Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Recombinant Organisms as Source of Cancer Biotherapeutics

  • Chapter
Book cover Principles of Cancer Biotherapy

  • 108 Accesses

Abstract

The last fifteen years have witnessed a tremendous rise in new biological treatments for cancer. These treatments, collectively referred to as ’biological therapy,’are primarily based on stimulating the natural host immune response against the cancerous cells. Biological therapies in combination with chemotherapy, surgery, or radiation therapy have started showing promise as effective means for treating cancer. New approaches in biological therapy have been possible mainly because of increased knowledge of the cellular immune system and especially to new developments in biotechnology. Recombinant DNA technology, for example, has made it possible to generate large amounts of many biological compounds for the first time. The novelty of recombinant technology is the precision and efficiency with which scientists can manipulate genes. The ability to isolate human genes and insert them into microorganisms which then produce human proteins, thereby serving as biological factories, has revolutionized the field of biological therapy. Interferons have special significance to recombinant DNA technology as paradigm modifiers of immune response. The interest in the therapeutic potential of interferon against cancer and viral diseases has served as catalyst to the emerging recombinant DNA industry. Despite its great promise as an antiviral agent, the clinical application of interferon has been rather slow, mainly because of the lack of methods for producing adequate amounts of the protein. Interest in interferon beyond the field of virology began in the early 1960s, when workers began to recognize its growth-inhibitory and immuneactivation properties. During the 1960s and early 1970s, reports of interferon’s antiviral and antitumor activity in laboratory animals and humans stirred up this interest and several groups decided to purify human interferon for clinical use.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Abbreviations

ADA:

adenosine deaminase

AML:

acute myeloid leukemia

bFGF:

basic fibroblast growth factor

CML:

chronic mylogenous leukemia

CSF:

colonystimulating factor

EGF:

epidermal growth factor

EPO:

erythropoietin

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

HIV:

human immunodeficiency virus

IFN:

interferon

IL:

interleukin

LIF:

leukemia inhibitory factor

MAb:

monclonal antibody

PDGF:

platelet-derived growth factor

PE:

Pseudomonas exotoxin

PEG:

polyethylene glycol

TGF:

transforming growth factor

TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

References

  1. Aggarwal BB, Gutterman JU eds. Human Cytokines: Handbook for Basic and Clinical Research, Boston (USA), Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Aggarwal BB, Pocsik E. Cytokines: From clone to clinic. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 292: 335–359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Aggarwal BB, Puri R. Common and uncommon features of cytokines and cytokine receptors: an overview. In: Human Cytokines: Their Role in Disease and Therapy (Aggarwal BB, Puri R, eds), Blackwell Science, 1994: pp3–24.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Aggarwal BB, Puri R (eds). Human cytokines: Their role in disease and therapy. Blackwell Science, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ahuja SK, Murphy PM. Molecular piracy of mammalian interleukin-8 receptor type B by herpes virus saimiri. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 20691–20694.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Alton K, Stabinsky Y, Richards R, et al. Production, characterization and biological effects of recombinant DNA derived human IFN-a and IFN-y analogues. In: The Biology of Interferon System (DeMaeyer E, Schellekens H, eds), Elsevier, North Holland 1983; ppl 19–127.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ambrus JL, Pippin J, Joseph A, et al. Identification of a cDNA for a human high molecular weight B-cell growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 6330–6334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Andus T, Gross V, Holstege A, et al. High concentrations of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in ascites. Hepatology 1992; 16: 749–755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Apelgren LD, Zimmerman DL, Briggs SL, Bumol TF. Antitumor activity of the monoclonal antibody-vinca alkaloid immunoconjugate LY203725 in a nude mouse model of human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 3540–3544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Arai K, Lee F, Miyajima A, et al. Cytokines: Coordinators of immune and inflammatory responses. Annu Rev Biochem 1990; 59:783–836.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Arai N, Nomura D, Villaret D, et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of the chromosomal gene for human interleukin 4 and its expression. J Immunol 1989; 142: 274–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bajorin DF, Cheung NKY Houghton AN. Macrophage colony stimulating factor: biological effects and potential applications for cancer therapy. Semin Hematol 1991; 28: 42–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Batra JK, Kasprzyk PG, Bird RE, Pastan I, King RC. Recombinant anti-erbB2 immunotoxins containing Pseudomonas exotoxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 5867–5871.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Baynes RD, Reddy GK, Shih YJ, Skikne BS, Cook JD. Serum form of the erythropoietin receptor identified by a sequence-specific peptide. Blood 1993; 82: 2088–2095.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Brinkmann U, Pai LH, FitzGerald DH, Willingham MC, Pastan I. B3(Fv)-PE38KDEL, a single chain immunotoxin that causes complete regression of human carcinoma in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 8616–8620.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Brinkmann U, Reiter Y, Jung SH, Lee B, Pastan I. A recombinant immunotoxin containing a disulfide-stabalized Fv fragment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 7538–7542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Brown F. From Jenner to genes-the new vaccines. Lancet 1990; 335: 587–590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Broxmeyer HE, Benninger L, Cooper S, Huge N, Benjamin RS, Vadhan-Raj S. Effects of in vivo treatment with PIXY321 on proliferation kinetics of bone marrow and blood myeloid progenitor cells in patients with sarcoma. Exp Hematol 1995; 23: 335–340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Campbell HD, Tucker WQJ, Hort Y, et al. Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of gene encoding human eosinophil differentiation factor (IL-5). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 6629–6633.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cantell K, Hirvonen S, Mogensen KT, Pyhala L. Human leukocyte interferon: production, purification, stability, and animal experiments. Monograph. 1977; 3: 35–139.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Carter P, Presta L, Gorman CM, et al. Humanization of anti-pl85HER2 antibody for human cancer therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 4285–4289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chaffee S, Mary A, Stiehm ER, Girault D, Fischer A, Hershfield MS. IgG antibody response to ethylene glycolmodified adenosine deaminase in patients with ADA deficiency. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1643–1651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Chari RVJ, Martell BA, Gross JL, et al. Immunoconjugates containing novel maytansinoids: promising anticancer drugs. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 127–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chaudhary VK, FitzGerald DJ, Adhaya S, Pastan I. Activity of a recombinant fusion protein between transforming growth factor-alpha and Pseudomonas toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84:4538–4542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chaudhary VK, Queen C, Junghans RP, Waldman TA, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I. A recombinant immunotoxin consisting of two antibody variable domains fused to Pseudomonas exotoxin. Nature 1989; 339: 394–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chong CF, Scuderi P, Grimes WJ, et al. Tumor tragets stimulate IL-2 activated killer cells to produce IFNgamma and TNF.J Immunol 1989; 142: 2133–2139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Clackson T, Hoogenbbom HR, Griffiths AD, Winter G. Making antibody fragments using phage display libraries. Nature 1991; 352: 624–628.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Clark BD, Collins KL, Gandy MS, Webb AC, Auron PE. Genomic sequence for human interleukin-1 beta gene. Nucleic Acid Res 1986; 14: 7897–7914.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Colombo MP, Forni G. Cytokine gene transfer in tumor inhibition and tumor therapy: where are we now? Immunol Today 1994; 15: 48–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Colombo MP, Modesti A, Parmiani G, Forni G. Local cytokine availability elicits tumor rejection and systemic immunity through granulocyte-T lymphocyte cross talk. Cancer Res 1992; 52:4853–4857.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Conry RM, LoBugilio A, Wright M, et al. Characterization of a messenger RNA polynucleotide vaccine vector. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 1397–1400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Conry RM, LoBuglio AF, Kantor J, et al. Immune response to a carcinoembryonic antigen polynucleotide vaccine. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1164–1168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Coussens L, Yang-Feng TL, Liau YC, et al. Tyrosine kinase recptor with extensive homology to EGF receptor shares chromosomal location with neu oncogene. Science 1985;230:1132–1139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Crawford J, Ozer H, Stoller R. Reduction by granulocyte colony stimulating factor of fever and neutropenia induced by chemotherapy in patients with small cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:164–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Curtis BM, Williams DE, Broxmeyer HE, et al. Enhanced hematopoietic activity of a human granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor-interleukin-3 fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 5809–5813.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Cwirla SE, Peters EA, Barrett RW, Dower WJ. Peptides on phage: a vast library of peptides for identifying ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 6378–6382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Daughaday WH, Rotwein P. Insulin-like growth factors I and XII. Peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and gene structures, serum, and tissue concentrations. Endocr Rev 1989; 10:68–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Debinski W, Puri RK, Kreitman RJ, Pastan I. A wide range of human cancers express interleukin-4 receptors that can be targeted with chimeric toxin composed of IL-4 and Pseudomonas exotoxin. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 14065–14070.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Derynck R. The physiology of transforming growth factor-b. Adv Cancer Res 1992; 58: 27–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Derynck R, Jarrett JA, Chen EY, et al. Human transforming growth factor-beta cDNA sequence and expression in tumor cell lines. Nature 1985; 316: 701–705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Dinarello CA. The interleukin-1 family: 10 years of discovery. FASEBJ 1994; 8: 1314–1325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. DiStefano PS, Johnson EM. Identification of a truncated form of nerve growth factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:270–274.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Dorai H, McCartney JE, Hudziak RM, Tai M-S, Laminet AA, Houston LL, Huston JS, Oppermann H. Mammalian cell expression of a single chain Fv (sFv) antibody protein and their C-terminal fusions with interleukin-2 and other effector domains. Biotechnology 1995,12: 890–897.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Downing JR, Rousesel MF, Sherr CJ. Ligand and protein kinase C downmodulate the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor by independent mechanism. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9: 2890–2896.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Dranoff G, Mulligan C. Gene transfer as cancer therapy. Adv Immunol 1995; 58: 417–454.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Edman JC, Halliwell RA, Valenzuela P, Goodman HM, Rutter WJ. Synthesis of hepatitis B surface and core antigens in E. coli. Nature 1981; 291: 503–506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Edwards GM, DeFeo-Jones D, Tai JY, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor binding is affected by structural determinants in the toxin domain of transforming growth factor-alpha-Psewc/omowtfs exotoxin fusion protein. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9: 2860–2867.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Eschbach JW, Egrie JC, Downing MR, Browne JK, Adamson JW. Correction of the anemia of end-stage renal disease with recombinant human erythropoietin. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 73–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Estrov Z, Kurzrock R, Wetzler M, et al. Suppression of chronic myelogenous leukemia colony growth by IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble IL-1 receptors: a novel application for inhibitors of IL-1 activity. Blood 1991; 78: 1476–1484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Fantes KH, Allen GJ. Specific activity of pure human interferons and a non-biological method for estimating the purity of highly purified interferon preparations. Interferon Res 1981; 1: 465–472.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Feng GS, Gray PW, Shepard HM, Taylor MW. Antiproliferative activity of a hybrid protein between interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-β. Science 1988; 241: 1501–1503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Fenton RG, Taub DD, Kwak LW, Smith MR, Longo DL. Cytotoxic T cell response and in vivo protection against tumor cells harboring activated ras proto-oncogenes. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1294–1302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fernandez-Botran R. Soluble cytokine receptors: their role in immunoregulation. FASEB J 1191; 5: 2567–2574.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Fernadez-Borton R, Vitetta ES. A soluble, high affinity interleukin-4 binding protein is present in the biological fluids of mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 4202– 4206.

    Google Scholar 

  55. FitzGerald DJ, Bjorn MJ, Ferris R, et al. Antitumor activity of an immunotoxin in nude mouse model of human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 47: 1407–1410.

    Google Scholar 

  56. FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I. A recombinant immunotoxin consisting of two antibody variable domains fused to Pseudomonas exotoxin. Nature 1989; 339: 394–397.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Fletcher FA, Williams DE. Recent progress in the discovery and invention of novel hematopoietic cytokines. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1992; 13: 1–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Fujiwara K, Yoshino T, Miyake K, Ohara N, Akagi T. Expression of lymphocyte adhesion molecule (CD44) in malignant lymphomas. Relevance to primary site, histological subtype and clinical stage. Acta Med Okayama 1993;47:215–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fukunaga R, Seto Y, Mizushima S, Nagata S. Three different mRNAs encoding human granulocyte colonystimulating factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 8702–8706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Fulton RJ, Uhr JW, Vitetta ES. In vivo therapy of the BCL1 tumor: effect of immunotoxin valency and deglycosylation of the ricin A chain. Cancer Res 1988; 48; 2626–2631.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Furr BJA, Hutchinson FG. A biodegradable delivery system for peptides: preclinical experience with the gonadotropin- releasing hormone agonist Zoladex. J Controlled Release 1992; 21: 117–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Furukawa Y, Ohata M, Miura Y, Saito M. Interleukin-1 production by monocytic leukemia cells and its role in coagulation abnormalities. LeukRes 1991; 15: 1133–1137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Furutani Y, Notake M, Fukui T, et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of the gene for human interleukin-1 alpha. Nucleic Acid Res 1986; 143: 3167–3179.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Gabrilove J, Jakubowski A, Grous J, et al. Initial results of a study of rhG-CSF in cancer patients. Exp Hematol 1987; 15:461–465.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Ganser A, Lindemann A, Seipelt G, et al. Clinical effects of recombinant interleukin-3. Am J Clin Oncol 1991; 14: 51–63.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Gatanaga T, Hwang C, Kohr W, et al. Purification and characterization of an inhibitor (soluble TNF receptor) for TNF and lymphotoxin obtained from the serum infiltrates of human cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:8781–8784.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ghetie MA, Vitetta ES. Recent developments in immunotoxin therapy. Curr Opin Immunol 1994; 6: 707–714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Golumbek PT, Lazenby AJ, Levitsky HI, et al. Treatment of established renal cell cancer by tumor cells engineered to secrete interleukin-4. Science 1991; 254: 713–716.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Goodnough LT, Rudnick S, Price TH, et al. Increased preoperative collection of autologous blood with recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1163–1168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Goodwin R, Friend D, Ziegler SF, et al. Cloning of the murine and human interleukin receptors: demonstration of a soluble form and homology to a new receptor superfamily. Cell 1990; 60: 941–951.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Goodwin RG, Lupton S, Schmierer A, et al. Human interleukin- 7: molecular cloning and growth factor activity on human and murine B-lineage cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:302–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Gorman CM. Mammalian cell expression. Curr Opin Biotech 1990; 1:36–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Gospodarowicz D. Fibroblast growth factor. Crit Rev Oncog 1989; 1: 1–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gough NM, Gearing DP, King JA, et al. Molecular cloning and expression of the human homologue of the murine gene encoding myeloid leukemia inhibitory factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 2623–2627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Grabstein KH, Eisenman J, Shanebeck K, et al. Cloning of a novel T cell growth factor that interacts with the P chain of the interleukin-2 receptor. Science 1994; 264: 965–968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Gray A, Dull TJ, Ullrich A. Nucleotide sequence of epidermal growth factor cDNA predicts a 128,000-molecular weight protein precursor. Nature 1983; 303: 722–725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Gray PW, Aggarwal BB, Benton C, et al. Cloning and expression of cDNA for human lymphotoxin, a lymphokine with tumor necrosis factor activity. Nature 1984; 312:721–724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Gray PW, Goeddel DV Structure of the human immune interferon cDNA. Nature 1982; 298: 859–863.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Griffin JD, Rambaldi A, Vallenga E, Young DC, Ostapovicz D, Cannistra SA. Secretion of interleukin-1 by acute myeloblasts leukemia cells in vitro induces endothelial cells to secrete colony stimulating factors. Blood 1987; 70: 1218–1221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Griffin TW, Richardson C, Houston LL, LePage D, Bogden A, Raso V Antitumor activity of intraperitoneal immunotoxins in a nude mouse model of human malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Res 1987; 47:4266–4270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Grossbard ML, Press OW, Appelbaum FR, Bernstein ID, Nadler LM. Monoclonal antibody-based therapies of leukemia and lymphoma. Blood 1992; 80: 863–878.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Gubler U, Chua AO, Schoenhaut DS, et al. Coexpression of two distinct genes is required to generate secreted, bioactive cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:4143–4147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Gunther N, Betzel C, Weber W. The secreted form of the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 22082–22085.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gutterman JU, Blumenshein GR, Alexanian R, et al. Leukocyte interferon-induced tumor regression in human metastatic breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and malignant lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 1980; 93: 399–406.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Gutterman JU, Fine S, Quesada J, et al. Recombinant leukocyte A interferon: pharmacokinetics, single-dose tolerance, and biological effects in cancer patients. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96: 549–556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gutterman JU. Cytokine therapeutics: lessons from interferon alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 1198–1205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hall WA, Merill MJ, Walbridge S, Youle RJ. Epidermal growth factor receptors on ependymomas and other brain tumors. JNeurosurg 1990; 72: 641–646.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Han ZC, Caen JP. Cytokines acting on committed hematopoietic progenitors. Clin Hematol 1994; 7: 65–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Heaney ML, Golde DW. Soluble hormone receptors. Blood 1993; 82: 1945–1948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Heldin C-H. Structural and functional studies on platelet derived growth factor. EMBOJ 1992; 11: 4251–4259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Heller J. Polymers for controlled parenteral delivery of peptides and proteins. Adv DrugDeliv Rev 1993; 10:163–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Heller RA, Song K, Fan N, et al. The p70 tumor necrosis factor receptor mediates cytotoxicity. Cell 1992; 70: 47–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE. Anti-idiotypic antibodies as tumor vaccines. In: New Generation Vaccines (Woodrow GC, Levine MM, eds), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1990; pp863–870.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Hersch EM, Metch BS, Muggia FM, et al. Phase II studies of recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with malignant disease: a summary of the Southwest Oncology Group experience. J Immunother 1991; 10: 426–431.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hill ADK, Redmond HP, McCarthy J, Croke DT, Grace PA, Bouchier-Hayes D. Antineoplastic effects of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor. Br J Surg 1992; 79:459 (Abstr).

    Google Scholar 

  96. Hill ADK, Redmond HP, Croke DT, Grace PA, Bouchier- Hayes D. Cytokines in tumor therapy. Br J Surg 1992; 79: 990–997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hinman LM, Hamann PR, Wallace R, Menedez TA, Durr FE, Upeslacis J. Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibody conjugates of the calicheamicins: a novel and potent family of antitumor antibiotics. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 3336–3342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Hirano T, Yasukawa K, Harada H, et al. Complementary DNA for a novel human interleukin (BSF-2) that induces B-lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin. Nature 1986; 324: 73–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hitzeman RA, Chen CY, Hagie FE, Lugovoy JM, Singh A. Yeast: an alternative organism for foreign protein production. In: Recombinant DNA Products (Bollon, AP ed), CRC Press, 1983; pp 47-65.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Hock H, Dorsch M, Kunzendorf U, et al. Vaccination with tumor cells genetically engineered to produce different cytokines: effectivity not superior to a classical adjuvant. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 714–716.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A, et al. The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for the human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 1991; 66:233–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Jacobs AJ, Fer M, Su FM, et al. A phase I trial of a Rhenium 186-labeled monclonal antibody administered intraperitoneal in ovarian carcinoma: toxicity and clinical response. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 586–593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Jacobs K, Shoemaker C, Rudersdorf R, et al. Isolation and characterization of genomic and cDNA clones of human erythropoietin. Nature 1985; 313: 806–810.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Jinno Y, Chaudhary VK, Kondo T, Adhya S, FitzGerald D, Pastan I. Mutational analysis of domain I of Pseudomonas exotoxin. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 13203–13207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Jurcic JC, Scheinberg DA, Houghton AN. Monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. In: Cancer Chemotherapy and Biological Response Modifiers Annual 14, (Pinedo HM, Longo DL, Chabner BA, eds), Elsevier Medical Publishers, Amsterdam 1993; pp 129–149.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Jurcic JG, Scheinberg DA. Recent developments in the radiotherapy of cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 1994; 6: 715–721.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Kalinkowich A, Engelmann H, Harpaz N, et al. Elevated serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor in patients with HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 89: 351–355.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Kaplan EH, Leslie WT. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Curr Opin Oncol 1993; 5: 812.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Karp JE, Broder S. New directions in molecular medicine. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 653–665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Katoh M, Yazaki Y, Sugimura T, Terada M. C-erbB3 gene encodes secreted as well as transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 192: 1189–1197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Katre NV The conjugation of proteins with polyethylene glycol and other polymers: altering properties of proteins to enhance their therapeutic potential. Adv DrugDeliv Rev 1993; 10:91–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Kawasaki ES, Ladner MB, Wang AM, et al. Molecular cloning of a complementary DNA encoding human macrophage-specific colony stimulating factor (CSF-1). Science 1985; 230: 291–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Klein B, Wijdenes J, Xang XG, et al. Murine anti-interleukin- 6 monoclonal antibody therapy for a patient with plasma cell leukemia. Blood 1991; 78: 1198–1204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Koff WC, Paige C, Gutterman J, Fidler IJ. Efficient activation of human blood monocytes to a tumoricidal state by liposomes containing human recombinant gamma interferon. Cancer Immunol Immunther 1985; 19: 85–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Koppel GA. Recent advances with monoclonal antibody drug targeting for the treatment of human cancer. Bioconjug Chem 1990; 1: 13–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Kozak RW, Lorberboum GH, Jone L, et al. IL-2-PE40 prevents the development of tumors in mice injected with IL-2 receptor expressing EL4 transfectant tumor cells. J Immunol 1990; 145:2766–2771.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kreeger KY. Cancer immunotherapies: an old idea sparks new studies, industry interest. The Scientist 1995; 9:1.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Kreitman RJ, Bailon P, Cahudhary VK, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I. Recombinant immunotoxins containing anti- Tac(Fv) and derivatives of Pseudomonas exotoxin produce complete regression in mice of interleukin-2 receptorexpressing human carcinoma. Blood 1994; 83:426–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Kreitman RJ, Chang CN, Hudson DV, Queen C, Bailon P, Pastan I. Anti-Tac(Fab)-PE40, a recombinant double chain immunotoxin which kills interleukin-2 receptor bearing cells and induces complete remission in an in vivo tumor model. Int J Cancer 1994; 57: 856–864.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Kreitman RJ, Chaudhary VK, Waldman T, Willingham MC, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I. The recombinant immunotoxin anti-Tac (Fv)-Pseudomonas exotoxin 40 is cytotoxic towards peripheral blood malignant cells from patients with adult T cell leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:8291–829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kreitman RJ, Hansen HJ, Jones AL, FitzGerald D, Goldenberg DM, Pastan I. Pseudomonas exotoxin-based immunotoxin containing the antibody LL2 or LL2 Fab’ induce regression of subcutaneous human B-cell lymphoma in mice. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 819–825.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Lachman LB, Dinarello CA, Llansa LD, Fidler IJ. Natural and recombinant human interleukin-1 is cytotoxic for human melanoma cells. J Immunol 1986; 136: 3098–3102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Layton MJ, Cross BA, Metcalf D, Ward LD, Simpson RJ, Nicola NA. A major binding-protein for human leukemia inhibitory factor in normal mouse serum: identification as a soluble form of the cellular receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:8616–8620.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Lee VHL.Peptide and protein drug delivery: opportunities and challenges. Pharm Int 1986; 208-212.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Leitzel K, Teramoto Y, Sampson E, et al. Elevated soluble c-erb-2 antigen levels in the serum and effusions of a proportion of a breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 1436–1443.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Lewis R. End of century marks dawn of clinical trial era for cancer vaccines. The Scientist 1995; 9: 15.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Lewis GD, Figari L, Fendly B, Carter P, Gorman C, Shepard M. Differential responses of human tumor cell lines to anti-pl85HER2 monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1993; 37: 255–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Lewko WM, Smith TL, Bowman DJ, Good RW, Oldham RK. Interleukin-15 and the growth of tumor derived activated T cells. Cancer Biother 1995; 10: 13–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Lienard D, Ewalenko P, Delmotte J J, et al. High dose recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha in combination with interferon gamma and melphalan in isolation perfusion of the limbs for melanoma and sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 52–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Lim VS, DeGowin RL Zavala D, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in pre-dialysis patients. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 108–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Lippman SM, Parkinson DR, Itri LM, et al. 13-Cis retinoic acid and interferon a-2a: effective combination therapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin .J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 235–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Lodato RF, Feig B, Akimaru K, Soma GI, Klostergaard J. Hemodynamic evaluation of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNF-SAM2 liposomal TNFSAM2 in an anesthetized dog model . J Immunother 1995; 17: 19–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Lorberboum GH, FitzGerald DJ, Chaudhary VK, Adhya S, Pastan I. Cytotoxic activity of an interleukin 2-Pseudomonas exotoxin chimeric protein produced in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 1922–1926.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Lord MJ, Roberts LM, Robertus JD. Ricin: structure, mode of action, and some current applications. FASEB J 1994;8:201–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Lotze MT, Custer MC, Bolton ES, Wiebke EA, Kwakami Y, Rosenberg SA. Mechanisms of immunological antitumor activity: lessons from the laboratory and clinical application. Hum Immunol 1990; 28: 198–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Lotze MT, Matory YL, Rayner AA. Clinical effects and toxicity of interleukin-2 in patients with cancer. Cancer 1986;58:2764–2772.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Lowman HB, Bass S, Simpson S, Wells JA. Selecting high affinity binding proteins by monovalent phage display. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 10832–10838.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Luckow VA. Recombinant DNA Technology and Applications (Prokop A, Bajpai RK, Ho CS eds), 1991; pp97- 152.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Luckow VA, Summers MD. Trends in the development of baculovirus expression vectors. Biotechniques 1988; 6: 47–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Malik N, Kallestad JC, Gunderson NL, et al. Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and functional expression of a novel growth regulator, oncostatin M. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:2847–2853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Markussen J, Diers I, Engesgaard A, et al. Soluble, prolonged acting insulin derivatives. II Degree of protraction and crystallizability of insulins substituted in positions A17, B8, B27 and B30. Protein Eng 1987; 1: 215–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. McLaughlin P, Cabanillas, F, Hagemeister FB, et al. CHOP-Bleo plus interferon for stage IV low-grade lymphoma. Ann Oncol 1993; 4: 205–211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Meredith RF, Khaxaeli MB, Lui T, et al. Dose fractionation of radiolabeled antibodies in patients with metastatic colon cancer. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 1648–1653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Meredith RF, Khazaeli MB, Plott WE, et al. Phase I trial of iodine-131 chimeric B72.3 (human IgG4) in metastatic colorectal cancer .J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 23–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Miller L. Current status of G-CSF in support of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Oncology 1993; 7: 67–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Milstein C. Monoclonal antibodies (review). Sci Am 1980; 243: 66–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Minty A, Chalon P, Derocq JM, et al. Interleukin 13 is a new human lymphokine regulating inflammatory and immune responses. Nature 1993; 362: 248–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Morgan AC, Comezoglu FT, Manger R, Jarvis B, Abrams PJ, Sivam G.Immunoconjugates of a protein-synthesisinhibiting drugs. In: Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies (Borrebaeck C, Larrick J, eds), Stockton Press, NY 1990: ppl43–158.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Mosley B, Beckman MP, March CJ, et al. The murine interleukin-4 receptor: a molecular cloning and characterization of secreted and membrane-bound forms. Cell 1989; 59: 335–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Motoyshi K, Takaku F.Human monocytic colony stimulating factor, phase I/II clinical studies. In: Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Clinical Applications. (Metelsmann R, Hermann F, eds), Marcel Dekker, NY, 1990; pp 161–175.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Mukaida N, Shiroo M, Matsushima K. Genomic structure of the human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor lL-8. J Immunol 1989; 143: 1366–1371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Mule JJ, Smith CA, Rosenberg SA. Interleukin 4 (B cell stimulatory factor 1) can mediate the induction of lymphokine activated killer activity directed against fresh tumor cells. J Exp Med 1987; 166: 792–798.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Mullberg J, Schooltink H, Stoyan T, et al. The soluble interleukin-6 receptor is generated by shedding. Europ J Immunol 1993; 23:473–480.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Nagao M, Masuda S, Abe S, Ueda M, Sasaki R. Production and ligand-binding characteristics of the soluble form of murine erythropoietin receptor. Biochem Biophys ResCommun 1992; 188: 888–897.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Nagata S, Tsuchiya M, Asano S, et al. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA for human granulocyte colonystimulating factor. Nature 1986; 319:415–418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Nakajima T, Yamamoto S, Cheng M, et al. Soluble interleukin-6 receptor is released from receptor-bearing cell lines in vitro. Japan J Cancer Res 1992; 83: 373–378.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Nakamura T, Nishizawa T, Hagiya M, et al. Molecular cloning and expression of human hepatocyte growth factor. Nature 1989; 342:440–443.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Narazaki M, Yasukawa K, Saiton T, et al. Soluble form of IL-6 signal transducing receptor component gpl30 in human serum processing a potential to inhibit signals through membrane anchored gpl30. Blood 1993; 82: 1120–1126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Nedwin GE, Jarrett-Nedwin J, Smith D, et al. Structure and chromosomal localization of the human lymphotoxin gene.J Cell Biochem 1985; 29: 171–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Nedwin GE, Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY, et al. Human lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor genes: structure, homology and chromosomal localization. Nucleic Acid Res 1985; 13:6361–6371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Nemunaitis J, Rabinowe SN, Singer JW, et al. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor after autologous bone marrow transplantation for lymphoid cancer. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1773–1778.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Niskanen E. Hematopoietic growth factors in clinical hematology. Ann Med 1991; 23: 615–624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Novick D, Cohen B, Rubinstein M. Soluble interferonalpha receptor molecules are present in body fluids. FEBS Lett 1993; 314: 445–448.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Novick D, Engelmann H Rubinstein M, Wallach D. Soluble cytokine receptors are present in normal huamn urine. J Exp Med 1989; 170: 1409–1414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Obreg K, Norheim I, Lind E. Treatment of malignant carcinoid tumors with human leukocyte interferon: long term results. Cancer Treat Rev 1986; 70: 1297–1304.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Oehm A, Behrmann I, Falk W, et al. Purification and molecular cloning of the APO-1 cell surface antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily; sequence identity with the Fas antigen .J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 10932–10937.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Old LJ (ed). Tumor necrosis factor and related cytotoxins. CIBA Foundation Symp. 1987; vol 131.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Ostade XV, Vandenabeele P, Everaerdt B, et al. Human TNF mutants with selective activity on the p55 receptor. Nature 1993; 361: 266–269.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Tumor immunotherapy: the tumor cell as an antigen-presenting cell. Curr Opin Immunol 1994; 6: 722–727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Pardoll D. Cancer Vaccines. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 310–316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Pastan I, FitzGerald DJ. Recombinant toxins for cancer treatment. Science 1991; 254: 1173–1177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Pastan I, Chaudhary V, FitzGerald DJ. Recombinant toxins as novel therapeutic agents. Annu Rev Biochem 1992;61:331–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Paul SR, Bennet F, Calvetti JA, et al. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding interleukin 11, a stromal cell-derived lymphpoietic and hematopoietic cytokine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:7512–7516.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Pennica D, Nedwin GE, Hayflick JS, et al. Human tumor necrosis factor: precursor structure, expression and homology to lymphotoxin. Nature 1984; 312: 724–729.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Peoples GE, Goedegebuure PS, Smith R, Linehen DC, Yoshino I, Eberlein TJ. Breast and ovarian cancer-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize the same HERl/neuderived peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 432–436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Pestka S. The human interferons-from protein purification and sequence to cloning and expression in bacteria: before, between and beyond. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 221: 1–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Pestka S. The purification and manufacture of human interferons. Sci Am 1983; 249: 36–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Pestka S, Langer JA, Zoom KC, Samuel CE. Interferons and their actions. Annu Rev Biochem 1987; 56: 727–777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Petch L, Harris J, Raymond VW, Blasband A, Lee DC, Earp HS. A truncated secreted form of the epidermal growth factor receptor is encoded by an alternatively spliced transcript in normal rat tissue. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:2973–2982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Peters K, Vejlsgaard GL. Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma and Kaposi’s carcinoma. Curr Opin Oncol 1992;4:380–385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Petersen BH, DeHerdt SV, Schneck DW, Bumol TF. The human immune response eto KSl/4-desacetylvinblastin (LY256787) and KSl/4-desacetylvinblastin hydrazide (LY203728) in single and multiple dose clinical studies. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2286–2290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Pietersz GA, McKenzie IFC. Antibody conjugates for the treatment of cancer. Immunol Rev 1992; 129: 57–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Plautz GE, Yang ZY, Wu BY, Gao X, Huang L, Nabel GJ. Immunotherapy of malignancy by in vivo gene transfer into tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 10: 4645–4649.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Pluckthun A. Antibodies from Escherichia coli. Nature 1990; 347:497–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Porgador A, Tzehoval E, Katz A, et al. Interleukin 6 gene transfection into Lewis lung carcinoma tumor cells suppresses the malignant phenotype and confers immunotherapeutic competence against parental metastatic cell. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 3679–3686.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Press OW, Eary JF, Appelbaum FR, et al. Radiolabeled antibody therapy of B cell lymphoma with autologous bone marrow support. New Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1219–1224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Quesada JR, Hersh E.M, Manning J, et al. Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with recombinant a-interferon. Blood 1986; 68:493–497.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Ramakrishnam S, Bjorn MJ, Houston LL. Recombinat ricin A chain conjugated to monoclonal antibodies: improved tumor cell inhibition in the presence of lysosomotropic compounds. Cancer Res 1989; 49:613–617

    Google Scholar 

  189. Renauld JC, Druez C, Kermouni A, et al. Expression cloning of the murine and human interleukin 9 receptor cDNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 5690–5694.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Rinderknecht E, O’Connor BH, Rodriguez H. Natural human interferon gamma. J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 6790–6797.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Rosenberg SA. Immunotherapy and gene therapy of cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:5074s–5079s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Rosenberg SA, Lotze MT, Muul LM, et al. Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 of high dose IL-2 alone. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1485–1490.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Rosenberg SA, Lotze MT, Yang JC, et al. Combination therapy with interleukin-2 and alpha-interferon for treatment of patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:1863–1874.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Rosenberg SA, Spiess P, Lafreniere RA. A new approach to the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Science 1986;233:1318–1321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Rosenblum MG, Unger BW, Gutterman JU, Hersh EM, David GS, Frincke JM. Modification of human leukocyte interferon pharmacology with a monoclonal antibody. Cancer Res 1985;45:2421–2424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Ross C, Tingsgaard P, Jorgensen H, Vejlsgaard GL. Interferon treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 1993;51:63–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Ramakrishnan S, Bjorn MJ, Houston LL. Recombinant ricin A chain conjugated to monoclonal antibodies: improved tumor cell inhibition in the presence of lysosomotropic compounds. Cancer Res 1989;49:613–617.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Manatis T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989; pp 5.30-5.90.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Sanderson CJ. The biological role of interleukin-5. Int J Cell Cloning 1990; 8(suppll)147–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Sasaki K, Chiba S, Mano H, Yazaki Y, Hirai H. Identification of a soluble GM-CSF binding-protein in the supernatant of a human choriocarcinoma cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;183:252–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Scambia G, Panici PB, Battaglia F, et al. Receptors for epidermal growth factor and steroid hormones in primary lyrangeal tumors. Cancer 1991;67:1347–1351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Sceinberg DA, Straus DJ, Yeh SD, et al. A phase I toxicity, pharmacology, and dosimetery trial of monoclonal antibody OKB7 in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: effect of tumor burden and antigen expression. J Clin Oncol 1990;8:792–803.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Schiro R, Longoni D, Rossi V, et al. Suppression of juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia colony growth by IL-1 receptor antagonist. Blood 1994;83:460–465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Seigall CB, XuYH, Cahudary VK, Adhya S, Fitzgerald D, Pastan I. Cytotoxic activities of a fusion protein compromised of TGFa and Pseudomonas exotoxin. FASEB J 1989;3:2647–2652

    Google Scholar 

  205. Sen GC, Lengyel P. The interferon system. J Biol Chem 1992;267:5017–5020.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Sharma S, Mehta S, Morgan J, Maizel A. Molecular cloning and expression of a human B-cell growth factor gene inE. coli. Science 1985;235: 1489–1492.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Shoyab M, Plowman GD, McDonald VL, Bradley JG, Todaro GJ. Structure and function of human amphiregulin: a member of the epidermal growth factor family. Science 1989;243:1074–1076.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Siegall CB, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I. Cytotoxicity of IL6- PE40 and derivatives on tumor cells expressing a range of interleukin 6 receptor levels. J Biol Chem 1990;265:16318–16323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Siegall CB, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I. Selective killing of IL6 receptor bearing myeloma cells using recombinant IL6-Pseudomonas toxin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1990;166:63–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Siegall CB, Kreitman RJ, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I. Antitumor effects of interleukin-6 Pseudoman exotoxin chimeric molecules against the human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 1991;51:2831–2836.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Sims JE, Acres RB, Grubin CE, et al. Cloning of the interleukin-1 receptor from human T-cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:8946–8950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Sims JE, March CJ, Cosman D, et al. cDNA expression cloning of the IL-1 receptor, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Science 1988;241:585–589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Skolnick AA. First immunotoxin therapy for many common solid tumors enters phase I clinical trial. JAMA 1993;270:2280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Smalley RV, Andersen JW, Hawkins MJ, et al. Interferon alpha combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy for patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1336–1341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Smith CA, Davis T, Anderson D, et al. A receptor for human tumor necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins. Science 1990;248:1019–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Solal-Celigny P, Lepage E, Brousse N, et al. Recombinant interferon alfa-2b combined with a regimen containing doxorubicin in patients with advanced follicular lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1608–1614.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Souza LM, Boone TC, Gabrilove J, et al. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: effects on normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Science 1986;232:61–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Spitler LE. Cancer vaccines: the interferon analogy (editorial). CancerBiother 1995;10:1–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Spriggs MK, Hruby DE, Maliszewski CR, et al. Vaccinia and cowpox viruses encode a novel secreted interleukin-1 binding protein. Cell 1992;71:145–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Stebbing N, Week PK. Preclinical assessment of biological properties of recombinant DNA derived interferons. In: Recombinant DNA Products’, insulin, interferon, and growth hormone (Bollon AP, ed), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1984;pp75–l14.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Stills HF, Bullock BC, Clarkson TB. Increased atherosclerosis and glomerulonephritis in cynomolgus monkeys given injections of BSA over an extended period of time. J Pathol 1983; 113:222–234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Strander H. Interferon treatment of human neoplasia. Adv Cancer Res 1986;46:1–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Strander H, Cantell K, Jakobsson PA, Nilsonn U, Soderberg G. Exogenous interferon therapy of osteogenic sarcoma. Oerhop Scand 1975; 45:958–959.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Strom TB, Anderson PL, Rubin-Kelley VE, Williams DP, Kijokawa T, Murphy JR. Immunotoxins and cytotokine toxin fusion proteins. Semin Immunol 1990;2:467–479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, Nagata S. Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 1993;75:1169–1178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Suzuki H, Yasukawa K, Saito T, et al. Anti-human IL-6 receptor antibody inhibits human myeloma growth in vivo.Eur J Immunol 1992;22:1189–1193.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Takaki S, Tominaga A, Hitoshi Y, et al. Molecular cloning and expression of the murine interleukin-5 receptor. EMBO J1990; 9:4367–4374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Talpaz M, Kantarjian HM, McCredie K, Trujillo JM, Keating MJ, Gutterman JU. Hematological remission and cytogenetic improvement induced by recombinant human interferon alpha in chronic myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:1065–1069.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Tanaguchi T, Ohno S, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Murmatsu M. The nucleotide sequence of human fibroblast interferon cDNA. Gene 1980;10:11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Tanaka H, Satake IR, Ishikawa M, Matsuki S, Asano K. Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor conjugated to polyethylene glycol in rats. Cancer Res 1991;51:3710–3714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Tao MH, Levy R. Idiotype/granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor fusion protein as a vaccine for a B-cell lymphoma. Nature 1993; 362:755–758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Tartaglia LA, Goeddel DV Two TNF receptors. Immunol Today 1992;13:151–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. TeVelde AA, Huijbens RJF, DeVries JE, Figdor CG. Interleukin 4 inhibits secretion of IL-1, tumor necrosis factor and IL-6 by human monocytes. Blood 1990;76:1392–1398.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. The International Chronic Granulomatous Disease Comparative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 509-516.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Tiesman J, Hart CE. Identification of a soluble receptor for platelet-derived growth factor in cell-conditioned medium and human plasma. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 9621–9628.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Tong J, Gordon MS, Srour EF, et al. In vivo administration of recombinant human stem cell factor expands the number of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 1993;82:784–791.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Trail PA, Willner D, Lasch SJ, et al. Cure of xenografted human carcinomas by BR96-doxorubicin conjugates. Science 1993;261:212–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Trauth BC, Klas C, Peters AMJ, et al. Monoclonal antibody-mediated tumor regression by induction of apoptosis. Science 1989;245:301–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Trillet-Lenoir V, Green J, Manegold C, et al. Recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor reduces the infectious complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 1993;29A:319–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and its role in generation of Thl cells. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 335–338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Truitt GA, Brunda MJ, Levitt D, Anderson TD, Sherman MI. The therapeutic activity in cancer of interleukin-2 in combination with other cytokines. Current Surv 1989; 8: 875–889.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Uckun FM, Evans WE, Forsyth CJ, et al. Biotherapy of Bcell precursor leukemia by targeting Geninstein to CD 19- associated tyrosine kinases. Science 1995; 267: 886–891.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Uckun FM, Frankel A. The current status of immunotoxins: an overview of experimental and clinical studies as presented at the 3rd International Symposium on Immunotoxicins. Leukemia 1993; 7: 341–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Upton C, Mossman K, McFadden G. Encoding of a homolog of the IFN-gamma receptor by myxoma virus. Science 1992; 258: 1369–1372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Vadhan-Raj S, Kudelka AP, Garrison L, et al. Effect of interleukin-1 on carboplatin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12:707–714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Vadhan-Raj S, Papadopoulous NE, Burgess MA, et al. Effects of PIXY321, a GM-CSF/IL-3 fusion protein, on chemotherapy-induced multilineage myelosuppression in patients with sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 715–724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Vadhan-Raj S. PIXY321 (GM-CSF/IL-3 fusion protein) biology and early clinical development. Stem Cells 1994; 12:253–261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Valezuela P, Medina A, Rutter WJ, Ammerer G, Hall BD. Synthesis and assembly of hepatitis B virus surface antigen particles in yeast. Nature 1982; 298: 347–350.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Vallera DA. Immunotoxins: will their clinical promise be fulfilled? Blood 1994; 83: 309–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Van Der Bruggen P, Traversari C, Chomez P, et al. a gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science 1991; 254: 1643-1647.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Vieira P, deWaal Malefyt R, Dang W, et al. Isolation and expression of human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF/IL-10) cDNA clones: homology to Epstein Barr virus open reading frame BCRF1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 1172–1176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Vitetta ES, Thrope PE, Uhr JW. Immunotoxins: magic bullets or misguided missiles. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 252–259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. . Vitetta ES, Uhr JW. Monoclonal antibodies as agonists: an expanded role for their use in cancer therapy. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 5301–5309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Waldmann TA, Goldman CK, Bongiovanni KF, et al. Therapy of patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus I-induced adult T cell leukemia with anti-Tac, a monoclonal antibody to the receptor for interleukin-2. Blood 1988; 72: 1805–1816.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Watson, J (ed). Recombinant DNA in medicine and industry. 1992; 453-471.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Weber J, Yang JC, Topalian SL, et al. Phase I trial of subcutaneous interleukin-6 in patients with advance malignancies. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11:499–506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Wetzel R, Heyneker HL, Goeddel DV, et al. Production of biologically active N- desacetylthymosin in E. coli through expression of a chemically synthesized gene. Biochemistry 1980; 19: 6096–6104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Whetton AD. The biology and clinical potential of growth factors that regulate myeloid cell production. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1990; 11:285–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Williams DE, Dunn JT, Park LS, Frieden EA, Seiler FR, Farese AM, MacVittie TJ. GM-CSF/IL-3 fusion protein promotes neutrophil and platelet recovery in sublethally irradiated rhesus monkeys. Biotechnol Ther 1993; 4: 17–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Williams DE, Eisenman J, Baird A, et al. Identification of a ligand for the c-kit protooncogene. Cell 1990; 63: 167–174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Williams GT, Smith CA, Spooncer E, Dexter TM, Taylor DR. Hematopoietic colony stimulating factors promote cell survival by suppressing apoptosis. Nature 1990; 343: 76–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Winter G, Milstein C. Man-made antibodies. Nature 1991;349:293–299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Wong GG, Witek J, Temple PA, et al. Human GM-CSF: molecular cloning and the complementary DNA and purification of the natural and recombinant proteins. Science 1985; 228: 810–815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Xu F, Lupu R, Rodriguez GC, et al. Antibody induced growth inhibition is mediated through immunologically and functionally distinct epitopes on the extracellular domain of the erbB-2R gene product pi 85. Int J Cancer 1993;53:401–408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Yang YC, Ciarletta AB, Temple PA, et al. Human IL-3 (multi-CSF): identification by expression cloning of a novel hematopoietic growth factor related to human IL-3. Cell 1986; 47:3–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Yanuck M, Carbone DP, Pendleton CD, et al. A mutant p53 tumor suppressor protein is a target for peptide-induced CD8+cytotoxic T cells. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 3257–3261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Yin M, Gopal Y Banavali S, Gartside P, Preisler H. Effects of IL-1 receptor antagonist on acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1992; 6: 898–901.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Young DC, Wagner K, Griffin JD. Constitutive expression of the granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor gene in acute myeloblasts leukemia. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 100–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Zhu N, Leggitt D, Liu Y, Debs R. Systemic gene expression after intravenous DNA delivery into adult mice. Science 1993; 261: 209–211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunobiology and Drug Carriers Section, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, Houston, Texas, USA

    Kapil Mehta

  2. Cytokine Research Laboratory,Department of Molecular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Bharat B. Aggarwal

Authors
  1. Kapil Mehta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bharat B. Aggarwal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Biological Therapy Institute Foundation, Franklin, Tennessee, USA

    Robert K. Oldham M.D. (Clinical Professor of Medicine) (Clinical Professor of Medicine)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mehta, K., Aggarwal, B.B. (1998). Recombinant Organisms as Source of Cancer Biotherapeutics. In: Oldham, R.K. (eds) Principles of Cancer Biotherapy. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0029-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0029-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6501-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0029-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation