Abstract
The transportation sector accounts for a significant fraction of Canada’s criteria air contaminant (CAC) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These emissions are reviewed in this chapter separately for on-road vehicles, off-road vehicles, aviation, marine and rail sub-sectors. Each subsection aims to quantify the emissions, identify the tools and methodologies for estimating emission inventories, identify the regulations and regulatory authorities for managing the emissions, and address interactions between emission regulations and fuel regulations where appropriate. The complex emission regulations governing the transportation sector are presented in detail. The alignment of emission regulations with those in the United States and other international organizations is discussed for different sub-sectors. The relationship between CAC and GHG emissions is examined in terms of the past trends with time and projections into the future.
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Notes
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Figure courtesy of Andrew Giallonardo, Environment Canada.
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Figure courtesy of Andrew Giallonardo, Environment Canada.
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Figure courtesy of Andrew Giallonardo, Environment Canada.
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MOBILE6 Training, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm#m6train.
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The Positive Crankcase Valve (PCV) vents vapours from the crankcase and recirculates them to the cylinder in the engine. Previously these would have been vented directly into the ambient air.
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attributed to ARA Consortium Sholtz & Associates (1995).
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The Natural Resources Canada web site quotes 18,608,297 vehicles, and 315,297.3 million vehicle-km for 2005. http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/Publications/statistics/cvs05/chapter 1.cfm?attr=0.
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Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study Report (EPA-21A-2001 or EPA460/3-91-02, November 1991).
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EPA420-F-03-011 Program Update 2003.
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U.S. 40 CFR Ch.I Part 91_03.
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U.S. 40 CFR Ch.I Part 1051.103(a)(2) (7–1–03 Edition).
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See for example, Levelton 2004, RWDI 2007.
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Does not include recreational marine vessels.
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In some cases the values in this table were calculated by addition or subtraction of values in these two reports.
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The few remaining steamships operating in the North American ECA are exempt from the fuel sulphur content requirements.
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This timetable will be reviewed by the end of 2013 to ensure it is technically feasible.
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There are different size thresholds for different vessel types. A ship smaller than the relevant threshold must still meet a target, but the target is less stringent.
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Class 1 Railway: This is a class of railway within the legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada that realized gross revenues that exceed a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million annually in 1991 dollars for the provision of Canadian railway services. The two freight railways in Canada in this category are Canadian National and Canadian Pacific. A similar nomenclature exists for Class 1 in the U.S.A. There are seven Class 1 freight railways registered in the U.S.A. (two of which are Canadian National and Canadian Pacific because of their extensive operations in the U.S.A.
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Environment Canada 2012 National Inventory Report (NIR), http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventories/national_inventories_submissions/items/6598.php.
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Environment Canada—Pollutant Inventories and Reporting Division.
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NAV CANADA, 2011. “NAV CANADA and the Environment” http://www.navcanada.ca/NavCanada.asp?Language=en&Content=ContentDefinitionFiles\AboutUs\Environment\CIFER\default.xml.
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Environment Canada, 2010, “National Pollutant Release Inventory—Air Pollutant Emissions Summaries and Trends, 2010 Air Pollutant Emissions for Canada” http://ec.gc.ca/pdb/websol/emissions/ap/ap_result_e.cfm?year=2010&substance=all&location=CA§or=&submit=Search.
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Karman, D., Rideout, G., Bailey, W., Green, A., Eggleton, P. (2014). Transportation Emissions: Sources and Regulation. In: Taylor, E., McMillan, A. (eds) Air Quality Management. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7557-2_10
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