Abstract
Iridium is the element No. 77 of the periodic table (period—6, group—9 (or VIIIb), relates to transition metals) with the ground state level 4F9/2 and electron configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 4d 10 4f 14 5s 2 5p 6 5d 7 6 s 2. The general oxidation states (numbers) of iridium in various chemical compounds are (–3), (–2), (–1), 0, (+1), (+2), (+3), (+4), (+5) and (+6); the oxidation states (+6), (+4), (+3) and (+2) are the most common; the radii of iridium are:
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Steurer W (1996) Crystal structure of the metallic elements. In: Cahn RW, Haasen P (eds) Physical metallurgy, 4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1–46. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam
Cotton FA, Wilkinson G (1965) Advanced inorganic chemistry. Wiley, New York, London
Akhmetov NS (2001) Obschaya i neorganicheskaya khimiya (General and inorganic chemistry), 4th ed. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow (in Russian)
Kotelnikov RB, Bashlykov SN, Galiakbarov ZG, Kashtanov AI (1968) Osobo tugoplavkie elementy i soedineniya (Extra refractory elements and compounds). Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Zefirov AP (ed), Veryatin UD, Mashirev VP, Ryabtsev NG, Tarasov VI, Rogozkin BD, Korobov IV (1965) Termodinamicheskie svoistva neorganicheskikh veschestv (Thermodynamic properties of inorganic substances). Atomizdat, Moscow (in Russian)
Speight JG, ed (2005) Lange’s handbook of chemistry, 16th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York
Lide DR, ed (2010) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 90th ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York
Martienssen W (2005) The elements. In: Martienssen W, Warlimont H (eds) Springer handbook of condensed matter and materials data, pp. 45–158. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Samsonov GV, ed (1976) Svoistva elementov (Properties of elements), 2nd ed., Vol. 1. Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Cardarelli F (2008) Materials handbook, 2nd ed. Springer, London
Samsonov GV, ed (1976) Svoistva elementov (Properties of elements), 2nd ed., Vol. 2. Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Lyakishev NP, ed (1997) Diagrammy sostoyaniya dvoinykh metallicheskikh sistem (Phase diagrams of binary metal systems), Vol. 2. Mashinostroenie, Moscow (in Russian)
Lyakishev NP, ed (2001) Diagrammy sostoyaniya dvoinykh metallicheskikh sistem (Phase diagrams of binary metal systems), Vol. 3, Part 1. Mashinostroenie, Moscow (in Russian)
Lyakishev NP, ed (1996) Diagrammy sostoyaniya dvoinykh metallicheskikh sistem (Phase diagrams of binary metal systems), Vol. 1. Mashinostroenie, Moscow (in Russian)
Massalski TB, Subramanian PR, Okamoto H, Kacprzak L, eds (1990) Binary alloy phase diagrams, 2nd ed. ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio
Savitskii EM, Polyakova VP, Gorina NB, Roshan NR (1975) Metallovedenie platinovykh metallov (Metallography of platinum metals). Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Savitskii EM, Gribulya VB (1977) Prognozirovanie neorganicheskikh soedinenii s pomoschyu EVM (The prediction of inorganic compounds by means of computing). Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Papirov II (1981) Struktura i svoistva splavov berilliya (Structure and properties of beryllium alloys). Energoizdat, Moscow (in Russian)
Gladyshevskii EI, Bodak OI (1982) Kristallokhimiya intermetallicheskikh soedinenii redkozemelnykh metallov (The crystal chemistry of intermetallic compounds of rare earth metals). Vyshcha Shkola, Lviv (in Russian)
Griffin RB, Gschneidner KA, Jr (1971) Effect of the sixth period elements on the melting and transformation temperatures of praseodymium: Part I. Experimental. Metal Trans 2(9):2517–2524
Savitskii EM, ed (1984) Blagorodnye metally (Noble metals). Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Audi G, Wapstra AH, Thibault C, Blachot J, Bersillon O (2003) The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nucl Phys A 729:3–128
De Laeter JR, Bohlke JK, De Bievre P, Hidaka H, Peiser HS, Rosman KJR, Taylor PDP (2003) Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical report). Pure Appl Chem 75(6):683–800
Wieser ME (2006) Atomic weights of the elements 2005. (IUPAC Technical report). Pure Appl Chem 78(11):2051–2066
Gladyshevskii EI (1971) Kristallokhimiya silitsidov i germanidov (The crystal chemistry of silicides and germanides). Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Samsonov GV, Bondarev VN (1968) Germanidy (Germanides). Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Samsonov GV, Drozdova SV (1972) Sulfidy (Sulfides). Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Degussa AG (1995) Edelmetal – Taschenbuch (Precious metal – paperback), 2nd ed. Hüthig, Heidelberg (in German)
Benner LS, Suzuki T, Meguro K, Tanaka S, eds (1991) Precious metals, science, technology. International Precious Metals Institute, Allentown
Antonov VE, Belash IT, Malyshev VYu, Ponyatovsky EG (1984) Solubility of hydrogen in the platinum metals under high pressure. Platinum Met Rev 28(4):158–163
Obrowski W (1963) Alloys of ruthenium with boron, beryllium and aluminium. Metall 17(2):108–112
Verkhorobin LF, Kovtun GP, Kruglykh AA, Matyushenko NN, Pugachev AS, Tikhinskii GF (1971) Berillidy ruteniya, osmiya, rodiya i iridiya sostava M2Be17 (Ruthenium, osmium, rhodium and iridium beryllides with M2Be17 composition). Izv AN SSSR Metally (6):168–171 (in Russian)
Eremenko VN, Semenova EA, Shtepa TD (1978) Vliyanie rodiya, iridiya i osmiya na polimorfnoe (α↔β)-prevrashchenie tsirkoniya (The effects of rhodium, iridium and osmium on the (α↔β)-transformation of zirconium). Izv AN SSSR Metally (2):200–203 (in Russian)
Kubaschewski O (1982) Iron binary phase diagrams. Springer, Berlin
Bannykh OA, Budberg SP, Alisova SP (1986) Diagrammy sostoyaniya dvoinykh i mnogokomponentnykh system na osnove zheleza (The constitution diagrams of binary and multi-component systems based on iron). Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Esslinger P, Schubert K (1957) Zur Systematik der Strukturfamilie des NiAs. I. Verbeitung der Strukturen der NiAs-Familie (The systematics of the family structure of NiAs. I. Distribution of the structures of NiAs family). Z Metallkd 48(3):126–134 (in German)
Berezhnoy AS (1958) Kremnii i ego binarnye sistemy (Silicon and its binary systems). UkrSSR Academy of Sciences, Kyiv (in Russian)
Finnie LN (1962) Structures and compositions of the silicides of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium and iridium. J Less-Common Met 4(1):24–34
Samsonov GV, Dvorina LA, Rud BM (1979) Silitsidy (Silicides). Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Fromm E, Gebhardt, E (1976) Gase und Kohlenstoff in Metallen (Gases and carbon in metals). Springer, Berlin (in German)
Obolonchik VA (1972) Selenidy (Selenides). Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Chizhikov DM, Schastlivyi VP (1966) Tellur i telluridy (Tellurium and tellurides). Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Nekrasov BV (1973) Osnovy obschei khimii (Foundations of general chemistry), 3rd ed., Vol. 2. Khimiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Goodwin F, Guruswamy S, Kainer KU, Kammer C, Knabl W, Koethe A, Leichtfried G, Schlamp G, Stickler R, Warlimont H (2005) Metals. In: Martienssen W, Warlimont H (eds) Springer handbook of condensed matter and materials data, pp. 161–430. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Savitskii EM, Polyakova VP, Tylkina MA (1967) Splavy palladiya (Palladium alloys). Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Crespo AJ, Tergenius L-E, Lundström T (1981) The solid solution of 4d, 5d and some p elements in β rhombohedral boron. J Less-Common Met 77(1):147–150
Khoruzhaya VG (1996) Interaction of transition metals of group IV with high-melting platinum metals in binary and ternary systems. Powder Metall Met Ceram 35(7–8):433–440
Savitskii EM, Devingtal YuV, Gribulya VB (1968) Prognoz metallicheskikh soedinenii tipa A3B s pomoshchyu elektronno-vychislitelnoi mashiny (Prognosis of A3B type metallic compounds by means of computing). Doklady AN SSSR 183(5):1110–1112 (in Russian)
Savitskii EM, Devingtal YuV, Gribulya VB (1969) Raspoznavanie tipa reaktsii obrazovaniya i otsenka intervala gomogennosti metallicheskikh faz pri pomoshchi EVM (Identification of formation reaction type and evaluation of homogeneity range of metallic phases by means of computing). Doklady AN SSSR 185(3):561–563 (in Russian)
Savitskii EM, Gribulya VB (1970) Opyt prognozirovaniya sostava i svoistv soedinenii s pomoshchyu EVM (Prognosis experience in compound compositions and properties by means of computing). Doklady AN SSSR 190(5):1147–1150 (in Russian)
Savitskii EM, Gribulya VB (1972) Prognoz faz Lavesa pri pomoshchi EVM (Prognosis of Laves phases by means of computing). Doklady AN SSSR 206(4):848–851 (in Russian)
Raub E (1959) Metals and alloys of the platinum group. J Less-Common Met 1(1):3–18
Argon AS (1996) Mechanical properties of single-phase crystalline media: deformation at low temperatures. In: Cahn RW, Haasen P (eds) Physical metallurgy, 4th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1877–1955. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam
Singh HP (1968) Determination of thermal expansion of germanium, rhodium and iridium by x-rays. Acta Crystallogr A 24(4):469–471
Bozza L, Toth L (1990) Iridium. In: Metals handbook, Vol. 2 – Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials, pp. 3015–3016. ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio
Winter M (2012) WebElements: the periodic table on the WWW. Iridium: enthalpies and thermodynamic properties. http://www.webelements.com/iridium/thermochemistry.html Accessed 18 April 2012.
Panish MB, Reif L (1961) Vaporization of iridium and rhodium. J Chem Phys 34(6):1915–1918
Halvorson JJ, Wimber RT (1972) Thermal expansion of iridium at high temperatures. J Appl Phys 43(6):2519–2522
Merker J, Lupton D, Töpfer M, Knake H (2001) High temperature mechanical properties of the platinum group metals: elastic properties of platinum, rhodium and iridium and their alloys at high temperatures. Platinum Met Rev 45(2):74–82
McLellan RB, Oates WA (1973) The solubility of hydrogen in rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and nickel. Acta Metall 21(3):181–185
Donkersloot HC, Van Vucht JHN (1976) The crystal structure of IrLi, Ir3Li and LiRh3. J Less-Common Met 50(2):279–282
Matyushenko NN (1969) Kristallicheskie struktury dvoinykh soedinenii (The crystal structure of binary compounds). Metallurgiya, Moscow (in Russian)
Johnson O, Smith GS, Krikorian OH, Sands DE (1970) The crystal structure of RhBe6.6. Acta Crystallogr B 26:109–113
Ferro R, Rambaldini G, Capelli R (1962) Research on the alloys of noble metals with the more electropositive elements. V. Micrographic and x-ray examination of some magnesium-iridium alloys. J Less-Common Met 4(1):16–23
Wood EA, Compton VB (1958) Laves-phase compounds of alkaline earths and noble metals. Acta Crystallogr 11:429–433
Bruzzone G, Merlo F (1982) Crystal chemical remarks on the alloying behaviour of calcium, strontium and barium. J Less-Common Met 85:285–306
Compton VB, Matthias BT (1959) Laves phase compounds of rare earths and hafnium with noble metals. Acta Crystallogr 12:651–654
Chabot B, Cenzual K, Parthe E (1980) Sc11Ir4, Sc11Os4, Sc11Ru4, Zr11Os4 with a new cubic structure type described by means of a cluster concept. Acta Crystallogr B 36:7–11
Le Roy J, Paccard D, Moreau J-M (1980) R5Ir2 compounds (R ≡ Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu, Y) with the monoclinic Mn5C2 structure. J Less-Common Met 72(1):P11-P15
Vorobev VD, Melnikova VA (1974) Rentgenograficheskie issledovaniya sistem iridii-lantan i iridii-tserii (X-ray studies of the iridium-lanthanum and iridium-cerium systems). Kristallografiya 19(3):642–643 (in Russian)
Olcese GL (1973) Crystal structure and magnetic properties of some 7:3 binary phases between lanthanides and metals of the 8th group. J Less-Common Met 33(1):71–81
Teslyuk YuM (1969) Metallicheskie soedineniya so strukturami faz Lavesa (Metallic compounds with Laves phase structures). Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Lewy RM (1970) Indirect exchange in the rare-earth intermetallics. J Appl Phys 41(3):902–904
Le Roy J, Moreau J-M, Paccard D, Parthe E (1979) Rare earth (and yttrium) – iridium and – platinum compounds with the Fe3C structure type. Acta Crystallogr B 35:1437–1439
Le Roy J, Moreau J-M, Paccard D, Parthe E (1980) Rare earth – iridium compounds with Pu5Rh3 and Y3Rh2 structure types: members of a new structural series with formula R5n+6T3n+5. J Less-Common Met 76(1–2):131–135
Paccard D, Le Roy J, Moreau J-M (1979) Nd5Ir3: a new tetragonal phase with Ir-centred square antiprisms of Nd atoms. Acta Crystallogr B 35:1315–1318
Thompson JR (1964) Alloys of thorium with certain transition metals. II. The systems thorium-osmium, thorium-iridium and thorium-platinum. J Less-Common Met 6(1):3–10
Kutaitsev VI, Chebotarev NT, Andrianov MA, Konev VN, Lebedev IG, Bagrova VI, Beznosikova AV, Kruglov AA, Petrov PN, Smotritskaya ES (1967) Phase diagrams of plutonium with metals of groups IIA, IVA, VIII and IB. Sov Atom Energy 23(6):1279–1287
Cromer DT (1974) Plutonium-iridium Pu5Ir3. Acta Crystallogr B 33:1996–1997
Eremenko VN, Shtepa TD (1970) Diagramma sostoyaniya sistemy Ti-Ir (The constitution diagram of the Ti-Ir system). Izv AN SSSR Metally (6):198–203 (in Russian)
Eremenko VN, Semenova EA, Shtepa TD (1980) Diagramma sostoyaniya sistemy Zr-Ir (The constitution diagram of the Zr-Ir system). Izv AN SSSR Metally (5):237–241 (in Russian)
Kubaschewski O, Von Goldbeck O (1976) Phase diagrams. In: Hafnium. Physico-chemical properties of its compounds and alloys. Atomic Energy Review, Special Issue N 8, pp. 57–118. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
Giessen BC, Dangel PN, Grant NJ (1967) New phases in the vanadium-iridium system and tentative constitution diagram. J Less-Common Met 13(1):62–70
Waterstrat RM, Manuszewski RC (1973) The chromium-iridium constitution diagram. J Less-Common Met 32(1):79–89
Venkatraman M, Neumann JP (1990) The Cr-Ir (chromium-iridium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams 11(1):5–8
Darby JB, Norton LJ, Downey JW (1963) A survey of the binary systems of technetium with group VIII transition elements. J Less-Common Met 5(5):397–402
Swartzendruber LJ (1984) The Fe-Ir (iron-iridium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams 5(1):48–52
Swartzendruber LJ (1984) The Fe-Ir (iron-iridium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams 5(2):134
Eremenko VN, Khoruzhaya VG, Shtepa TD (1988) Temperatury nonvariantnykh ravnovesii v sistemakh Zr-Ru i Ru-Ir (The temperatures of non-variant equilibria in the Zr-Ru and Ru-Ir systems). Izv AN SSSR Metally (1):197–202 (in Russian)
FactSage (2010) Data from SGnobl metal alloy database. Collection of phase diagrams. http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/phase_diagram.php?file=Ir-Ru.jpg&dir=SGnobl Accessed 7 May 2012
Bucher E, Brinkman WF, Maita JP, Cooper AS (1970) Properties of the Ni-Ir alloy system. Phys Rev B 1:274–277
Raub E, Röschel E (1970) Alloys of nickel with iridium and rhodium. Z Metallkd 61(2):113–115
FactSage (2010) Data from FSnobl noble metal databases. Collection of phase diagrams. http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/phase_diagram.php?file=Ir-Pd.jpg&dir=FSnobl Accessed 7 May 2012
Tylkina MA, Polyakova VP, Savitskii EM (1962) Diagramma sostoyaniya sistemy palladii-iridii (The phase diagram of the palladiumiridium system). Zh Neorg Khim 7(6):1471–1473 (in Russian)
FactSage (2010) Data from SGnobl-SGTE noble metal alloy database. Collection of phase diagrams. http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/phase_diagram.php?file=Ir-Pt.jpg&dir=SGnobl Accessed 7 May 2012
Tripathi SN, Chandrasekharaiah MS (1983) Thermodynamic properties of binary alloys of platinum metals II: Ir-Pt system. J Less-Common Met 91(2):251–260
FactSage (2010) Data from SGnobl-SGTE noble metal alloy database. Collection of phase diagrams. http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/phase_diagram.php?file=Cu-Ir.jpg&dir=SGnobl Accessed 7 May 2012
Raub E, Röschel E (1969) Copper iridium alloys. Z Metallkd 60(2):142–144
Chakrabarti DJ, Laughlin DE (1987) The Cu-Ir (copper-iridium) system. J Phase Equilibria 8(2):132–136
Karakaya I, Thompson WT (1986) The Ag-Ir (silver-iridium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams 7(4):359–360
FactSage (2010) Data from SGnobl-SGTE noble metal alloy database. Collection of phase diagrams. http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/phase_diagram.php?file=Ag-Ir.jpg&dir=SGnobl Accessed 7 May 2012
Okamoto H, Massalski TB (1984) The Au-Ir (gold-iridium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams 5(4):381
FactSage (2010) Data from SGnobl-SGTE noble metal alloy database. Collection of phase diagrams. http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/phase_diagram.php?file=Au-Ir.jpg&dir=SGnobl Accessed 7 May 2012
Jangg G, Dörtbudak T (1973) Untersuchungen an den Systemen der Platinmetalle und des Rheniums mit Quecksilber (Investigations of the platinum metal mercury and rhenium mercury systems). Z Metallkd 64(10):715–719 (in German)
Aronsson B (1963) The crystal structure of RuB2, OsB2 and IrB1.35 and some general comments on the crystal chemistry of borides in the composition range MeB-MeB3. Acta Chem Scand 17(7):2036–2050
Rogl P, Nowotny H, Benesovsky F (1971) Ein Beitrag zur Strukturchemie der Iridiumboride (A contribution to the structural chemistry of iridium boride). Monatsh Chem 102(3):678–686 (in German)
Lundström T, Tergenius L-E (1973) Refinement of the crystal structure of the non-stoichiometric boride IrB~1.35. Acta Chem Scand 27(12):3705–3711
Holleck H, Nowotny H, Benesovsky F (1963) Die Verbindungen Ta3Ga2 and IrGa (The connections of Ta3Ga2 and IrGa). Monatsh Chem 94(5):841–843 (in German)
Völlenkle H, Wittmann A, Nowotny H (1966) Abkömmlinge der TiSi2-Struktur – ein neues Bauprinzip (Descendants of the TiSi2-structure – a new design principle). Monatsh Chem 97(2):506–516 (in German)
Edshammar L-E (1970) The crystal structure of Rh5Ga9 and Ir2Ga9. Acta Chem Scand 24(4):1457–1458
Schulz KJ, Musbah OA, Chang YA (1990) An investigation of the Ir-Ga-As system. Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams 11(3):211–215
Anres P, Gaune-Escard M, Bros JP (1997) First thermodynamic approach of the (Ir+Ga) system. J Alloys Compd 259(1–2):225–233
Korst WL, Finnie LN, Searcy AW (1957) The crystal structure of the monosilicides of osmium, iridium and ruthenium. J Phys Chem 61(11):1541–1543
Reinacher G (1965) Hot-stage microscope determination of the solidus temperatures of iridium alloys with about 1 wt.% boron, phosphoros or silicon. Metall 19(7):707–711
Bhan S, Schubert K (1960) Constitution of the systems cobalt-germanium, rhodium-germanium and some related alloys. Z Metallkd 51:327–339
Hamilton DC, Raub ChJ, Matthias BT, Corenzwit E, Hull GW, Jr (1965) Some new superconducting compounds. J Phys Chem Solids 26(3):665–667
Okamoto H (1990) The Ir-P (iridium-phosphorus) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams 11(4):413–415
Kjekshus A (1971) On the properties of binary compounds with the CoSb2 type crystal structure. Acta Chem Scand 25(2):411–422
Quesnel JC, Heyding RD (1962) Transition metal arsenides: a note on the rhodium/arsenic system and the monoclinic diarsenides of the cobalt family. Canad J Chem 40(4):814–818
Hulliger F (1963) Semiconductivity in CoSb2-type compounds. Phys Lett 4(5):282–283
Zhuravlev NN, Zhdanov GS, Kuzmin RN (1960) Atomnoe stroenie nekotorykh soedinenii vismuta i surmy (The atomic structure of certain compounds of bismuth and antimony). Kristallografiya 5(4):553–562 (in Russian)
Caillat T, Borshchevsky A, Fleurial J-P (1993) Phase diagram of the Ir-Sb system on the antimony-rich part. J Alloys Compd 199(1–2):207–210
Kjekshus A (1961) High temperature x-ray study of the thermal expansion of IrAs3 and IrSb3. Acta Chem Scand 15:678–681
Kjekshus A, Pedersen G (1961) The crystal structures of IrAs3 and IrSb3. Acta Crystallogr 14:1065–1070
Zhuravlev NN, Smirnova EM (1965) Ustanovlenie dvukh novykh soedinenii IrBi3 i IrBi2 v sisteme vismut-iridii (The ascertainment of two new compounds IrBi3 and IrBi2 in the bismuth-iridium system). Kristallografiya 10(6):828–832 (in Russian)
Schäfer H, Heitland H-J (1960) Gleichgewichtsmessungen im System Iridium – Sauerstoff Gasförmiges – Iridiumtrioxyd (Equilibrium measurements in the system iridium – gaseous oxygen – iridium trioxide). Z Anorg Allgem Chem 304(5–6):249–265 (in German)
Hockings EF, White JG (1960) The system iridium-tellurium. J Phys Chem 64(8):1042–1045
Weiland R, Lupton DF, Fischer B, Merker J, Scheckenbach C, Witte J (2006) High-temperature mechanical properties of the platinum group metals. Properties of pure iridium at high temperature. Platinum Met Rev 50(4):158–170
Sha JB, Yamabe-Mitarai Y, Harada H (2006) Microstructural evaluation and mechanical properties of Ir-Hf-Zr ternary alloys at room and high temperatures. Intermetallics 14(10–11):1364–1369
Kimura Y, Iida K, Wei F-G, Mishima Y (2006) Phase equilibria in the T-Al-C (T: Co, Ni, Rh, Ir) and T-Al-B (T: Rh, Ir) systems for the design of E21-Co3AlC based heat resistant alloys. Intermetallics14(5):508–514
McDaniel CL, Schneider SJ (1972) Phase relations in the CaO-IrO2-Ir system in air. J Solid State Chem 4(2):275–280
Sarkozy RF, Moeller CW, Chamberland BL (1974) The characterization of calcium iridium oxides. J Solid State Chem 9(3):242–246
Jacob KT, Okabe TH, Uda T, Waseda Y (1999) Solid-state cells with buffer electrodes for the measurement of thermodynamic properties of IrO2, CaIrO3, Ca2IrO4 and Ca4IrO6. J Electrochem Soc 146(5):1854–1861
Keawprak N, Tu R, Goto T (2009) Thermoelectric properties of Ca-Ir-O compounds prepared by spark plasma sintering. Mater Trans 50(4):853–858
Liang CH, Chan YH, Tiong KK, Huang YS, Dumcenco DO, Liao (2009) Synthesis and characterization of needle-like IrSe2 microrods. J Alloys Compd 480(1):70–72
Rogl P, Nowotny H (1979) Studies of the (Sc, Zr, Hf) – (Rh, Ir) – B systems. J Less-Common Met 67(1):41–50
Brukl CE, Rudy E (1967) The hafnium-iridium-boron system. In: Ternary phase equilibria in transition metal-boron-carbon-silicon systems. Report AFML-TR-65–2, Contracts USAF 33(615)-1249, Part 2, Vol. 14, pp. 1–54. Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
Holleck H (1977) Carbon- and boron-stabilized ordered phases of scandium. J Less-Common Met 52(1):167–172
Winter M (2012) WebElements: the periodic table on the WWW. Iridium: physical properties. http://www.webelements.com/iridium/physics.html Accessed 18 April 2012.
Sangster J, Pelton AD (1992) The Ir-Li (iridium-lithium) system. J Phase Equilib 13(1):59–62
Varma SK, Chang FC, Magee CB (1978) Compounds and phase relationships in the lithium-iridium-hydrogen system. J Less-Common Met 60(2):P47-P63
Loebich O Jr, Raub ChJ (1981) Reactions beween some alkali metals and platinum group metals. Platinum Met Rev 25(3):113–120
Moffatt WG (1986) Binary phase diagrams handbook. General Electric Co., Schenectady, New York
Hlukhyy V, Pöttgen R (2004) The hexagonal Laves phase MgIr2. Z Naturforsch B 59:943–946
Hlukhyy V, Rodewald UC, Hoffmann RD, Pöttgen R (2004) Synthesis and structure of RhMg3 and Ir3Mg13. Z Naturforsch B 59:251–255
Bonhomme F, Yvon K (1995) Cubic Mg29Ir4 crystallizing with an ordered variant of the Mg6Pd-type structure. J Alloys Compd 227:L1–L3
Range KJ, Hafner P (1993) Structure refinement of AuMg3, IrMg3 and IrMg2.8. J Alloys Compd 191:L5-L7
Hlukhyy V, Pöttgen R (2004) Mg2+x Ir3−x (x = 0.30) − a binary variant of the monoclinic V2(Co0.57Si0.43)3 type. Solid State Sci 6:1175–1180
Schlüter M, Häussermann U, Heying B, Pöttgen R (2003) Tin-magnesium substitution in Ir3Sn7-structure and chemical bonding in Mg x Ir3Sn7−x (x = 0–1.67). J Solid State Chem 173:418–424
Cerny R, Renaudin G, Tokaychuk YO, Favre-Nicolin V (2006) Complex intermetallic compounds in the Mg-Ir system solved by powder diffraction. Z Kristallogr S23:411–416
Pani M, Palenzona A (2007) Ca5Rh and Ca5Ir: isotypic compounds with a new structure type. J Alloys Compd 436:91–94
Okamoto H (1995) The Ir-Sc (iridium-scandium) system. J Phase Equilib 16(3):285–286
Tripathi SN, Bharadwaj SR (1996) The Ir-Sc (iridium-scandium) system. J Phase Equilib 17(5):445–450
Okamoto H (1997) The Ir-Sc (iridium-scandium) system. J Phase Equilib 18:224–225
Eremenko VN, Khorujaya VG, Martsenyuk PS (1994) The scandium-iridium phase diagram. J Alloys Compd 204:83–87
Le Roy J, Moreau JM, Parthé E (1978) The crystal structures of R64Ir37 (R = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Y) and R64Rh37. Acta Crystallogr A 34 S180c
Okamoto H (1992) The Ir-Y (iridium-yttrium) system. J Phase Equilib 13:651–653
Palenzona A (1989) The crystal structure of Eu4Ir. J Less-Common Met 154(1):227–228
Ning Y-T, Zhou X-M, Zhen Y, Chen N-Y, Xu H, Zhu J-Z (1989) The prediction and synthesis of some new intermetallic compounds between transition metals and rare earth metals. J Less-Common Met 147(2):167–173
Iandelli A, Palenzona A (1976) Das Verhalten des Ytterbiums mit den Metallen der achten Gruppe des periodischen Systems (The reaction of the ytterbium to the metals of the eighth group of the periodic table). Rev Chim Miner 13(1):55–61 (in German)
Iandelli A, Palenzona A (1982) On the crystal structures of Yb5Ir3. J Less-Common Met 83(1):L1-L5
Blazina Z, Mohanty RC, Raman A (1989) Intermediate phases in some rare earth metal – iridium systems. Z Metallkd 80(3):192–196
Le Roy J, Moreau JM, Paccard D (1982) R5T3 compounds (R ≡ rare earth; T ≡ Rh, Ir) with an Mn5Si3-type structure. J Less-Common Met 86:63–67
Krikorian NH (1971) The reaction of selected lanthanide carbides with platinum and iridium. J Less-Common Met 23(3):271–279
Raman A (1976) Crystal structure of Ce5Rh4 and analogous phases. J Less-Common Met 48(1):111–117
Lam DJ, Mitchell AW (1972) Laves phases of actinide elements. J Nucl Mater 44(3):279–284
Erdmann B, Keller C (1973) Actinide (lanthanide) – noble metal alloy phases, preparation and properties. J Solid State Chem 7(1):40–48
Radchenko VM, Seleznev AG, Shushakov VD, Droznik RR, Ryabinin MA, Lebedeva LS, Vasilyev VY (1990) Intermetallics and alloys of transplutonium elements with metals of the platinum group. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 143(1):261–267
Raub E, Mahler W (1955) Die Legierungen des Mangans mit Platins, Iridium, Rhodium und Ruthenium (Alloys of manganese with platinum, iridium, rhodium and ruthenium). Z Metallkd 46(4):282–290 (in German)
Arnberg L, Westman S (1972) Note on the structure of the gamma brass like phase Ir4Zn22. Acta Chem Scand 26:513–517
Chakrabarti DJ, Laughlin DE (1987) The Cu-Ir (copper-iridium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams 8(2):132–136
Guminski C (2003) The Hg-Ir (mercury-iridium) system. J Phase Equilib 24(4):373–374
Boström M, Prots Y, Grin Y (2004) Synthesis, crystal structure and chemical bonding of the novel compound IrGa2. Solid State Sci 6(5):499–503
Anres P, Fossati P, Richter K, Gambino M, Gaune-Escard M, Bros J-P (2000) Thermodynamics of the Ir-In system. J Alloys Compd 296(1–2):119–127
Flandorfer H, Richter KW, Hayer E, Ipser H, Borzone G, Bros J-P (2002) The binary system In-Ir: a new investigation of phase relationships, crystal structures and enthalpies of mixing. J Alloys Compd 345(1–2):130–139
Flandorfer H (2004) The crystal structure of a new low temperature modification of In3Ir. J Alloys Compd 368(1–2):256–259
Allevato CE, Vining CB (1993) Phase diagram and electrical behavior of silicon-rich iridium silicide compounds. J Alloys Compd 200(1–2):99–105
Okamoto H (1995) Comment on Ir-Si (iridium-silicon) system. J Phase Equilib 16(5):473a-474
Sha JB, Yamabe-Mitarai Y (2006) Phase and microstructural evolution of Ir-Si binary alloys with fcc/silicide structure. Intermetallics 14:672–684
Nordmark E-L, Wallner O, Häussermann U (2002) Polymorphism of IrSn4. J Solid State Chem 168(1):34–40
Künnen B, Niepmann D, Jeitschko W (2000) Structure refinements and some properties of the transition metal stannides Os3Sn7, Ir5Sn7, Ni0.402(4)Pd0.598Sn4, α-PdSn2 and PtSn4. J Alloys Compd 309(1–2):1–9
Yu R, Zhan Q, De Jonghe LC (2007) Crystal structures of and displacive transitions in OsN2, IrN2, RuN2 and RhN2. Angew Chem Int Ed 46(7):1136–1140
Wu Z-J, Zhao E-J, Xiang H-P, Hao X-F, Liu X-J, Meng J (2007) Crystal structures and elastic properties of superhard IrN2 and IrN3 from first principles. Phys Rev B 76(5):054115
Okamoto H (1994) Comment on Ir-Sb (iridium-antimony) system. J Phase Equilib 15(5):567–568
Munson RA (1968) The synthesis of iridium disulfide and nickel diarsenide having the pyrite structure. Inorg Chem 7:389–390
Okamoto H (2000) The In-Ir (indium-iridium) system. J Phase Equilib 21(4):412
Okamoto H (2004) The In-Ir (indium-iridium) system. J Phase Equilib 25(1):103
Servant C, Idbenali M (2011) Thermodynamic assessment of the In-Ir system in the In rich part. Thermochim Acta 517:1–8
Okamoto H (2012) The In-Ir (indium-iridium) system. J Phase Equilib Diffus 33(2):158
Okamoto H (2009) The Al-Ir (aluminum-iridium) system. J Phase Equilib Diffus 30(2):206–207
Okamoto H (2007) The Ir-Si (iridium-silicon) system. J Phase Equilib Diffus 28(5):495
Okamoto H (2007) The Ir-Zr (iridium-zirconium) system. J Phase Equilib Diffus 28(5):496
Okamoto H (2000) The Al-Ir (aluminum-iridium) system. J Phase Equilib Diffus 21(4):409
Anres P, Gaune-Escard M, Bros J-P (1997) Comment on gallium-iridium (Ga-Ir) system. J Phase Equilib 18(5):415–416
Okamoto H (1996) The Ir-Mn (iridium-manganese) system. J Phase Equilib 17(1):60–62
Bharadwaj SR, Tripathi SN, Chandrasekharaiah MS (1995) The Ir-Pt (iridium-platinum) system. J Phase Equilib 16(5):460–464
Okamoto H (1994) The Ir-Sb (iridium-antimony) system. J Phase Equilib 15(6):640–642
Okamoto H (1994) Comment on Hf-Ir (hafnium-iridium) system. J Phase Equilib 15(3):365
Okamoto H (1992) The Ir-Zr (iridium-zirconium) system. J Phase Equilib 13(6):653–656
Okamoto H (1992) The Ir-Ru (iridium-ruthenium) system. J Phase Equilib 13(5):565–567
Okamoto H (1992) The Ir-U (iridium-uranium) system. J Phase Equilib 13(5):567–570
Okamoto H (1992) The Ir-Ti (iridium-titanium) system. J Phase Equilib 13(3):329–331
Okamoto H (1992) The Ir-Yb (iridium-ytterbium) system. J Phase Equilib 13(2):193–194
Okamoto H (1992) The Er-Ir (erbium-iridium) system. J Phase Equilib 13(2):179–181
Okamoto H (1992) The Dy-Ir (dysprosium-iridium) system. J Phase Equilib 13(2):177–179
Tripathi SN, Bharadwaj SR, Chandrasekharaiah MS (1991) The Ir-Pd (iridium-palladium) system. J Phase Equilib 12(5):603–605
Okamoto H (1991) The Ir-Th (iridium-thorium) system. J Phase Equilib 12(5):568–570
Okamoto H (1991) The Ir-La (iridium-lanthanum) system. J Phase Equilib 12(5):565–567
Tripathi SN, Bharadwaj SR, Chandrasekharaiah MS (1991) The Ir-Rh (iridium-rhodium) system. J Phase Equilib 12(5):606–608
Okamoto H (1991) The Ce-Ir (cerium-iridium) system. J Phase Equilib 12(5):563–565
Sha JB, Yamabe-Mitarai Y (2013) Ir-Hf-Zr ternary refractory superalloys for ultra-high temperatures – phase and microstructural constitution. Intermetallics 41:1–9
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shabalin, I.L. (2014). Iridium. In: Ultra-High Temperature Materials I. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7587-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7587-9_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7586-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7587-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)