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Concrete Properties

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Cement and Concrete Chemistry

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Abstract

In chapter 6 the following main problems are discussed: influence of cement paste on concrete properties, bonds paste–aggregate and paste– reinforcement, concrete corrosion, admixtures modifying paste and concrete properties. Rheology and workability of concrete is governed by properties of cement paste as well as its strength. Apart of main components i.e. aggregate and cement paste the concrete properties are dependent of paste–aggregate bond, which is known as interfacial transition zone. In ordinary concrete this zone has high porosity, but HSC the low w/c ratio eliminates this effect. There are some similarities of reinforcement–cement paste bond, however, the steel adhesion to cement matrix consists mainly in mechanical meshing. Concrete properties can be also modified by fibres addition.

Concrete corrosion can be divided on outer and inner forms of attack. From outer the main are sulphate, chloride attack and carbonation, but also frost action and leaching must be added. There are two kinds of inner corrosions: alkali–silica reaction and delayed ettringite formation. The main mechanism of corrosion is the decomposition, frequently decalcification of cement paste phases, and expansion. Decalcification is caused by pH decrease, which simultaneously is linked with reinforcement corrosion.

The significant progress in concrete technology is linked with superplasticizers which make possible to use w/c = 0.30 or even lower. The mechanism consists in plasticizers molecules adsorption on cement grains assuring their electrostatic repulsion and steric effect. The problem of compatibility of cement and superplasticizer is mainly dependent of tricalcium aluminate content and reactivity.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Cement paste can be considered as a concrete with micro—aggregate in the form of unhydrated cement grains. Its high strength is attributed to the occurrence of strong bonds between these unhydrated cement grains and C–S–H.

  2. 2.

    Epitaxy—oriented crystallization; growth of crystal of one phase on a crystal of other one occurring at mutual crystallographic orientation of these lattice planes on which the crystals intergrowth occurs. Geometric condition of its occurring is such similarity of lattice structure of both phases that they can, at least approximately, be compatible forming one common wall of two crystals.

  3. 3.

    Hornfels is a metamorphic rock with some characteristic minerals, such as andalusite, cordierite, garnet; the main constituents are as follows: quartz, micas, and feldspars. Hornfels is a product of sedimentary rock or magmatic rocks transformation, occurring as a result of intrusions.

  4. 4.

    According to the former Czechoslovak standard CSN72 1162, 1981.

  5. 5.

    The content of water soluble alkalis is usually determined according to the former British standard BS 4550 part II (the suspension produced by introducing 1 g cement sample to 250 ml distilled water is stirred at temperature 20°C for 24 h).

  6. 6.

    Introduced in 2003 the PN–B–19707 standard the maximum Na2Oe values for all types of cements, which can be classified as low alkali cements are given. They are as follows: for CEM I, II, IV and V Na2Oe ≤ 0.60 %, in the case of slag cements the sodium equivalent increases up from 0.95 % through 1.10–2 % for CEM II/B–S and CEM III/A, as well as CEM III/B and CEMIII/C respectively.

  7. 7.

    See L. Stoch, “Clay minerals”, Ed. “Wyd. Geologiczne”, Warszawa 1974, s. 441 (in Polish).

  8. 8.

    The fire resistant concretes are discussed in the monographic book by Nadachowski F., “Refractory materials technology”, Editor: Śląskie Wydawnictwo Techniczne, Katowice 1995. (in Polish).

  9. 9.

    First International RILEM Workshop on Concrete Spalling Due to Fire Exposure (ed. F. Dehn, E.A.B. Koenders 3–5 September 2009, Leipzig, Germany.

  10. 10.

    This question is discussed in details in a book by M Pigeon and R. Pleau, “Durability of Concrete in Cold Climates”, Taylor & Francis, London and New York 1995.

  11. 11.

    The term “critical degree of water saturation of concrete ” was introduced by G. Fagerlund; this factor allows to evaluate the freeze–thaw resistance of concrete [322]. The RILEM method of concrete frost resistance is based upon this definition (Matér. Constr. RILEM, 1977, 10, 58, 217).

  12. 12.

    Nowadays the organic compounds are widely used as de–icers; for example those based on acetates; on the airports the glycol de–icer has been put into use long time ago.

  13. 13.

    The corrosion of reinforcement is discussed in details in a book by Grzegorz Wieczorek, “Concrete corrosion initiated by chlorides or carbonation of concrete cover”, Editor: Dolnośląskie Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne, Wrocław 2002. (in Polish).

  14. 14.

    Intercalation—the incorporation of one compound into the structure of the other during its precipitation.

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Kurdowski, W. (2014). Concrete Properties. In: Cement and Concrete Chemistry. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7945-7_6

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