, G.R. and Healy, T.W. (1975) Coagulation and electrokinetic behavior of TiO2 and A1203 colloidal dispersions. J. Coll. Int. Sci., 51, 427.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi, H. and Hiramatsu, Y. (1988) Preparation of silicon carbide granules for high-strength article. Japanese Patent JP 63210068.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yopps, J. and Fuerstenau, D.W. (1964) The zero point of charge of alpha-alumina. J. Coll. Sci., 19, 61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ceramics & Advanced Materials, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA

    Andrew G. Haerle & Kevin J. Nilsen

Authors
  1. Andrew G. Haerle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kevin J. Nilsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Colorado, Boulder, USA

    Alan W. Weimer (Professor of Chemical Engineering) (Professor of Chemical Engineering)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Chapman & Hall

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Haerle, A.G., Nilsen, K.J. (1997). Solids Dispersion in Liquids. In: Weimer, A.W. (eds) Carbide, Nitride and Boride Materials Synthesis and Processing. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0071-4_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0071-4_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6521-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0071-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation