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Climate Change and United States Forests pp 55–92Cite as

Disturbance Regimes and Stressors

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Part of the book series: Advances in Global Change Research ((AGLO,volume 57))

Abstract

The effects of climate change on insect outbreaks, wildfire, invasive species, and pathogens in forest ecosystems will greatly exceed the effects of warmer temperature on gradual changes in forest processes. Increased frequency and extent of these disturbances will lead to rapid changes in vegetation age and structure, plant species composition, productivity, carbon storage, and water yield. Insect outbreaks are the most pervasive forest disturbance in the United States, and rapid spread of bark beetles in the western United States has been attributed to a recent increase in temperature. Wildfire area burned has increased in recent decades, although frequency and severity have not changed, and is expected to greatly increase by 2050 (at least twice as much area burned annually in the West). More frequent occurrence of fire and insects will create landscapes in which regeneration of vegetation will occur in a warmer environment, possibly with new species assemblages, younger age classes, and altered forest structure. Increased fire and insects may in turn cause more erosion and landslides. Invasive plant species are already a component of all forest ecosystems, and a warmer climate will likely facilitate the spread of current and new invasives, particularly annuals that compete effectively in an environment with higher temperature and frequent disturbance. The interaction of multiple disturbances and stressors, or stress complexes, has the potential to alter the structure and function of forest ecosystems, especially when considered in the context of human land-use change. Occurring across large landscapes over time, these stress complexes will have mostly negative effects on ecosystem services, requiring costly responses to mitigate them and active management of forest ecosystems to enhance resilience.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA

    Matthew P. Ayres & Aaron S. Weed

  2. Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA

    Jeffrey A. Hicke

  3. Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Corvallis, OR, USA

    Becky K. Kerns

  4. Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Seattle, WA, USA

    Don McKenzie

  5. Alaska Climate Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK, USA

    Jeremy S. Littell

  6. Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Lawrence E. Band

  7. Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Boise, ID, USA

    Charles H. Luce

  8. Seattle City Light, Seattle, WA, USA

    Crystal L. Raymond

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  1. Pacific Northwest Research Station, U. S. Forest Service, Seattle, Washington, USA

    David L. Peterson

  2. Southern Research Station, U. S. Forest Service, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

    James M. Vose

  3. Research and Development, U. S. Forest Service, Arlington, Virginia, USA

    Toral Patel-Weynand

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Ayres, M.P. et al. (2014). Disturbance Regimes and Stressors. In: Peterson, D., Vose, J., Patel-Weynand, T. (eds) Climate Change and United States Forests. Advances in Global Change Research, vol 57. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7515-2_4

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