Abstract
Temperature in the United States has warmed over the past 100 years, with high rates of warming in Alaska (∼4.5 °C) and the West (∼1.5 °C), whereas precipitation has increased in the East and South and decreased in the Southwest. Global climate models project a steady increase in future temperature through the end of the twenty-first century. Compared to 1971 through 2000, average annual air temperature will likely increase from 0.8 to 1.9 °C by 2050, from 1.4 to 3.1 °C by 2070, and from 2.5 to 5.3 °C by 2099, where the range is bounded by the B2 (low) and A2 (high) greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Temperature increases will be higher in northern and interior areas of the United States, especially during the winter, and extreme droughts are expected to increase. Changes in precipitation are expected to be small (higher in some regions, lower in others), although potential changes in timing and spatial distribution of extreme precipitation events may occur. Sea level may rise by as much as 2 m, affecting coastal forests and human communities. Most climate models project similar climatic trends until around 2050, but diverge considerably after that. Users of climate information often represent future climate with a range of output from different climate models and emission scenarios. Given that greenhouse gas emissions will likely increase unabated for at least the next few decades, using a high emission scenario will provide a more accurate future climate for forest management and planning.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allen, M. R., & Ingram, W. J. (2002). Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle. Nature, 419, 224–232.
Backlund, P., Janetos, A., Schimel, D., et al. (2008). The effects of climate change on agriculture, land resources, water resources, and biodiversity in the United States (Final report, synthesis, and assessment product 4.3, 362pp) Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Burke, E. J., Brown, S. J., & Christidis, N. (2006). Modeling the recent evolution of global drought and projections for the twenty-first century with the Hadley centre climate model. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 7, 1113–1125.
Easterling, D. R., Evans, J. L., Groisman, P. Y., et al. (2000a). Observed variability and trends in extreme climate events: A brief review. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 417–425.
Easterling, D. R., Meehl, G. A., Parmesan, C., et al. (2000b). Climate extremes: Observations, modeling, and impacts. Science, 289, 2068–2074.
Gordon, H. B., Rotstayn, L. D., McGregor, J. L., et al. (2002). The CSIRO Mk3 climate system model (Tech. Paper 60, 130pp). Aspendale: Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation Atmospheric Research.
Grinsted, A., Moore, J. C., & Jevrejeva, S. (2010). Reconstructing sea level from paleo and projected temperatures 200 to 2100 AD. Climate Dynamics, 34, 461–472.
Groisman, P. Y., Knight, R. W., Karl, T. R., et al. (2004). Contemporary changes of the hydrological cycle over the contiguous United States: Trends derived from in situ observations. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 5, 64–85.
Huntington, T. G. (2006). Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis. Journal of Hydrology, 319, 83–95.
Karl, T. R., Knight, R. W., & Plummer, N. (1995). Trends in high-frequency climate variability in the twentieth century. Nature, 377, 217–220.
Kawamura, K., Parrenin, F., Lisieck, L., et al. (2007). Northern Hemisphere forcing of climatic cycles in Antarctica over the past 360,000 years. Nature, 448, 912–916.
Kunkel, K. E., Stevens, L. E., Stevens, S. E., et al. (2013). Climate of the contiguous United States. In: Regional climate trends and scenarios for the U.S. national climate assessment (Tech. Rep. NESDIS 14209, 85pp, Chapter 9). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service.
Moss, R., Babiker, M., Brinkman, S., et al. (2008). Towards new scenarios for analysis of emissions, climate change, impacts, and response strategies (132pp). Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Pachauri, R. K., & Reisinger, A. (Eds.). (2007). Climate change 2007: Synthesis report: Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (104pp). Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Parris, A., et al. (2011, November 3). Sea level change scenarios for the U.S. national climate assessment (NCA), Version 0. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program, National Climate Assessment.
Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., et al. (2007). Climate change 2007: The physical science basis—contribution of Working Group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (996pp). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Washington, W. M., Weatherly, J. W., Meehl, G. A., et al. (2000). Parallel climate model (PCM) control and transient simulations. Climate Dynamics, 16, 755–774.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Miniat, C.F., Peterson, D.L. (2014). Projected Changes in Future Climate. In: Peterson, D., Vose, J., Patel-Weynand, T. (eds) Climate Change and United States Forests. Advances in Global Change Research, vol 57. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7515-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7515-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7514-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7515-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)