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Gamete and Embryo-fetal Origins of Adult Diseases pp 173–196Cite as

Gamete/Embryo-Fetal Origins of Infertility

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Abstract

Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive despite trying for 1 year. Genetically, infertility is considered a lethal factor, because the family lineage stops at that individual with no further offspring [1]. Traditionally, male infertile factors include azoospermia or oligozoospermia, and, abnormal sperm morphology or motility. Genetic pathogenesis may include Y chromosome microdeletions, chromosomal abnormalities, a single gene mutation, or, rearrangements of sperm mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Female infertile factors include congenital malformations, or, dysfunction of female reproductive system including abnormal folliculogenesis and sexual dysfunction. Accumulating data suggests that adverse exposures, or interventions, during the period of gametogenesis and embryo-fetal development may result in infertility [2–7]. Concerns about the effects of development on reproductive health are not new; previous studies in animal models and human epidemiological data indicate that early life events may initiate long term changes that increase the risk of diseases, such as the reproductive disorders [7–76].

Studies in animal models and basic research underscore the vulnerability of the reproductive system at different times of development and across the whole life-cycle. We review data implicating select developmental factors in compromising reproductive capacity in animals. We also review epidemiological and basic research in humans that suggests roles for developmental factors in reproductive dysfunction and infertility. Finally, we summarize the epigenetic modifications and currently-available countermeasures in prevention and treatment.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

    Xiao-Ming Zhu, Yu Zhang, Xi-Jing Chen & He-Feng Huang

  2. Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

    Xiao-Ming Zhu, Yu Zhang, Xi-Jing Chen & He-Feng Huang

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    He-Feng Huang

  2. The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China

    Jian-Zhong Sheng

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Zhu, XM., Zhang, Y., Chen, XJ., Huang, HF. (2014). Gamete/Embryo-Fetal Origins of Infertility. In: Huang, HF., Sheng, JZ. (eds) Gamete and Embryo-fetal Origins of Adult Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7772-9_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7772-9_9

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7771-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7772-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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