Skip to main content

Peer Coaching and Mentorship

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Innovation and Change in Professional Education ((ICPE,volume 11))

Abstract

Peer coaching and mentorship, underutilized approaches for faculty development, can assist faculty in the fulfillment of their multiple academic roles. Strengths of these strategies include their interpersonal nature, the prominence of individualized feedback, and the promotion of self-reflective goals and practices. Peer coaching is an innovative faculty development approach that differs from the usual expert-learner model. It is a highly relational, collaborative, and performance-based learning process that depends on peer-to-peer collaboration and peer consultations. Mentorship allows a faculty member to draw upon the experience, advice, and expertise of a colleague. As a faculty development strategy, mentorship may be particularly useful for developing an individual’s research capacity or facilitating leadership or career development. Drawing upon the relevant literature, the goals of this chapter are to describe the key features and processes involved for each of these faculty development strategies, to illustrate their benefits and limitations, and to consider areas for further development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen, T. D., Finkelstein, L. M., & Poteet, M. L. (2009). Designing workplace mentoring programs: An evidence-based approach. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Balmer, D., D’Alessandro, D., Risko, W., & Gusic, M. E. (2011). How mentoring relationships evolve: A longitudinal study of academic pediatricians in a physician educator faculty development program. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 31(2), 81–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. (2001). Supported reflective practice: A programme of peer observation and feedback for academic teaching development. International Journal for Academic Development, 6(1), 29–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, D. J., Jonson, J., & Smith, K. (2000). An examination of the implementation of peer review of teaching. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2000(83), 73–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bland, C. J. (1990). Successful faculty in academic medicine: Essential skills and how to acquire them. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bland, C. J., Taylor, A. L., Shollen, S. L., Weber-Main, A. M., & Mulcahy, P. A. (2009). Faculty success through mentoring: A guide for mentors, mentees, and leaders. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blixen, C. E., Papp, K. K., Hull, A. L., Rudick, R. A., & Bramstedt, K. A. (2007). Developing a mentorship program for clinical researchers. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 27(2), 86–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claridge, M. T. & Lewis, T. (2005). Coaching for effective learning: A practical guide for teachers in health and social care. Oxford, UK: Radcliffe Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, K. A., Barker, L. R., Kolodner, K., Williamson, P., Wright, S. M., & Kern, D. E. (2004). Faculty development in teaching skills: An intensive longitudinal model. Academic Medicine, 79(5), 469–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, M. P., Bynoe, A. G., Redfern, N., Pokora, J., & Clarke, J. (2000). Developing senior doctors as mentors: A form of continuing professional development. Report of an initiative to develop a network of senior doctors as mentors: 1994–99. Medical Education, 34(9), 747–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Abate, C. P., Eddy, E. R., & Tannenbaum, S. I. (2003). What’s in a name? A literature-based approach to understanding mentoring, coaching, and other constructs that describe developmental interactions. Human Resource Development Review, 2(4), 360–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Janasz, S. C. & Sullivan, S. E. (2004). Multiple mentoring in academe: Developing the professorial network. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64(2), 263–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eby, L. T., Rhodes, J. E., & Allen, T. D. (2010). Definition and evolution of mentoring. In T. D. Allen, & L. T. Eby (Eds.), The Blackwell handbook of mentoring: A multiple perspectives approach, (pp. 7–20). West Sussex, UK: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, M. J. (2000). Peer learning partnerships: Promoting reflective practice through reciprocal learning. Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines, 19(3), 5–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, M. J. (2001). Peer-based professional development viewed through the lens of transformative learning. Holistic Nursing Practice, 16(1), 30–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, S. P., Bedinghaus, J., Snyder, C., & Hekelman, F. (1994). Peer coaching in clinical teaching: A case report. Family Medicine, 26(9), 569–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry, H. & Morris, C. (2004). Peer observation of clinical teaching. Medical Education, 38(5), 560–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hekelman, F. P., Flynn, S. P., Glover, P. B., Galazka, S. S., & Phillips Jr., J. A. (1994). Peer coaching in clinical teaching: Formative assessment of a case. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 17(3), 366–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henochowicz, S. & Hetherington, D. (2006). Leadership coaching in health care. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 27(3), 183189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huston, T. & Weaver, C. L. (2008). Peer coaching: Professional development for experienced faculty. Innovative Higher Education, 33(1), 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, V. A., Palepu, A., Szalacha, L., Caswell, C., Carr, P. L., & Inui, T. (2003). ‘Having the right chemistry’: A qualitative study of mentoring in academic medicine. Academic Medicine, 78(3), 328–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. O., Subak, L. L., Brown, J. S., Lee, K. A., & Feldman, M. D. (2010). An innovative program to train health sciences researchers to be effective clinical and translational research mentors. Academic Medicine, 85(3), 484–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, W. B. (2002). The intentional mentor: Strategies and guidelines for the practice of mentoring. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(1), 88–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, W. B. (2007). On being a mentor: A guide for higher education faculty. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joo, B. K. (2005). Executive coaching: A conceptual framework from an integrative review of practice and research. Human Resource Development Review, 4(4) 462–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, D. L. (1994). Evaluating training programs: The four levels. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, M. S. (1973). The adult learner: A neglected species. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experiences as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kram, K. E. (1983). Phases of the mentor relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 608–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lave, J. & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mark, S., Link, H., Morahan, P. S., Pololi, L., Reznik, V., & Tropez-Sims, S. (2001). Innovative mentoring programs to promote gender equity in academic medicine. Academic Medicine, 76(1), 39–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, M., Cilliers, F., & Van Wyk, J. M. (2008). Faculty development: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Medical Teacher, 30(6), 555–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, P. J. & Steinert, Y. (2009). Peer coaching as an approach to faculty development. Medical Teacher, 31(12), 1043–1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merriam, S. (1983). Mentors and protégés: A critical review of the literature. Adult Education Quarterly, 33(3), 161–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morzinski, J. A., Diehr, S., Bower, D. J., & Simpson, D. E. (1996). A descriptive, cross-sectional study of formal mentoring for faculty. Family Medicine, 28(6), 434–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Keefe M., Lecouteur, A., Miller, J., & McGowan, U. (2009). The Colleague Development Program: A multidisciplinary program of peer observation partnerships. Medical Teacher, 31(12), 1060–1065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peel, D. (2005). Peer observation as a transformatory tool? Teaching in Higher Education, 10(4), 489–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peyre, S. E., Frankl, S. E., Thorndike, M., & Breen, E. M. (2011). Observation of clinical teaching: Interest in a faculty development program for surgeons. Journal of Surgical Education, 68(5), 372–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pololi, L. H., Knight, S. M., Dennis, K., & Frankel, R. M. (2002). Helping medical school faculty realize their dreams: An innovative, collaborative mentoring program. Academic Medicine, 77(5), 377–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ragins, B. R. (1989). Barriers to mentoring: The female manager’s dilemma. Human Relations, 42(1), 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramani, S. & Krackov, S. K. (2012). Twelve tips for giving feedback effectively in the clinical environment. Medical Teacher, 34(10), 787–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roche, G. R. (1979). Much ado about mentors. Harvard Business Review, 57(1), 14–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, G. L., Rukstalis, M. R., & Schuckit, M. A. (2005). Informal mentoring between faculty and medical students. Academic Medicine, 80(4), 344–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sambunjak, D., Straus, S. E., & Marusic, A. (2006). Mentoring in academic medicine: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(9), 1103–1115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sambunjak, D., Straus, S. E., & Marusic, A. (2010). A systematic review of qualitative research on the meaning and characteristics of mentoring in academic medicine. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(1), 72–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandars, J. (2009). The use of reflection in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 44. Medical Teacher, 31(8), 685–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekerka, L. E. & Chao, J. (2003). Peer coaching as a technique to foster professional development in clinical ambulatory settings. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 23(1), 30–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, Z. S., Jonas-Dwyer, D., & Carr, S. E. (2007). Twelve tips for peer observation of teaching. Medical Teacher, 29(4), 297–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. A. & Zsohar, H. (2007). Essentials of neophyte mentorship in relation to the faculty shortage. Journal of Nursing Education, 46(4), 184–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinert, Y. (2010). Faculty development: From workshops to communities of practice. Medical Teacher, 32(5), 425–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinert, Y. (2011). Commentary: Faculty development: The road less traveled. Academic Medicine, 86(4), 409–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinert, Y., Mann, K., Centeno, A., Dolmans, D., Spencer, J., Gelula, M., et al. (2006). A systematic review of faculty development initiatives designed to improve teaching effectiveness in medical education: BEME Guide No. 8. Medical Teacher, 28(6), 497–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tee, S. R., Jowett, R. M., & Bechelet-Carter, C. (2009). Evaluation study to ascertain the impact of the clinical academic coaching role for enhancing student learning experience within a clinical masters education programme. Nurse Education in Practice, 9(6), 377–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, M. J. (2004). Mentoring: Seven roles and some specifics. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 170(2), 114–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tracy, E. E., Jagsi, R., Starr, R., & Tarbell, N. J. (2004). Outcomes of a pilot faculty mentoring program. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 191(6), 1846–1850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkerson, L. & Irby, D. M. (1998). Strategies for improving teaching practices: A comprehensive approach to faculty development. Academic Medicine, 73(4), 387–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Miriam Boillat MD, CCFP, FCFP .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Boillat, M., Elizov, M. (2014). Peer Coaching and Mentorship. In: Steinert, Y. (eds) Faculty Development in the Health Professions. Innovation and Change in Professional Education, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7612-8_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics