Abstract
With the development of modern transport systems, we see a rapid increase in the movement of plants and plant products around the globe. This increase in trade and travel has brought many benefits but there has been a corresponding expansion in the spread and establishment of weeds, invertebrates, and pathogens (pests) into agricultural and natural areas previously not affected. This movement and establishment of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) have resulted in substantial ecological and economic impact on the plant health of affected areas. An effective biosecurity management system is essential to support and protect agricultural and natural ecosystems from entry, establishment and spread of IAS. A robust border operation system is a primary component of such a biosecurity strategy.
In Australia, New Zealand and USA, border operations provide two principal functions as part of the biosecurity continuum, namely, import regulations and export certification. Both functions are intimately linked as they rely on each other to achieve interdependent and synergistic outcomes. This chapter commences with a summary of the various phytosanitary risks associated with trade in plants and plant products including seed, timber, cut flowers, vegetables and fruit. A review of the pathways and risk mitigation systems employed by border agencies in managing these risks is provided with a focus on phytosanitary requirements, inspection systems and treatments. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the involvement of border agencies regarding exporting plants and plant products.
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The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) defines a regulated pest as a quarantine pest or a regulated non-quarantine pest. The term ‘quarantine pest’ incorporates the threat posed by insect pests, plant diseases and weeds as a ‘pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled’ (ISPM 5 2009). A non-regulated pest is a pest whose presence in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing contracting party (ISPM 5 2009).
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Whattam, M., Clover, G., Firko, M., Kalaris, T. (2014). The Biosecurity Continuum and Trade: Border Operations. In: Gordh, G., McKirdy, S. (eds) The Handbook of Plant Biosecurity. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7365-3_6
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