Skip to main content

Plurilithic and Ecological Perspectives on English: Some Conceptual and Practical Implications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1803 Accesses

Part of the book series: Multilingual Education ((MULT,volume 9))

Abstract

Since the 1990s, a number of ideological ‘strands’ in applied linguistics have added considerable momentum to the debate around how we should conceive of English in a global world that is fast-changing and where English—in its many varieties—is undeniably the prevailing lingua franca. Yet, while the momentum of this debate may have gathered pace, the degree of controversy and the strength of feeling it provokes continue unabated and can broadly be characterised as a divide between the monolithic view of English and the plurilithic view. This is high stakes territory, marking as it does a place where the personal and the scholarly and ideological intersect: it reaches to the heart of notions of identity, history and culture, of the perceived and relative status of English, its varieties, boundaries and relationships to other languages, and of what this means for those concerned. In this chapter, we argue that the debate raises important questions concerning the conceptualisation and practice of English and English language teaching and we explore some of the implications of the plurilithic view vis-à-vis the ecological, pedagogical, commercial and personal questions it raises.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • ACE. n.d. Asian Corpus of English. http://ec-concord.ied.edu.hk/ace/. Accessed 11 Aug 2013

  • Bhatt, R. M. (2002). Experts, dialects, and discourse. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 12, 74–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Block, D. (2002). McCommunication: A problem for SLA. In D. Block & D. Cameron (Eds.), Globalization and language teaching (pp. 118–133). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blommaert, J. M. E. (2005). Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blommaert, J. M. E. (2010). The sociolinguistics of globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power (trans: G. Raymond & M. Adamson). Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, D. (2008). Talk from the top down. Language and Communication, 28, 143–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, D. (2012). The commodification of English. In T. Nevalainen & E. C. Traugott (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of English (pp. 354–361). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canagarajah, A. S. (Ed.). (1999). Resisting linguistic imperialism in English teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canagarajah, A. S. (Ed.). (2005). Reclaiming the local in language policy and practice. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Candlin, C. N. (2000). An interview with Christopher Candlin by Claire Kramsch. Berkeley Language Centre Newsletter, 16, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Candlin, C. N. (in press). Not so much a memorial as an inspiration: Champion of the ecology of language learning. Applied Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Candlin, C. N., & Crichton, J. (2011a). Emergent themes and research challenges: Reconceptualising LSP. In M. Peterson & J. Engberg (Eds.), Current trends in LSP research (pp. 277–316). Bern: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Candlin, C. N., & Crichton, J. (2011b). Introduction. In C. N. Candlin & J. Crichton (Eds.), Discourses of deficit (pp. 1–22). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Candlin, C. N., & Sarangi, S. (2002). Foreword. In C. Kramsch (Ed.), Language acquisition and language socialization: Ecological perspectives (pp. xi–xv). London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chew, P. G. -L. (2009). Emergent lingua francas and world orders: The politics and place of English as a world language. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicourel, A. V. (1996). Ecological validity and ‘white room effects’: The interaction of cognitive and cultural models in the pragmatic analysis of elicited narratives from children. Pragmatics and Cognition, 4, 221–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicourel, A. V. (2007). A personal, retrospective view of ecological validity. Text and Talk, 27, 735–759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crichton, J. (2010). The discourse of commercialization. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, C., & Davies, A. (2006). Assessing English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 26, 282–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ELFA. (2008). The corpus of English as a lingua franca in academic settings. Director: Anna Mauranen. http://www.helsinki.fi/elfa/elfacorpus. Accessed 11 Aug 2013.

  • Firth, A. (1996). The discursive accomplishment of normality: On ‘lingua franca’ English and conversation analysis. Journal of Pragmatics, 26(2), 237–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Firth, A. (2009). The lingua franca factor. Intercultural Pragmatics, 6, 147–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. (2002). The global coursebook in English language teaching. In D. Block & D. Cameron (Eds.), Globalization and language teaching (pp. 151–167). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. (2010). The construction of English. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. J. (2012). Cognitive contributions to plurilithic views of English and other languages. Applied Linguistics. Advance Access.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, J. (2003). English as a lingua franca: A threat to multilingualism? Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7, 556–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House, J. (2009). The pragmatics of English as a lingua franca. Intercultural Pragmatics, 6, 141–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language: New models, new norms, new goals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. (2002). A sociolinguistically based, empirically researched pronunciation syllabus for English as an international language. Applied Linguistics, 23, 83–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. (2007). English as a lingua franca: Attitude and identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. (2012). English as a lingua franca from the classroom to the classroom. ELT Journal, 66, 486–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk & H. G. Widdowson (Eds.), English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures (pp. 11–30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerekes, J., Chow, J., Lemak, A., & Perhan, Z. (2013). Trust or betrayal: Immigrant engineers’ employment-seeking experiences in Canada. In C. N. Candlin & J. Crichton (Eds.), Discourses of trust (pp. 269–285). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramsch, C. (2008). Ecological perspectives on foreign language education. Language Teaching, 41, 389–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramsch, C. (2010). The multilingual subject. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramsch, C. (2011). The symbolic dimensions of the intercultural. Language Teaching, 44, 354–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramsch, C., & Whiteside, A. (2008). Language ecology in multilingual settings: Towards a theory of symbolic competence. Applied Linguistics. Advance Access.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, I. (2006). Addressing the issue of teaching English as a lingua franca. ELT Journal, 60, 213–221. doi:10.1093/elt/ccl001 213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda, A. (2003). Incorporating world Englishes in teaching English as an international language. TESOL Quarterly, 37, 719–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauranen, A. (2006). Signaling and preventing misunderstanding in English as lingua franca communication. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 177, 123–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauranen, A., & Ranta, E. (Eds.). (2009). English as a lingua franca: Studies and findings. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, T. (2011). Measuring deficit. In C. N. Candlin & J. Crichton (Eds.), Discourses of deficit (pp. 311–326). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mühlhäusler, P. (1996). Linguistic ecology. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, N. (2012). English as a lingua franca and the development of pragmatic competence. ELT Journal, 66, 318–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pakir, A. (1999). Connecting with English in the context of internationalism. TESOL Quarterly, 33, 103–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennycook, A. D. (1994). The cultural politics of English as in international language. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennycook, A. D. (1998). English and the discourses of colonialism. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennycook, A. D. (2008). Translingual English. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 30.1–30.9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennycook, A. D. (2010). Language as a local practice. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennycook, A. D., & Makoni, S. (Eds.). (2007). Disinventing and reconstituting languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson, R. (2009). Linguistic imperialism revisited. Hyderabad: Black Swan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajagopalan, K. (2004). The concept of ‘World English’ and its implication for ELT. ELT Journal, 58, 111–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seidlhofer, B. (2001). Closing a conceptual gap: The case for a description of English as a lingua franca. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11, 133–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seidlhofer, B. (2003). A concept of international English and related issues: From ‘real English’ to ‘realistic English’? Language Policy Division DG IV—Directorate of School, Out-of-School and Higher Education, Council of Europe, Strasbourg. www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/source/seidlhoferen.pdf. Accessed 18 Nov 2011.

  • Seidlhofer, B. (2007). Common property: English as a lingua franca in Europe. In J. Cummins & C. Davison (Eds.), International handbook of English language teaching (Vol. 15, Sect. 1). doi:10.1007/978-0-387-46301-8_11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, P., & Doherty, C. (2004). Global cultural flows and pedagogic dilemmas: Teaching in the global university contact zone. TESOL Quarterly, 38, 765–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2000). Linguistic genocide in education—or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skutnabb-Kangas, T., & Phillipson, R. (2008). A human rights perspective on language ecology. In A. Creese, P. Martin, & N. H. Hornberger (Eds.), Ecology of language (2nd ed., pp. 3–14). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tollefson, J. W. (1991). Planning language, planning inequality: Language policy in the community. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tollefson, J. W. (1995). Power and inequality in language education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Lier, L. (1988). The classroom and the language learner: Ethnography and second language classroom research. Harlow: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Lier, L. (1997). Approaches to observation in classroom research: Observations from an ecological perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 34, 783–787.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Lier, L. (2004). The ecology and semiotics of language learning: A sociocultural perspective. Dordrecht: Kluwer Adademic.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • VOICE. n.d. Vienna-Oxford international corpus of English. Website der Universität Wien. http://www.univie.ac.at/voice/. Accessed 11 Aug 2013.

  • Widdowson, H. G. (1994). The ownership of English. TESOL Quarterly, 28, 377–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jonathan Crichton .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Crichton, J., Murray, N. (2014). Plurilithic and Ecological Perspectives on English: Some Conceptual and Practical Implications. In: Murray, N., Scarino, A. (eds) Dynamic Ecologies. Multilingual Education, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7972-3_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics