Abstract
It has been the dream of cardiac surgeons to perform cardiac procedures in the closed chest that would offer patients the same benefits as those that open-incision procedures do. The revolutionary minimally invasive surgery has certainly satisfied some of the desires of cardiac surgeons but they have never been as satisfactory as what cardiac surgical robots can ever have been.
Minimally invasive cardiac surgery has grown in popularity over the past two decades. And minimally invasive videoscope has been the most used approach. Minimally invasive techniques can provide patients with more advantages in recovery process than open procedures. The 2-D camera of endoscope causes impaired visualization, absence of the depth of the surgical field, and difficulty for complete precise manipulation by surgeons. The drive for robotic surgery is rooted in the desire to overcome the shortcomings of endoscopic surgery and expand the benefits. Robotic technology was introduced into the cardiac surgical field in 1998. AESOP (Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning) and ZEUS, two surgical robotic systems, were approved by the FDA for clinical use in 1994 and 2001 respectively. In January 1999, Intuitive launched the da Vinci Surgical System, and in 2000, it became the first robotic surgical system cleared by the FDA for general laparoscopic surgery. In the following years, the FDA cleared the da Vinci Surgical System for cardiac procedures. The robotic technique has been successfully used in atrial septal defect repair on arrest or beating heart, mitral valve repair or replacement, coronary bypass graft, myxomas resection, atrial fibrillation ablation, left ventricular epicardial lead placemen and aortic surgery. Early results are encouraging with evidence that patients experience little blood transfusion, shorter hospital stay, sooner return to preoperative function levels and improve quality of life with robotic surgery than with sternotomy. However, long-term results are needed to determine if robotic techniques could become the new standards in cardiac surgery.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Vernick W, Atluri P. Robotic and minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Anesthesiol Clin. 2013;31(2):299–320.
Reynolds Jr W. The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JSLS. 2001;5(1):89–94.
Mouret P. Celioscopic surgery. Evolution or revolution. Chirurgie. 1990;116(10):829–32.
Cuschieri A, Dubois F, Mouiel J, et al. The European experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg. 1991;161(3):385–7.
Delaitre B, Testas P, Dubois F. Complications of cholecystectomy by laparoscopic approach. Apropos of 6512 cases. Chirurgie. 1992;118(1–2):92–9.
Nocks L. The robot: the life story of a technology. Westport: Greenwood Press; 2007.
Kwoh YS, Hou J, Jonckheere EA, Hayall S. A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1988;35(2):153–61.
Davies BL, Hibberd RD, Coptcoat MJ, Wickham JEA. A surgeon robot prostatectomy – a laboratory evaluation. J Med Eng Technol. 1989;13(6):273–7.
Cowley G. Introducing “Robodoc”. A robot finds his calling – in the operating room. Newsweek. 1992;120(21):86.
Satava RM. Surgical robotics: the early chronicles: a personal historical perspective. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2002;12:6–16.
Marescaux J, Rubino F. The ZEUS robotic system: experimental and clinical applications. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(6):1305–15.
Satava RM. Robotic surgery: from past to future – a personal journey. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(6):1491–500.
Kypson AP, Chitwood WR. Robotic application in cardiac surgery. Int J Adv Robot Syst. 2003;1(2):87–92.
Carpentier A, Loulmet D, Aupecle B, et al. Computer assisted open heart surgery. First case operated on with success. C R Acad Sci III. 1998;321(5):437–42.
Nifong LW, Chu VF, Bailey BM, Maziarz DM, Sorrell VL, Holbert D, Chitwood Jr WR. Robotic mitral valve repair: experience with the da Vinci system. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:438–42; discussion 43.
Nifong LW, Chitwood WR, Pappas PS, Smith CR, Argenziano M, Starnes VA, Shah PM. Robotic mitral valve surgery: a United States multicenter trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:1395–404.
Reichenspurner H, Detter C, Deuse T, et al. Video and robotic-assisted minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: a comparison of the Port-Access and transthoracic clamp techniques. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:485–90.
Jones B, Krueger S, Howell D, et al. Robotic mitral valve repair: a community hospital experience. Tex Heart Inst J. 2005;32:143–6.
Smith JM, Stein H, Engel AM, et al. Totally endoscopic mitral valve repair using a robotic-controlled atrial retractor. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:633–7.
Lawrie G. Mitral valve: toward complete repairability. Surg Technol Int. 2006;15:189–97.
Chu M, Gersch K, Rodriguez E, et al. Robotic ‘haircut’ mitral valve repair: posterior leaflet-plasty. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:1460–2.
Smith JM, Stein H. Endoscopic placement of multiple artificial chordae with robotic assistance and nitinol clip fixation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:610–14.
Mihaljevic T, Jarrett CM, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH. A novel running annuloplasty suture technique for robotically assisted mitral valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139:1343–4.
Mohr FW, Falk V, Diegeler A, Autschbach R. Computer-enhanced coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:1212–15.
Loulmet D, Carpentier A, d’Attellis N, et al. Endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting with the aid of robotic assisted instruments. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;118:4–10.
Srivastava S, Gadasalli S, Agusala M, et al. Beating heart totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89:1873–80.
Bonatti J, Schachner T, Wiedemann D, Weidinger F, et al. Factors -influencing blood transfusion requirements in robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting on the arrested heart. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;39:262–7.
Eric JL, Rodriguez E, Chitwood WR. Robotic cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2011;24(1):77–85.
Torracca L, Ismeno G, Alfieri O. Totally endoscopic computer-enhanced atrial septal defect closure in six patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:1354–7.
Argenziano M, Oz MC, Kohmoto T, Morgan J, Dimitui J, Mongero L, Beck J, Smith CR. Totally endoscopic atrial septal defect repair with robotic assistance. Circulation. 2003;108 Suppl 1:II191–4.
Suematsu Y, Mora B, Mihaljevic T, del Nido P. Totally endoscopic robotic-assisted repair of patent ductus arteriosus and vascular ring in children. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:2309–13.
Gao C, Yang M, Wang G, Wang J, Xiao C, Wu Y, Li J. Total endoscopic robotic atrial septal defect repair on the beating heart. Heart Surg Forum. 2010;13:E155–8.
Gao C, Yang M, Wang G, et al. Totally endoscopic robotic ventricular septal defect repair. Innovations. 2010;5(4):278–80.
Gao C, Yang M, Wang G, et al. Excision of atrial myxoma using robotic technology. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139:1282–5.
Woo Y, Grand T, Weiss S. Robotic resection of an aortic valve papillary fibroelastoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:1100–2.
Lehr EJ, Rodriguez E, Chitwood WR. Robotic cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2011;24(1):77–85.
Derose Jr JJ, Belsley S, Swistel DG, et al. Robotically assisted left ventricular epicardial lead implantation for biventricular pacing: the posterior approach. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77(4):1472–4.
Navia JL, Atik FA, Grimm RA, et al. Minimally invasive left ventricular epicardial lead placement: surgical techniques for heart failure resynchronization therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(5):1536–44.
Folliguet T, Vanhuyse F, Konstantinos Z, Laborde F. Early experience with robotic aortic valve replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;28:172–3.
Suri RM, Burkhart HM, Schaff HV. Robot-assisted aortic valve replacement using a novel sutureless bovine pericardial prosthesis: proof of concept as an alternative to percutaneous implantation. Innovations (Phila). 2010;5(6):419–23.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gao, C. (2014). Overview of Robotic Cardiac Surgery. In: Gao, C. (eds) Robotic Cardiac Surgery. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7660-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7660-9_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7659-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7660-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)