This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsSelected References
Abasova RL, Aslanov SM, Mamedova MÉ (1994) Amino acids of Calendula officinalis. Chem Nat Comp 30(5):641
Abd-El-Megeed KN (1999) Studies on the molluscicidal activity of Calendula micrantha officinalis (Compositae) on fascioliasis transmitting snails. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 29(1):183–192
Adler G, Kasprzyk Z (1975) Free sterols, steryl esters, glucosides, acylated glucosides and water-soluble complexes in Calendula officinalis. Phytochemistry 14(3):627–631
Adler G, Kasprzyk Z (1976) Distribution of triterpene alcohols in subcellular fractions from Calendula officinalis flowers. Phytochemistry 15(1):205–207
Ahmad S, Qureshi S, Atiq-ur-Rehman, Zakir-ur-Rehman, Badar Y (2000) Antipyretic and analgesic activity in crude ethanolic extract of Calendula officinalis Linn. Pak J Sci Ind Res 43(1):50–54
Akhtar N, Zaman SU, Khan BA, Amir MN, Ebrahimzadeh MA (2011) Calendula extract: effects on mechanical parameters of human skin. Acta Pol Pharm 68(5):693–701
Akihisa T, Yasukawa K, Oinuma H, Kasahara Y, Yamanouchi S, Takido M, Kumaki K, Tamura T (1996) Triterpene alcohols from the flowers of compositae and their anti-inflammatory effects. Phytochemistry 43(6):1255–1260
Albulescu M, Alexa N, Cojan C (2004) Calendula officinalis flowers, source of extracts with antioxidant activity. Ann West Univ Timisoara Ser Chem 13(2):169–176
Amirghofran Z, Azadbakht M, Karimi MH (2000) Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of five herbal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 72(1–2):167–172
Andersen FA, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG Jr, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW (2010) Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel amended safety assessment of Calendula officinalis-derived cosmetic ingredients. Int J Toxicol 29(6 Suppl):221S–243S
Angelini LG, Moscheni E, Colonna G, Belloni P, Bonari E (1997) Variation in agronomic characteristics and seed oil composition of new oilseed crops in central Italy. Ind Crops Prod 6:313–323
Bakó E, Deli J, Tóth G (2002) HPLC study on the carotenoid composition of Calendula products. J Biochem Biophys Methods 53(1–3):241–250
Banaszkiewicz W, Mrozikiewicz A (1962) Determination of the estrogenic activity of Calendula officinalis flowers in biological units. Poznan Towarz Przyjaciol Nauk 2:35–40
Banaszkiewicz W, Kowalska M, Mrozokiewicz Z (1962) Determination of the estrogenic activity of extracts from Calendula officinalis flowers. Poznan Towarz Przyjaciol Nauk 1:53–63
Barajas-Farias LM, Pérez-Carreón JI, Arce-Popoca E, Fattel-Fazenda S, Alemán-Lazarini L, Hernandez-García S, Salcido-Neyoy M, Cruz-Jimenez FG, Camacho J, Villa-Trevinó S (2006) A dual and opposite effect of Calendula officinalis flower extract: chemoprotector and promoter in a rat hepatocarcinogenesis model. Plant Med 72(3):217–221
Barbour EK, Sagherian V, Talhouk S, Talhouk R, Farran MT, Sleiman FT, Harakeh S (2004) Evaluation of homeopathy in broiler chickens exposed to live viral vaccines and administered Calendula officinalis extract. Med Sci Monit 10(8):BR281–BR285
Bashir S, Janbaz KH, Jabeen Q, Gilani AH (2006) Studies on spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of Calendula officinalis flowers. Phytother Res 20(10):906–910
Bernatoniene J, Masteikova R, Davalgiene J, Peciura R, Gauryliene R, Bernatoniene R, Majiene D, Lazauskas R, Civinskiene G, Velziene S, Muselik J, Chalupova Z (2011) Topical application of Calendula officinalis (L.): formulation and evaluation of hydrophilic cream with antioxidant activity. J Med Plant Res 5:868–877
Betancourth García C, Salazar González C, Rodriguez M (2011) Soil coverage evaluation with calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), crotalaria (Crotalaria sp. L.) and oat (Avena sp. L.) in Meloidogyne spp. control in quito orange (Solanum quitoense Lam.). Rev Cienc Agríc 28(2):43–57
Bezákova L, Masterová I, Paulíková I, Psenák M (1996) Inhibitory activity of isorhamnetin glycosides from Calendula officinalis L. on the activity of lipoxygenase. Pharmazie 51(2):126–127
Bezbradica D, Milic-Aškrabic J, Petrovic SD, Šiler-Marinkovic S (2005) An investigation of influence of solvent on the degradation kinetics of carotenoids in oil extracts of C. officinalis. J Serb Chem Soc 70(1):115–124
Bilia AR, Salvini D, Mazzi G, Vincieri FF (2001) Characterization of Calendula flower, milk-thistle fruit, and passion flower tinctures by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. Chromatographia 53:210–215
Bogdanova NS, Nikolaeva IS, Shcherbakova LI, Tolstova TI, Moskalenko NI, Pershin GN (1970) Study of antiviral properties of Calendula officinalis. Farmakol Toksikol 33(3):349–355 (in Russian)
Bojadjiev C (1964) On the sedative and hypotensive effect of preparations from the plant Calendula officinalis. Nauchni Tr Vissh Med Inst Sofiia 43:15–20
Borsuk OS, Masnaia NV, Sherstoboev EI, Isaĭkina NV, Kalinkina GI (2009) New promising natural immunocorrective agents. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 11:9–12 (in Russian)
Braga PC, Dal Sasso M, Culici M, Spallino A, Falchi M, Bertelli A, Morelli R, Lo Scalzo R (2009) Antioxidant activity of Calendula officinalis extract: inhibitory effects on chemiluminescence of human neutrophil bursts and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Pharmacology 83(6):348–355
Butnariu M, Coradini CZ (2012) Evaluation of biologically active compounds from Calendula officinalis flowers using spectrophotometry. Chem Cent J 6:35
Castro M (1996) Complete homeopathy handbook. Pan Macmillan, Bolton, London, Australia, 544pp
Ćetković GS, Djilas SM, Canadanovic-Brunet JM, Tumbas VT (2004) Antioxidant properties of marigold extracts. Food Res Int 37(7):643–650
Chakraborthy GS (2008) Antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts of Calendula officinalis (Linn). J Herb Med Toxicol 2(2):65–66
Chakraborthy GS (2010) Phytochemical screening of Calendula officinalis Linn leaf extract by TLC. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharma 1:131–134
Chakurski I, Matev M, Koichev A, Angelova I, Stefanov G (1981) Treatment of chronic colitis with an herbal combination of Taraxacum officinale, Hipericum perforatum, Melissa officinalis, Calendula officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare. Vutr Boles 20:51–54
Chakŭrski I, Matev M, Stefanov G, Koĭchev A, Angelova I (1981) Treatment of duodenal ulcers and gastroduodenitis with a herbal combination of Symphytum officinalis and Calendula officinalis with and without antacids. Vutr Boles 20(6):44–47 (in Bulgarian)
Chargari C, Fromantin I, Kirova YM (2009) Importance of local skin treatments during radiotherapy for prevention and treatment of radio-induced epithelitis. Cancer Radiother 13(4):259–266 (in French)
Chevallier A (1996) The encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Dorling Kindersley, London, 336pp
Chiej R (1984) The Macdonald encyclopaedia of medicinal plants. Macdonald & Co, London, 447pp
Chisholm MJ, Hopkins CY (1967) Calendic acid in seed oils of the genus Calendula. Can J Biochem 45:251–255
Chushenko VN, Zhukov GA, Karamova OE, Obolentseva GV, Dzyuba NP (1988) Carbohydrates of the inflorescences of Calendula officinalis. Chem Nat Comp 4(4):499–500
Cordova CA, Siqueira IR, Netto CA, Yunes RA, Volpato AM, Cechinel Filho V, Curi-Pedrosa R, Creczynski-Pasa TB (2002) Protective properties of butanolic extract of the Calendula officinalis L. (marigold) against lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes and action as free radical scavenger. Redox Rep 7(2):95–102
Crabas N, Marongiu B, Piras A, Pivetta T, Porcedda S (2003) Extraction, separation and isolation of volatiles and dyes from Calendula officinalis L. and Aloysia triphylla (L’Her.) Britton by supercritical CO2. J Essent Oil Res 15:350–355
Cromack HTH, Smith JM (1998) Calendula officinalis production potential and crop agronomy in Southern England. Ind Crop Prod 7:223–229
Crombie L, Holloway SJ (1985) The biosynthesis of calendic acid, octadeca-(8E, 10E, 12Z)-trienoic acid, by developing marigold seeds: origins of (E, E, Z) and (Z, E, Z) conjugated triene acids in higher plants. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:2425–2434
Cwikla C, Schmidt K, Matthias A, Bone KM, Lehmann R, Tiralongo E (2010) Investigations into the antibacterial activities of phytotherapeutics against Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni. Phytother Res 24(5):649–656
Danielski L, Campos LMAS, Bresciani LFV, Hense H, Yunes RA, Ferreira SRS (2007) Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) oleoresin: solubility in SC-CO2 and composition profile. Chem Eng Process 46(2):99–106
de Andrade M, Clapis MJ, do Nascimento TG, Gozzo Tde O, de Almeida AM (2012) Prevention of skin reactions due to teletherapy in women with breast cancer: a comprehensive review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 20(3):604–611
Della Loggia R, Tubaro A, Sosa S, Becker H, Saar S, Isaac O (1994) The role of triterpenoids in the topical anti-inflammatory activity of Calendula officinalis flowers. Planta Med 60(6):516–520
Derkach AI, Komissarenko NF, Chernobai VT (1987) Coumarins of the inflorescences of Calendula officinalis and Helichrysum arenarium. Chem Nat Comp 22(6):722–723
Dulf FV, Pamfil D, Baciu AD, Pintea A (2013) Fatty acid composition of lipids in pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) seed genotypes. Chem Cent J 7(1):8
Dumenil G, Chemli R, Balansard C, Guiraud H, Lallemand M (1980) Evaluation of antibacterial properties of marigold flowers (Calendula officinalis L.) and other homeopathic tinctures of C. officinalis L. and C. arvensis L. Ann Pharm Fr 38(6):493–499
Duran V, Matic M, Jovanovć M, Mimica N, Gajinov Z, Poljacki M, Boza P (2005) Results of the clinical examination of an ointment with marigold (Calendula officinalis) extract in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Int J Tissue React 27(3):101–106
Efstratiou E, Hussain AI, Nigam PS, Moore JE, Ayub MA, Rao JR (2012) Antimicrobial activity of Calendula officinalis petal extracts against fungi, as well as Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical pathogens. Complement Ther Clin Pract 18(3):173–176
Elias R, De Méo M, Vidal-Ollivier E, Laget M, Balansard G, Dumenil G (1990) Antimutagenic activity of some saponins isolated from Calendula officinalis L., C. arvensis L. and Hedera helix L. Mutagenesis 5(4):327–331
Facciola S (1990) Cornucopia: a source book of edible plants. Kampong Publications, Vista, 677pp
Faria RL, Cardoso LM, Akisue G, Pereira CA, Junqueira JC, Jorge AO, Santos Júnior PV (2011) Antimicrobial activity of Calendula officinalis, Camellia sinensis and chlorhexidine against the adherence of microorganisms to sutures after extraction of unerupted third molars. J Appl Oral Sci 19(5):476–482
Fleisonner AM (1985) Plant extracts: to accelerate healing and reduce inflammation. Cosmet Toilet 45:100–113
Fokina GI, Frolova TV, Roĭkhel’ VM, Pogodina VV (1991) Experimental phytotherapy of tick-borne encephalitis. Vopr Virusol 36(1):18–21 (in Russian)
Fonseca YM, Catini CD, Vicentini FT, Nomizo A, Gerlach RF, Fonseca MJ (2010) Protective effect of Calendula officinalis extract against UVB-induced oxidative stress in skin: evaluation of reduced glutathione levels and matrix metalloproteinase secretion. J Ethnopharmacol 127(3):596–601
Fonseca YM, Catini CD, Vicentini FT, Cardoso JC, Cavalcanti De Albuquerque Junior RL, Vieira Fonseca MJ (2011) Efficacy of marigold extract-loaded formulations against UV-induced oxidative stress. J Pharm Sci 100(6):2182–2193
Fraisse D, Felgines C, Texier O, Lamison J-L (2011) Caffeoyl derivatives: major antioxidant compounds of some wild herbs of the Asteraceae family. Food Nutr Sci 2:181–192
Frankic T, Salobir K, Salobir J (2009) The comparison of in vivo antigenotoxic and antioxidative capacity of two propylene glycol extracts of Calendula officinalis (marigold) and vitamin E in young growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Nutr (Berl) 93(6):688–694
Fronza M, Heinzmann B, Hamburger M, Laufer S, Merfort I (2009) Determination of the wound healing effect of Calendula extracts using the scratch assay with 3T3 fibroblasts. J Ethnopharmacol 126(3):463–467
Fuchs SM, Schliemann-Willers S, Fischer TW, Elsner P (2005) Protective effects of different marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) and rosemary cream preparations against sodium-lauryl-sulfate-induced irritant contact dermatitis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 18:195–200
Gazim ZC, Rezende CM, Fraga SR, Filho BPD, Nakamura CV, Cortz DAG (2008) Analysis of the essential oils from Calendula officinalis growing in Brazil using three different extraction procedures. Rev Bras Cienc Farm 44(3):391–395
Goyal M, Mathur R (2011) Antimicrobial effects of Calendula officinalis against human pathogenic microorganisms. J Herb Med Toxicol 5(1):97–101
Gracza L (1987) Oxygen-containing terpene derivatives from Calendula officinalis. Planta Med 53(2):227
Grieve M (1971) A modern herbal, 2 vols. Penguin/Dover Publications, New York, 919pp
Guinot P, Gargadennec A, Valette G, Fruchier A, Andary C (2008) Primary flavonoids in marigold dye: extraction, structure and involvement in the dyeing process. Phytochem Anal 19(1):46–51
Hadfield RA, Vlahovic TC, Khan T (2008) The use of marigold therapy for podiatric skin conditions. Foot Ankle J 1(7):1–8
Hamburguer M, Adler S, Baumann D, Forg A, Weinreich B (2003) Preparative purification of the major anti-inflammatory triterpenoid ester from Marigold (Calendula officinalis). Fitoterapia 74:328–338
Hedrick UP (1972) Sturtevant’s edible plants of the world. Dover Publications, New York, London, 686pp
Helaly FM, Ahmed AA, Abd El-Ghaffar MA (1999) Natural rubber base matrix containing Calendula officinalis plant as a source of molluscicidal saponin. J Control Release 57(1):1–7
Heyn CC, Dagan O, Nachman B (1974) The annual Calendula species: taxonomy and relationships. Israel J Bot 23:169–201
Hofbauer R, Pasching E, Moser D, Frass M (2010) Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor expression in KATO-III cells after Helicobacter pylori stimulation under the influence of Strychnos nux-vomica and Calendula officinalis. Homeopathy 99(3):177–182
Huang YP, Ling YR (1996) Economic Compositae in China (pp 431–451). In: Caligari PDS, Hind DJN (eds) Compositae: biology and utilization. Proceedings of the international Compositae conference, Kew, 1994, vol 2 Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew, 689pp
Huxley AJ, Griffiths M, Levy M (eds) (1992) The new RHS dictionary of gardening, 4 vols. MacMillan, New York
Iatsyno AI, Belova LF, Lipkina GS, Sokolov SI, Trutneva EA (1978) Pharmacology of calenduloside B, a new triterpene glycoside from the roots of Calendula officinalis. Farmakol Toksikol 41(5):556–560 (in Russian)
Iauk L, Lo Bue AM, Milazzo I, Rapisarda A, Blandino G (2003) Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts against periodontopathic bacteria. Phytother Res 17(6):599–604
Janiszowska W, Kasprzyk Z (1977) Intracellular distribution and origin of pentacyclic triterpenes in Calendula officinalis leaves. Phytochemistry 16(12):1919–1923
Janiszowska W, Michalski W, Kasprzyk Z (1976) Polyprenyl quinones and α-tocopherol in Calendula officinalis. Phytochemistry 15(1):125–127
Jankowska B, Poniedziałek M, Jędrszczyk E (2009) Effect of intercropping white cabbage with French marigold (Tagetes patula nana L.) and pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) on the colonization of plants by pest insects. Folia Hortic 21(1):95–103
Jeschke E, Ostermann T, Lüke C, Tabali M, Kröz M, Bockelbrink A, Witt CM, Willich SN, Matthes H (2009) Remedies containing Asteraceae extracts: a prospective observational study of prescribing patterns and adverse drug reactions in German primary care. Drug Saf 32(8):691–706
Jiménez-Medina E, Garcia-Lora A, Paco L, Algarra I, Collado A, Garrido F (2006) A new extract of the plant Calendula officinalis produces a dual in vitro effect: cytotoxic anti-tumor activity and lymphocyte activation. BMC Cancer 6:119
Kalvatchev Z, Walder R, Garzaro D (1997) Anti-HIV activity of extracts from Calendula officinalis flowers. Biomed Pharmacother 51(4):176–180
Kasiram K, Sakharkar PR, Patil AT (2000) Antifungal activity of Calendula officinalis. Indian J Pharm Sci 6:464–466
Kasprzyk Z, Pyrek J (1968) Triterpenic alcohols of Calendula officinalis L. flowers. Phytochemistry 7(9):1631–1639
Kasprzyk Z, Wiłkomirski B (1973) Structure of a new triterpene triol from Calendula officinalis flowers. Phytochemistry 12(9):2299–2300
Kasprzyk Z, Wojciechowski Z (1967) The structure of triterpenic glycosides from the flowers of Calendula officinalis L. Phytochemistry 6(1):69–75
Khalid KA, da Silva JAT (2010) Yield, essential oil and pigment content of Calendula officinalis L. flower heads cultivated under salt stress conditions. Sci Hort 126(2):297–305
Khalid KA, da Silva JAT (2012) Biology of Calendula officinalis Linn.: focus on pharmacology, biological activities and agronomic practices. Med Arom Plant Sci 6(1):12–27
Khan T (2008) The evidenced-based approach to treating podiatric conditions with Marigold therapy and homeopathy. Eur J Integr Med 1(S1):21–22
Khodzhaeva MA, Turakhozhaev MT (1993) Carbohydrates of Calendula officinalis. Chem Nat Comp 29(4):533–534
Kishimoto S, Maoka T, Sumimoto K, Ohmiya A (2005) Analysis of carotenoid composition in petals of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69:2122–2128
Kishimoto S, Sumimoto K, Yagi M, Nakayam M, Ohmiya A (2007) Three routes to orange petal color via carotenoid components in 9 Compositae species. J Jpn Soc Hort Sci 76:250–257
Klouchek-Popova E, Popov A, Pavlova N, Krŭsteva S (1982) Influence of the physiological regeneration and epithelialization using fractions isolated from Calendula officinalis. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 8(4):63–67
Komae H, Hayashi N (1971) n-Paraffins of the petals of Calendula officinalis. Phytochemistry 10(8):1944
Komissarenko NF, Chernobai VT, Derkach AI (1988) Flavonoids of inflorescences of Calendula officinalis. Chem Nat Comp 24(6):675–680
Krazhan IA, Garazha NN (2001) Treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis with polysorb-immobilized Calendula. Stomatologiia (Mosk) 80(5):11–13 (in Russian)
Kundaković T, Milenković M, Zlatković S, Nikolić V, Nikolić G, Binić I (2012) Treatment of venous ulcers with the herbal-based ointment Herbadermal®: a prospective non-randomized pilot study. Forsch Komplementmed 19(1):26–30
Kurkin VA, Sharova OV (2007) Flavonoids from Calendula officinalis flowers. Chem Nat Comp 43(2):216–217
Lagarto A, Bueno V, Guerra I, Valdés O, Vega Y, Torres L (2011) Acute and subchronic oral toxicities of Calendula officinalis extract in Wistar rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 63(4):387–391
Leffa DD, da Rosa R, Munhoz BP, Mello AAM, Mandelli FD, Patrícia de Aguiar Amaral PA, Rossatto AE, de Andrade VM (2012) Genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of Calendula officinalis extracts in mice treated with methyl methanesulfonate. Adv Life Sci 2(2):21–28
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976) Hortus Third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Wiley, USA, 1312pp
Machado MA, Contar CM, Brustolim JA, Candido L, Azevedo-Alanis LR, Gregio AM, Trevilatto PC, Soares de Lima AA (2010) Management of two cases of desquamative gingivitis with clobetasol and Calendula officinalis gel. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 154(4):335–338
Marinchev VN, Bychkova LN, Balvanovich NV, Giraev AN (1971) Use of calendula for therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases of eyelids and conjunctiva. Oftalmol Zh 26(3):196–198 (in Russian)
Marukami T, Kishi A, Yoshikawa M (2001) Medicinal flowers. IV. Marigold. (2): structures of new ionone and sesquiterpene glycosides from Egyptian Calendula officinalis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 49(8):974–978
Masterova I, Grancaiova Z, Uhrinova S, Suchy V, Ubik K, Nagy M (1991) Flavonoids in flowers of Calendula officinalis L. Chem Papers 45:105–108
Matić IZ, Juranić Z, Savikin K, Zdunić G, Nađvinski N, Gođevac D (2013) Chamomile and marigold tea: chemical characterization and evaluation of anticancer activity. Phytother Res 27(6):852–858
Matysik G, Wójciak-Kosior M, Paduch R (2005) The influence of Calendulae officinalis flos extracts on cell cultures, and the chromatographic analysis of extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 38(2):285–292
May G, Willhun G (1978) Antiviral activity of aqueous extracts from medicinal plants in tissue cultures. Arzeimitel-Forschung 28(1):1–7
Mehrabani D, Ziaei M, Hosseini SV, Ghahramani L, Bananzadeh AM, Ashraf MJ, Amini A, Amini M, Tanideh N (2011) The effect of Calendula officinalis in therapy of acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in dog as an animal model. Iran Red Crescent Med J 13(12):884–890
Mishra A, Mishra A, Chattopadhyay P (2012a) Assessment of in vitro sun protection factor of Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) essential oil formulation. J Young Pharm 4(1):17–21
Mishra AK, Mishra A, Verma A, Chattopadhyay P (2012b) Effects of Calendula essential oil-based cream on biochemical parameters of skin of albino rats against ultraviolet B radiation. Sci Pharm 80(3):669–683
Modesto A, Lima KC, de Uzeda M (2000) Effects of three different infant dentifrices on biofilms and oral microorganisms. J Clin Pediatr Dent 24(3):237–243
Mozherenkov VP, Shubina LF (1976) Treatment of chronic conjunctivitis with Calendula. Med Sestra 35(4):33–34 (in Russian)
Muley BP, Khadabadi SS, Banarase NB (2009) Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Calendula officinalis Linn (Asteraceae). Trop J Pharm Res 8:455–465
Naguib NY, Khalil MY, El Sherbeny SE (2005) A comparative study on the productivity and chemical constituents of various sources and species of Calendula plants as affected by two foliar fertilizers. J Appl Sci Res 1(2):176–189
Naved T, Ansari SH, Mukhtar HM, Ali M (2005) New triterpenic esters of oleanane-series from the flowers of Calendula officinalis Linn. Indian J Chem Sect B Org Chem Med Chem B 44:1088–1091
Neukirch H, D’Ambrosio M, Dalla Via J, Guerriero A (2004) Simultaneous quantitative determination of eight triterpenoid monoesters from flowers of 10 varieties of Calendula officinalis L. and characterisation of a new triterpenoid monoester. Phytochem Anal 15(1):30–35
Neukirch H, D’Ambrosio M, Sosa S, Altinier G, Della Loggia R, Guerriero A (2005) Improved anti-inflammatory activity of three new terpenoids derived, by systematic chemical modifications, from the abundant triterpenes of the flowery plant Calendula officinalis. Chem Biodivers 2(5):657–671
Okoh OO, Sadimenko AA, Afolayan AJ (2007) The effects of age on the yield and composition of the essential oils of Calendula officinalis. J Appl Sci 7:3806–3810
Okoh OO, Sadimenko AP, Asekun OT, Afolayan AJ (2008) The effects of drying on the chemical components of essential oils of Calendula officinalis L. Afr J Biotechnol 7(10):1500–1502
Ostad SN, Taheri S, Aziz EM, Faramazi MA (2004) Antiproliferative effects of flavonoid fractions from Calendula officinalis flowers and tamoxifen resistant T47d human breast cancer cells. Iranian. J Pharm Res 3(Suppl 2):79
Özgül-Yücel S (2005) Determination of conjugated linolenic acid content of selected oil seeds grown in Turkey. J Am Oil Chem Soc 82(12):893–897
Ozkol H, Tülüce Y, Koyuncu I (2012) Subacute effect of cigarette smoke exposure in rats: protection by pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) extract. Toxicol Ind Health 28(1):3–9
Palumpitag W, Prasitchoke P, Goto M, Shotipruk A (2011) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of marigold lutein fatty acid esters: effects of cosolvents and saponification conditions. Separ Sci Technol 46:605–610
Panahi Y, Sharif MR, Sharif A, Beiraghdar F, Zahiri Z, Amirchoopani G, Marzony ET, Sahebkar A (2012) A randomized comparative trial on the therapeutic efficacy of topical Aloe vera and Calendula officinalis on diaper dermatitis in children. Sci World J 2012:810234
Parente LML, Andrade MA, Brito LAB, De Moura VMBD, Miguel MP, Lino-Junior RS, Tresvenzol LFM, Paula JR, NmM P (2011) Angiogenic activity of Calendula officinalis flowers L. in rats. Acta Cir Bras 26(1):19–24
Parente LM, Lino Júnior Rde S, Tresvenzol LM, Vinaud MC, de Paula JR, Paulo NM (2012) Wound healing and anti-inflammatory effect in animal models of Calendula officinalis L. growing in Brazil. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012:375671
Patrick KF, Kumar S, Edwardson PA, Hutchinson JJ (1996) Induction of vascularisation by an aqueous extract of the flowers of Calendula offcinalis L., the European marigold. Phytomedicine 3(1):11–18
Paulsen E (2002) Contact sensitization from Compositae-containing herbal remedies and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis 47(4):189–198
Pérez MP, Navas-Cortés JA, Pascual-Villalobos MJ, Castillo P (2003) Nematicidal activity of essential oils and organic amendments from Asteraceae against root-knot nematodes. Plant Pathol 52:395–401
Pérez-Carreón JI, Cruz-Jiménez G, Licea-Vega JA, Arce Popoca E, Fattel Fazenda S, Villa-Treviño S (2002) Genotoxic and anti-genotoxic properties of Calendula officinalis extracts in rat liver cell cultures treated with diethylnitrosamine. Toxicol In Vitro 16(3):253–258
Pintea A, Bele C, Andrei S, Socaciu C (2003) HPLC analysis of carotenoids in four varieties of Calendula officinalis L. flowers. Acta Biol Szeged 47(1–4):37–40
Pommier P, Gomez F, Sunyach MP, D’Hombres A, Carrie C, Montbarbon X (2004) Phase III randomized trial of Calendula officinalis compared with trolamine for the prevention of acute dermatitis during irradiation for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 22(8):1447–1453
Preethi KC, Kuttan R (2008) Effect of Calendula officinalis flower extract on acute phase proteins, antioxidant defense mechanism and granuloma formation during thermal burns. J Clin Biochem Nutr 43(2):58–64
Preethi KC, Kuttan R (2009a) Hepato and reno protective action of Calendula officinalis L. flower extract. Indian J Exp Biol 47(3):163–168
Preethi KC, Kuttan R (2009b) Wound healing activity of flower extract of Calendula officinalis. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 20(1):73–79
Preethi KC, Kuttan G, Kuttan R (2006) Antioxidant potential of an extract of Calendula officinalis flowers in vitro and in vivo. Pharm Biol 44:691–697
Preethi KC, Kuttan G, Kuttan R (2009) Anti-inflammatory activity of flower extract of Calendula officinalis Linn. and its possible mechanism of action. Indian J Exp Biol 47(2):113–120
Preethi KC, Siveen KS, Kuttan R, Kuttan G (2010) Inhibition of metastasis of B16F-10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice by an extract of Calendula officinalis L. flowers. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 11(6):1773–1779
Radioza SA, Iurchak LD (2007) Antimicrobial activity of Calendula L. plants. Mikrobiol Z 69(5):21–25 (in Ukrainian)
Ramos A, Edreira A, Vizoso A, Betancourt J, López M, Décalo M (1998) Genotoxicity of an extract of Calendula officinalis L. J Ethnopharmacol 61(1):49–55
Ray D, Mukherjee S, Falchi M, Bertelli A, Das DK (2010) Amelioration of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury with Calendula officinalis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 11(8):849–854
Re TA, Mooney D, Antignac E, Dufour E, Bark I, Srinivasan V, Nohynek G (2009) Application of the threshold of toxicological concern approach for the safety evaluation of calendula flower (Calendula officinalis) petals and extracts used in cosmetic and personal care products. Food Chem Toxicol 47(6):1246–1254
Roberts MJ (2000) Edible & medicinal flowers. New Africa Publishers, Cape Town, 160pp
Roveroni-Favaretto LHD, Lodi KB, Almeida JD (2009) Topical Calendula officinalis L. successfully treated exfoliative cheilitis: a case report. Cases J 2:9077
Ruszkowski D, Szakiel A, Janiszowska W (2003) Metabolism of [3)-3H] oleanolic acid in Calendula officinalis L. roots. Acta Physiol Plant 25:11–317
Saini P, Al-Shibani N, Sun J, Zhang W, Song F, Gregson KS, Windsor LJ (2012) Effects of Calendula officinalis on human gingival fibroblasts. Homeopathy 101(2):92–98
Saleem M, Zaka S, Shakir N, Khan SA (1986) Studies on marigold (Calendula officinalis) seed oil and seed meal. Fette Seifen Anstrichml 88(5):178–180
Sarrell EM, Mandelberg A, Cohen HA (2001) Efficacy of naturopathic extracts in the management of ear pain associated with acute otitis media. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 155(7):796–799
Sarrell EM, Cohen HA, Kahan E (2003) Naturopathic treatment for ear pain in children. Pediatrics 111(5 Pt 1):e574–e579
Shipochliev T (1981) Uterotonic action of extracts from a group of medicinal plants. Vet Med Nauki 18(4):94–98 (in Bulgarian)
Shoemaker JV (1891) A treatise on materia medica, pharmacology, and therapeutics, vol 2. Davis Publisher, Philadelphia
Silva EJ, Gonçalves ES, Aguiar F, Evêncio LB, Lyra MM, Coelho MC, Fraga Mdo C, Wanderley AG (2007) Toxicological studies on hydroalcohol extract of Calendula officinalis L. Phytother Res 21(4):332–336
Silva EJ, Costa-Silva JH, Evêncio LB, Fraga Mdo C, Coelho MC, Wanderley AG (2009) Reproductive assessment of hydroalcohol extract of Calendula officinalis L. in Wistar rats. Phytother Res 23(10):1392–1398
Sliwowski J, Dziewanowska K, Kasprzyk Z (1973) Ursadiol: a new triterpene diol from Calendula officinalis flowers. Phytochemistry 12(1):157–160
Szakiel A, Kasprzyk Z (1989) Distribution of oleanolic acid glycosides in vacuoles and cell walls isolated from protoplasts and cells of Calendula officinalis leaves. Steroids 53(3–5):501–511
Szakiel A, Wasiukiewicz I, Janiszowska W (1995) Metabolism of [3-3H]oleanolic acid in the isolated Calendula officinalis leaf cells and transport of the synthesized glycosides to the cell wall and the extracellular space. Acta Biochim Pol 42(1):25–29
Szakiel A, Ruszkowski D, Janiszowska W (2005) Saponins in Calendula officinalis L. – structure, biosynthesis, transport and biological activity. Phytochem Rev 4(2–3):151–158
Szakiel A, Ruszkowski D, Grudniak A, Kurek A, Wolska KI, Doligalska M, Janiszowska W (2008) Antibacterial and antiparasitic activity of oleanolic acid and its glycosides isolated from marigold (Calendula officinalis). Planta Med 74(14):1709–1715
Tavassoli M, Shayeghi M, Abai M, Vatandoost H, Khoobdel M, Salari M, Ghaderi A, Rafi F (2011) Repellency effects of essential oils of myrtle (Myrtus communis), marigold (Calendula officinalis) compared with DEET against Anopheles stephensi on human volunteers. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis 5(2):10–22
Tedeschi C, Benvenuti C, Barbaro L, Bertani C, Borraccino V, Cattani P, Cirillo A, Collamarini C, De Jeso A, Falsina U, Giambanco L, Manno S, Milia A, Pierantoni A, Polo C, Valentini M, Zendoli F (2012) Comparison of vaginal gel isoflavones versus no topical treatment in vaginal dystrophy: results of a preliminary prospective study. Gynecol Endocrinol 28(8):652–654
Ukiya M, Akihisa T, Yasukawa K, Tokuda H, Suzuki T, Kimura Y (2006) Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor-promoting, and cytotoxic activities of constituents of marigold (Calendula officinalis) flowers. J Nat Prod 69(12):1692–1696
Ul’chenko NT, Glushenkova AI, Mukhamedova KS (1998) Lipids of Calendula officinalis. Chem Nat Comp 34(3):272–274
Uphof JCTh (1968) Dictionary of economic plants, 2nd ed (1st ed. 1959). Cramer, Lehre, 591pp
Varljen J, Liptak A, Wagner H (1989) Structural analysis of a rhamnoarabinogalactan and arabinogalactans with immuno-stimulating activity from Calendula officinalis. Phytochemistry 28(9):2379–2383
Vecherko LP, Zinkevieh EP, Libizov NI, Ban’kovskii AI (1969) Calenduloside A from Calendula officinalis. Chem Nat Comp 5:51
Vecherko LP, Kabanov VS, Zinkevich ÉP (1971a) The structure of calenduloside B from the roots of Calendula officinalis. Chem Nat Comp 7(4):516–517
Vecherko LP, Zinkevieh EP, Libizov NI, Ban’kovskii AI (1971b) The structure of calenduloside A. Chem Nat Comp 7:19–22
Vecherko LP, Zinkevieh EP, Kogan LM (1973) The structure of calenduloside F from the roots of Calendula officinalis. Chem Nat Comp 9(4):532–533
Vecherko LP, Sviridov AF, Zinkevich ÉP, Kogan LM (1974) Structure of calendulosides G and H from the roots of Calendula officinalis. Chem Nat Comp 10(4):548–549
Vecherko LP, Sviridov AF, Zinkevich ÉP, Kogan LM (1975) The structure of calendulosides C and D from the roots of Calendula officinalis. Chem Nat Comp 11(3):379–384
Vidal Ollivier E, Babadjamian A, Faure R, Elais R, Balansard G (1988) Identification of calenduloside F in the flowers of Calendula officinalis L. Plant Med Phytother 22(4):235–241
Vidal-Ollivier E, Elias R, Faure F, Babadjamian A, Crespin F, Balansard G, Boudon G (1989) Flavonol glycosides from Calendula officinalis flowers. Planta Med 55(1):73–74
Wagner H, Proksch A, Riess-Maurer I, Vollmar A, Odenthal S, Stuppner H, Jurcic K, Le Turdu M, Fang JN (1985) Immunostimulating action of polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from higher plants. Arzneimittelforschung 35(7):1069–1075 (in German)
Wegiera M, Smolarz HD, Jedruch M, Korczak M, Koproń K (2012) Cytotoxic effect of some medicinal plants from Asteraceae family on J-45.01 leukemic cell line–pilot study. Acta Pol Pharm 69(2):263–268
Wiłkomirski B (1985) Pentacyclic triterpene triols from Calendula officinalis flowers. Phytochemistry 24(12):3066–3076
Wilkomirski B, Kasprzyk Z (1979) Free and ester-bound triterpene alcohols and sterols in cellular subfractions of Calendula officinalis flowers. Phytochemistry 81(2):253–255
Willuhn G, Westhaus RG (1987) Loliolide (Calendin) from Calendula officinalis. Planta Med 53(3):304
Wojciechowski Z, Jelonkiewicz-Konador A, Tomaszewski M, Jankowski J, Kasprzyk Z (1971) The structure of glycosides of oleanolic acid isolated from the roots of Calendula officinalis. Phytochemistry 10(5):1121–1124
Wojciechowski Z, Bochenska-Hryniewicz M, Kurcharezak B, Kasprzyk Z (1972) Sterol and triterpene alcohol esters from Calendula officinalis. Phytochemistry 11:1165–1168
Yoshikawa MT, Kishi A, Kageura T, Matsuda M (2001) Medicinal flowers. III Marigold (1) hypoglycemic, gastric emptying inhibitory, and gastro-protective principles and new oleanane triterpene oligoglycosides, Calendula officinalis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 49:863–870
Zdzislaw A, Wojciechowski A, Zimowski J (1975) Acyl composition and biosynthesis of acylated steryl glucosides in Calendula officinalis. Biochim Biophys Acta 398(1):111–117
Zitterl-Eglseer K, Sosa S, Jurenitsch J, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Della Loggia R, Tubaro A, Bertoldi M, Franz C (1997) Anti-oedematous activities of the main triterpendiol esters of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). J Ethnopharmacol 57(2):139–144
Zitterl-Eglseer K, Reznicek G, Jurenitsch J, Novak J, Zitterl W, Franz C (2001) Morphogenetic variability of faradiol monoesters in marigold Calendula officinalis L. Phytochem Anal 12(3):199–201
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lim, T.K. (2014). Calendula officinalis. In: Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7395-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7395-0_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7394-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7395-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)