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Hydration of Clinker Phases

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Cement and Concrete Chemistry

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Abstract

In Chapter 3 the hydration of clinker phases are presented. Three sections are devoted consecutively to calcium silicates, aluminates and ferrites phase hydration and the last two describe hydrates present in very low amounts and heat of hardening. The hydration of tricalcium and dicalcium silicate are composed of congruent dissolution of these phases and crystallization of CH and C–S–H. The different models of C–S–H structure is discussed in details as well as the differences in specific surface area determined by nitrogen adsorption. The adsorption of several ions on C–S–H surface is characterised.

As a result of tricalcium aluminate hydration large number of metastable phases is formed, which have a layer structure. Two kinds of these phases are distinguish: AFt and AFm, which form numerous solid solutions. The constitutional formula is: [Ca3(Al,Fe)(OH)6·12H2O]2·X3·nH2O, where n ≤ 2, and X means the unit related to the bivalent anion or two units of monovalent one. The composition of these phases is presented and special attention is given to ettringite, monosulphate and C4AH13, which are the most important in cement chemistry. The AFm phases can contain organic cations.

Ferrites form the analogous phases, however, hydrates have lower A/F ratio and it is the reason of amorphous FH3 formation or hydrogarnet. Other minor phases can be hydrotalcite and gehlenite hydrate.

The heat evolved during hydration of individual clinker phases as well as of different cement types are given. The method of this heat calculation is presented.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    C3Ssh means surface layer formed by hydroxylation.

  2. 2.

    In the tobermorite group which has the layer structure, the individual phases are distinguished taking on the basis of the basic interplanar spacing corresponding to the thickness of layers in the structure. There are the following phases: 1.1 nm tobermorite, 1.4 nm tobermorite, 1.0 nm tobermorite, 1.26 nm tobermorite and 0.93 nm tobermorite.

  3. 3.

    Ionic power \(\text{I}{=}\sum\nolimits_{i}{{{c}_{i}}z_{i}^{2}}.\)

  4. 4.

    Basic planes are the (001) planes.

  5. 5.

    The numbers in brackets are the highest spacing of basic planes.

  6. 6.

    In Poland the system CaSO3–C3A–H2O was studied by Lagosz A. and Malolepszy J., Cem. Concr. Res. 33, 333 (2003).

  7. 7.

    Calculations are given by Barret and Bertrandie [123].

  8. 8.

    Heat of water adsorption on the calcium hydroxide is negligible, while the heat of reaction is reduced by the surface energy of C–S–H gel.

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  1. Instytut Szkła I Materiałów Budowlanych, Kraków, Poland

    Wieslaw Kurdowski

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Kurdowski, W. (2014). Hydration of Clinker Phases. In: Cement and Concrete Chemistry. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7945-7_3

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