Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been considered to improve the patient’s hemodynamics, functional status and survival probability for chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. Transvenous insertion of left ventricular leads is currently the route of choice for CRT. However, technical limitations owing to individual coronary sinus (CS) and coronary venous anatomy result in a 10–15 % failure rate of left ventricular lead placement and effective biventricular pacing. The epicardial lead implantation may be the last alternative for those who cannot receive or fail lead implantation through veins. Application of robotic technology to epicardial implantation allows for high-resolution, three-dimensional vision of the ventricular surface. The robotic approach provides assurance of accurate surgical positioning, minimum trauma and improved outcomes.
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© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
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Gao, C., Ren, C., Yang, M. (2014). Robotic Left Ventricular Epicardial Lead Implantation. In: Gao, C. (eds) Robotic Cardiac Surgery. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7660-9_10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7660-9_10
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