Skip to main content

Ocean Remote Sensing Using GNSS-R

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 3666 Accesses

Part of the book series: Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing ((RDIP,volume 19))

Abstract

This chapter introduces the essential oceanic application of the GNSS reflectometry, e.g., sea surface altimetry and surface roughness. Other potential areas of interest for oceanography and marine applications are the retrievals of dielectric properties of the surface (related to temperature and salinity) and ship detection. Although the ratio between the co-polar and the cross-polar components of the Fresnel reflection coefficients for sea water presents up to 10 % sensitivity to salinity conditions, the effects of the roughness need to be further modeled in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ardhuin F, Chapron B, Collard F (2009) Observation of swell dissipation across Oceans. Geophys Res Lett 36:L06607. doi:10.1029/2008GL037030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armatys M (2001) Estimation of sea surface winds using reflected GPS signals. Ph.D. thesis, University of Colorado

    Google Scholar 

  • AVISO. http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/news/ocean-indicators/mean-sea-level/products-images.html. Up to date Dec 2012

  • Blewitt G (1990) An automatic editing algorithm for GPS data. Geophys Res Lett 17(3):199–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown GS (1978) Backscattering from a Gaussian-distributed, perfectly conducting rough surface. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag AP-26:472–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camps A, Marchan JF, Valencia E, Ramos I, Bosch-Lluis X, Rodriguez N, Park H, Alcayde A, Mollfulleda A, Galindo J, Martinez P, Chavero S, Angulo M, Rius A (2011) PAU instrument aboard INTA MicroSat-1: a GNSS-R demonstration mission for sea state correction in L-band radiometry. In: Proceedings of IEEE geoscience remote sensing symposium (IGARSS), Vancouver, pp 4126–4129. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050141

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardellach E, Rius A (2008) A new technique to sense non-Gaussian features of the sea surface from L-band bi-static GNSS reflections. Remote Sens Environ 112:2927–2937. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2008.02.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardellach E, Ruffini G, Pino D, Rius A, Komjathy A, Garrison JL (2003) Mediterranean balloon experiment: Ocean wind speed sensing from the stratosphere using GPS reflections. Remote Sens Environ 88(3):351–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardellach E, Ao CO, de la Torre-Juárez M, Hajj GA (2004) Carrier phase delay altimetry with GPS-reflection/occultation interferometry from low Earth orbiters. Geophys Res Lett 31(10):L10402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardellach E, Fabra F, Nogués-Correig O, Oliveras S, Ribó S, Rius A (2011) GNSS-R ground-based and airborne campaigns for Ocean, land, ice, and snow techniques: application to the GOLD-RTR data sets. Radio Sci 46:RS0C04. doi:10.1029/2011RS004683

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapron B, Vandemark D, Elfouhaily T, Thompson DR, Gaspar P, LaBroue S (2001) Altimeter sea state bias’: a new look at global range error estimates. Geophys Res Lett 28(20):3947–3950

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox C, Munk W (1954) Measurements of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the Sun’s glitter. J Opt Soc Am 44(11):838–850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis JL, Herring TA, Shapiro II, Rogers AEE, Elgered G (1985) Geodesy by radio interferometry: effects of atmospheric modeling errors on estimates of baseline length. Radio Sci 20(6):1593–1607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elfouhaily T, Chapron B, Katsaros K, Vandermark D (1997) A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves. J Geophys Res 102(C7):15781–15796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elfouhaily T, Thompson DR, Linstrom L (2002) Delay-Doppler analysis of bistatically reflected signals from the Ocean surface: theory and application. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 40:560–573. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.1000316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fabra F, Cardellach E, Rius A, Oliveras S, Nogués-Correig O, Belmonte-Rivas M, Semmling M, D’ Addio S (2011) Phase altimetry with dual polarization GNSS-R over sea-ice. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 50(6):10. November, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2011.2172797

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrison JL, Komjathy A, Zavorotny VU, Katzberg SJ (2002) Wind speed measurement using forward scattered GPS signals. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 40(1):50–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Germain O, Ruffini G, Soulat F, Caparrini M, Chapron B, Silvestrin P (2004) The eddy experiment: GNSS-R speculometry for directional sea-roughness retrieval from low-altitude aircraft. Geophys Res Lett 31:L21307. doi:10.1029/2004GL020991

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gill AE (1982) Atmosphere-Ocean dynamics. International geophysics series, vol 30. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleason S (2006) Remote sensing of Ocean, ice, and land surfaces using bistatically scattered GNSS signals from low Earth orbit. Ph.D. thesis, University of Surrey

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajj G, Zuffada C (2003) Theoretical description of a bistatic system for Ocean altimetry using the GPS signal. Radio Sci 38(5):1089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasselmann K, Barnett TP, Bouws E, Carlson H, Cartwright DE, Enke K, Ewing JA, Gienapp H, Hasselmann DE, Kruseman P, Meerburg A, Miller P, Olbers DJ, Richter K, Sell W, Walden H (1973) Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the joint North Sea wave project (JONSWAP). Dtsch Hydrogr Z 12:95

    Google Scholar 

  • Helm A, Beyerle G, Nitschke M (2004) Detection of coherent reflections with GPS bipath interferometry. http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0407091v1.pdf

  • Henrique J, Alves GM, Banner ML, Young IR (2003) Revisiting the Pierson-Moskowitz asymptotic limits for fully developed wind waves. J Phys Oceanogr 33:1301–1323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones R, Stephenson J (1975) A versatile three-dimensional ray tracing computer program for radio waves in the ionosphere. OT report 75–76. National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzberg SJ, Dunion J (2009) Comparison of reflected GPS wind speed retrievals with dropsondes in tropical cyclones. Geophys Res Lett 36:L17602. doi:10.1029/2009GL039512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katzberg SJ, Walker RA, Roles JH, Lynch T, Black PG (2001) First GPS signals reflected from the interior of a tropical storm: preliminary results from Hurricane Michael. Geophys Res Lett 28(10):1981–1984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katzberg SJ, Torres O, Ganoe G (2006) Calibration of reflected GPS for tropical storm wind speed retrievals. Geophys Res Lett 33:L18602. doi:10.1029/2006GL026825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Komjathy A, Armatys M, Masters D, Axelrad P (2004) Retrieval of Ocean surface wind speed and wind direction using reflected GPS signals. J Atmos Ocean Technol 21:515–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Traon PY, Dibarboure G, Ruffini G, Cardellach E (2002) Mesoscale Ocean altimetry requirements and impact of GPS-R measurements for Ocean mesoscale circulation mapping. eprint arXiv:physics/0212068

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe ST, Zuffada C, Chao Y, Kroger P, Young LE, LaBrecque JL (2002) 5-cm-precision aircraft Ocean altimetry using GPS reflections. Geophys Res Lett 29(10):1375. doi:10.1029/2002GL014759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makin VK, Kudryavtsev VN, Mastenbroek C (1995) Drag of the sea surface. Bound Layer Meteorol 73:159–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchan-Hernandez J, Rodriguez-Alvarez N, Camps A, Bosch-Lluis X, Ramos-Perez I, Valencia E (2008) Correction of the sea state impact in the L-band brightness temperature by means of delay-doppler maps of global navigation satellite signals reflected over the sea surface. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 46:2914–2923

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Neira M (1993) A passive reflectometry and interferometry system (PARIS): application to Ocean altimetry. ESA J 17:331–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Neira M, Caparrini M, Font-Rosselló J, Lannelongue S, Vallmitjana CS (2001) The PARIS concept: an experimental demonstration of sea surface altimetry using GPS reflected signals. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 39:142–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Neira M, Colmenarejo P, Ruffini G, Serra C (2002) Altimetry precision of 1 cm over a pond using the wide-lane carrier phase of GPS reflected signals. Can J Remote Sens 28(3):394–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Neira M, D’Addio S, Buck C, Floury N, Prieto-Cerdeira R (2011) The PARIS Ocean altimeter in-orbit demonstrator. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 49(6, part 2):2209–2237. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2010.2092431

    Google Scholar 

  • Niell A (1996) Global mapping functions for the atmospheric delay at radio wavelengths. J Geophys Res 101:3227–3246. doi:10.1029/95JB03048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nogués-Correig O, Galí EC, Campderròs JS, Rius A (2007) A GPS-reflections receiver that computes Doppler/delay maps in real time. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 45:156–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordeng TE (1991) On the wave age dependent drag coefficient and roughness length at sea. J Geophys Res 96(C4):7167–7174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierson WJ, Moskowitz L (1964) A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of A.A. Kitaigorodskii. J Geophys Res 69:5181–5190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rius A, Aparicio JM, Cardellach E, Martín-Neira M, Chapron B (2002) Sea surface state measured using GPS reflected signals. Geophys Res Lett 29:37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rius A, Cardellach E, Martín-Neira M (2010) Altimetric analysis of the sea surface GPS reflected signals. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 48(4):2119–2127. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2009.2036721

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rius A, Cardellach E, Oliveras S, Valencia E, Park H, Camps A, van der Marel H, van Bree R, Altena B, Nogués-Correig O, Ribó S, Tarongí J, Martín-Neira M (2011) Altimetry with GNSS-R interferometry: first proof of concept experiment. GPS Solut 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10291-011-0225-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Rius A, Fabra F, Ribó S, Arco Fernandez JC, Oliveras S, Cardellach E, Camps A, Nogués-Correig O, Kainulainen J, Rohue E, Martín-Neira M (2012) PARIS interferometric technique proof of concept: sea surface altimetry measurements. In: Proceedings of IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium (IGARSS) 2012, Munich, pp 7067–7070. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6352035

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruffini G, Soulat F, Caparrini M, Germain O, Martín-Neira M (2004) The eddy experiment: accurate GNSS-R Ocean altimetriy from low altitude aircraft. Geophys Res Lett 31:L12306. doi:10.1029/2004GL019994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semmling M, Beyerle G, Stosius R, Dick G, Wickert J, Fabra F, Cardellach E, Ribó S, Rius A, Helm A (2011) Detection of arctic Ocean tides using interferometric GNSS-R signals. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2010GL046005

    Google Scholar 

  • Semmling M, Schmidt T, Wickert J, Schön S, Fabra F, Cardellach E, Rius A (2012) On the retrieval of the specular reflection in GNSS carrier observations for Ocean altimetry. Radio Sci 47:RS6007. doi:10.1029/2012RS005007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soulat F, Caparrini M, Germain O, Lopez-Dekker P, Taani M, Ruffini G (2004) Sea state monitoring using coastal GNSS-R. Geophys Res Lett 31:L21303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stosius R, Beyerle G, Helm A, Hoechner A, Wickert J (2010) Simulation of space-borne tsunami detection using GNSS-Reflectometry applied to tsunamis in the Indian Ocean. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:1359–1372. doi:10.5194/nhess-10-1359-2010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suresh RRV, Annapurnaiah K, Reddy KG, Lakshmi TN, Balakrishnan Nair TM (2010) Wind sea and swell characteristics off East Coast of India during Southwest Monsoon. Int J Oceans Oceanogr 4(1):35–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson DR, Elfouhaily TM, Garrison JL (2005) An improved geometrical optics model for bistatic GPS scattering from the Ocean surface. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 40(1):2810–2821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treuhaft RN, Lowe ST, Zuffada C, Chao Y (2001) Two-cm GPS altimetry over Crater Lake. Geophys Res Lett 28(23):4343–4346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valencia E, Marchan-Hernandez JF, Camps A, Rodriguez-Alvarez N, Tarongi JM, Piles M, Ramos-Perez I, Bosch-Lluis X, Vall-llossera M, Ferre P (2009) Experimental relationship between the sea brightness temperature changes and the GNSS-R delay-Doppler maps: preliminary results of the albatross field experiments. IEEE Proc IGARSS III:741–744. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417871

    Google Scholar 

  • Valencia E, Camps A, Marchan-Hernandez JF, Rodriguez-Alvarez N, Ramos-Perez I, Bosch-Lluis X (2010) Experimental determination of the Sea correlation time using GNSS-R coherent data. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 7(4):675–679. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2010.2046135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zavorotny VU, Voronovich AG (2000) Scattering of GPS signals from the Ocean with wind remote sensing application. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 38:951–964

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jin, S., Cardellach, E., Xie, F. (2014). Ocean Remote Sensing Using GNSS-R. In: GNSS Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7482-7_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics