Abstract
To slow the increase of the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases responsible for climate change, initiatives such as the United Nations REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) Programme have been taken. The UN-REDD programme supports REDD+ (i.e., conservation and sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of C stocks, on top of REDD) readiness efforts in the design and implementation of national programs and in national REDD+ action through common approaches and interventions. The REDD+ policies propose to financially compensate countries that improve forest conservation and management to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG; i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) emissions and mitigate against climate change. The REDD+ initiative has recently evolved to REDD++ (i.e., low carbon (C) emission or low C footprint land use systems through eco-agricultural practices on top of REDD+). Eco-agricultural practices, which aim at producing more food while conserving wild biodiversity, include agroforestry systems such as perennial tree-crop systems, windbreaks, and live fences. Agroforestry systems also store C and may qualify as an afforestation practice as is defined in the Kyoto Protocol, and could be included in the C market under the REDD+ scheme. The Kyoto protocol that deals with environmental issues, especially climate change, is heavily based on clean development mechanism (CDM) as a strategy to mitigate atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The inclusion of agroforestry in CDM is hampered by the lack of standardized methods to estimate C stocks, as well as land tenure issues in the tropics, especially in Africa. Another challenge for the inclusion of agroforestry to CDM is the payment for environmental (or ecosystem) services (PES) option that should be implemented in C contracts. This chapter discusses the opportunities for including agroforestry in C markets, as well as the difficulties and PES options linked to it.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Achten WMJ, Verchot L, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B (2007) Jatropha biodiesel fueling sustainability? Biofuels Bioprod Bioref 1:283–291. doi:10.1002/bbb
Achten WJM, Almeida J, Fobelets V, Bolle E, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Tewari DN, Verchot LV, Muys B (2010a) Life cycle assessment of Jatropha biodiesel as transportation fuel in rural India. Appl Energy 87:3652–3660
Achten WMJ, Nielsen LR, Aerts R, Lengkeek AG, Kjaer ED, Trabucco A, Hansen JK, Maes WH, Graudal L, Akinnifesi FK, Muys B (2010b) Towards domestication of Jatropha curcas. Biofuels 1(1):91–107
Aerst R, Chapin FS II (2000) The mineral nutrition of wild plants revisited: a re-evaluation of processes and patterns. Adv Ecol Res 30:1–67
Albrecht A, Kandji ST (2003) Carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems. Agric Ecosyst Environ 99(1–3):15–27
Alden WL (2006) Land rights reform and governance in Africa: how to make it work in the 21st Century? UNDP, New York
Azam MM, Waris A, Nahar NM (2005) Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesels in India. Biomass Energ 29:293–302
Bond I, Chambwera M, Jones B, Chundama M, Nhantumbo I (2010) REDD+ in dryland forests: issues and prospects for pro-poor REDD in the miombo wooldands of southern Africa, Natural Resource Issues No. 21. IIED, London
Canadell JG, Le Quéré C, Raupach MR, Field CB, Buitenhuis ET, Ciais P, Conway TJ, Gillett BP, Houghton RA, Marland G (2007) Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity and efficiency of natural sinks. PNAS 104(47):18866–18870
Chapagain BP, Yehoshua Y, Wiesman Z (2009) Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) as an arid lands sustainable bioresource for biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 100:1221–1226
Cole RJ (2010) Social and environmental impacts of payments for environmental servicesfor agroforestry on small-scale farms in southern Costa Rica. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol 17(3):208–216
Costenbader J (2011) REDD+ benefit sharing: a comparative assessment of three national policy approaches, Forest Carbon Partnership/UN-REDD Programme
Cousins B, Claasens A (2006) More than simply—socially embedded: recognizing the distinctiveness of African land rights. Keynote address at the international symposium on ‘at the frontier of land issues: social embeddedness of rights and public policy’. Montpellier, 17–19 May 2006
Dhakal B (2009) Carbon liability, market price risk and social impact of reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) programme. J For Livelihood 8(1):67–77
Diaz D, Hamilton K, Johnson E (2011) State of the Forest Carbon Markets 2011. From Canopy to Currency. Forest Trend, p 93
DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) (2010). Final Draft: Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP). http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/node/65. Accessed 15 Aug 2011
Flugge F, Abadi A (2006) Farming carbon: an economic analysis of agroforestry for carbon sequestration and dryland salinity reduction in Western Australia. Agrofor Syst 68:181–192
Forest Trends (2002) Strategies for strengthening community property rights over forests: lessons and opportunities for practitioners. Forest Trends, Washington
Galford GL, Melillo JM, Kicklighter DW, Cronin TW, Cerri CEP, Mustard JF, Cerri CC (2010) Greenhouse gas emissions from alternative futures of deforestation aand agricultural management in the southern Amazon. PNAS 107:19649–19654
Häger A (2012) The effects of management and plant diversity on carbon storage in coffee agroforestry systems in Costa Rica. Agrofor Syst 86:159–174
Hepburn S (2009) Carbon rights as new property: the benefits of statutory verification. Sydney Law Rev 31:239–271
IPCC (2007) Glossary J-P. In (book section): Annex I. In: Climate Change 2007: Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A
Janudianto J, Mulyoutami E, Joshi L, Wardell DA, van Noordwijk M (2011) Recognizing traditional tree tenure as part of conservation and REDD strategy: feasibility study for a buffer zone between a wildlife reserve and the Lamandau river in Indonesia’s REDD Pilot Province. ASB Policy Brief No. 22. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, Nairobi
Karsenty A, Vogel A, Castell F (2012) “Carbon rights”, REDD+ and payments for environmental services. Environmental Science and Policy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.08.03
Kim DG (2012) Estimation of net gain soil carbon in a nitrogen-fixing tree and intercropping system in sub-Saharan Africa: results from re-examining a study. Agrofor Syst 86:175–184
Kossoy A (2008) State and trends of the Carbon market. The World Bank. www.latincarbon.com/2008/docs/presentation/Days/AlexandreKossoy.pdf
Kort J, Turnock R (1999) Carbon reservoir and biomass in Canadian prairie shelterbelts. Agroforestry Systems 44:175–186.Leakey RRB (2001) Win:win anduse strategies for Africa: 2. Capturing economic and environmental benefits with multistrata agroforests. Int For Rev 3:11–18
Lal R (2008) Carbon sequestration. Phil Trans R Soc B 363(1492):815–830. (27 February 2008)
Mather R (2010) Supporting REDD Implementation in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia through the Design of a REDD-compliant Benefit Distribution System, Final report
Montagnini F, Nair PKR (2004) Carbon sequestration: an underexploited environmental benefit of agroforestry systems. Agrofor Syst 61:281–295
Nair PKR (2011) Methodological challenges in estimating sequestration potential of agroforestry systems. Adv Agrofor 8(1):3–16
Nair PKR (2012) Carbon sequestration studies in agroforestry systems: a reality check. Agrofor Syst 86:243–253
Nair PKR, Mohan Kumar B, Nair VD (2009a) Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. J Plant Nutr Soil Sc 172:10–23
Nair PKR, Nair VD, Mohan Kumar B, Haile SG (2009b) Soil carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems: a feasibility appraisal. Environ Sci Policy 12:1099–1111
Nair PKR, Nair VD, Mohan Kumar B, Showalter JM (2010) Carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems. Adv Agron 108:237–307. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(10)08005-3
Nelson KC, de Jong BHJ (2003) Making global initiatives local realities: carbon mitigation projects in Chiapas, Mexico. Global Environ Change 13:19–30
Paul KI, Polglase PJ, Nyakuengama JG, Khanna PK (2002) Change in soil following afforestation. For Ecol Manag 168(1–3):241–257
Peskett L, Brodnig G (2011) Carbon rights in REDD+: exploring the implications for poor and vulnerable people. World Bank and REDD-net
Richards M (2010) The REDD Opportunities Scoping Exercise (ROSE): a tool for prioritizing sub-national REDD+ activities—case studies from Ghana, Tanzania, and Uganda. Forest Trends, Washington
Scherr SJ, McNeely JA (2007) Ecoagriculture strategies for poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation. Paper presented at the International Workshop on ‘Reconciling rural poverty and resource conservation: identifying relationships and remedies.’ May 2–3, 2003, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Schmitt-Harsh M, Evans TP, Castellanos E, Randolph JC (2012) Carbon stocks in coffee agroforests and mixed dry tropical forests in the western highlands of Guatemala. Agrofor Syst 86:141–157
Schoeneberger MM (2009) Agroforestry: working trees for sequestering carbon on agricultural lands. Agrofor Syst 75:27–37
Seeberg-Elverfeldt C, Schwarze S, Zeller M (2009) Carbon finance options for samllholders’ agroforestryin Indonesia. Int J Commons 3(1):108–130
Shively GE, Zelek CA, Midmore DJ, Nissen TM (2004) Carbon sequestration in a tropical landscape: an economic model to measure itsincrement cost. Agrofor Syst 60:189–197
Takimoto A, Nair PKR, Alavalapati JRR (2008) Socioeconomic potential of carbon sequestration through agroforestry in the West African Sahel. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 13:745–761
Tamang B, Andreu MG, Staudhammer CL, Rockwood DL, Jose S (2012) Equations for estimating aboveground biomass of cadaghi (Corymbia torelliana) trees in farms windbreaks. Agrofor Syst 86:255–266
TNC (The Nature Conservancy) (2009) Noel Kempff Mercado climate action project: a case study in reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation. TNC, Washington
TNC (The Nature Conservancy) (2010) Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD): a casebook of on-the-ground experience, conservation international and wildlife conservation society. Arlington
Udawatta RP, Jose S (2011) Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry practices in temperate North America. In: Kumar BM, Nair PKR (eds) Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems: opportunities and challenges. Adv Agrofor 8. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1630-8_2 Springer Science+Business Media BV
Unruh JD (2008) Carbon sequestration in Africa: the land tenure problem. Global Environ Change 18:700–707
Zhou X, Brandle JR, Schoeneberger MM, Awada T (2007) Developing above-ground woody biomass equations for open-grown, multi-stemmed tree species: Shelterbelts-grown Russian olive. Ecol Model 202(3–4):311–323
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Atangana, A., Khasa, D., Chang, S., Degrande, A. (2014). Agroforestry and the Carbon Market in the Tropics. In: Tropical Agroforestry. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7723-1_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7723-1_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7722-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7723-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)