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Trait Transitions in Explicit Ecological and Genomic Contexts: Plant Mating Systems as Case Studies

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Ecological Genomics

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 781))

Abstract

Plants are astonishingly diverse in how they reproduce sexually, and the study of plant mating systems provides some of the most compelling cases of parallel and independent evolutionary transitions. In this chapter, we review how the massive amount of genomic data being produced is allowing long-standing predictions from ecological and evolutionary theory to be put to test. After a review of theoretical predictions about the importance of considering the genomic architecture of the mating system, we focus on a set of recent discoveries on how the mating system is controlled in a variety of model and non-model species. In parallel, genomic approaches have revealed the complex interaction between the evolution of genes controlling mating systems and genome evolution, both genome-wide and in the mating system control region. In several cases, major transitions in the mating system can be clearly associated with important ecological changes, hence illuminating an important interplay between ecological and genomic approaches. We also list a number of major unsolved questions that remain for the field, and highlight foreseeable conceptual developments that are likely to play a major role in our understanding of how plant mating systems evolve in Nature.

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Acknowledgements

We thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. Our work on plant mating systems is supported by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-11-BSV7- 013-03 and ANR 11 JSV7 008 01) and by the Région Nord Pas de Calais.

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  1. Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales (GEPV), UMR 8198; CNRS, Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Cité Scientifique, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

    Vincent Castric, Sylvain Billiard & Xavier Vekemans

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  1. Vincent Castric
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Correspondence to Vincent Castric .

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  1. Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Quebec, Québec, Canada

    Christian R. Landry

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    Nadia Aubin-Horth

Glossary

Hermaphroditism

Hermaphroditism is the simultaneous coexistence of male and female reproductive organs on the same (co-sexual) individual (Fig. 2.1). Hermaphroditism is believed to be the ancestral state in Angiosperms, and the defining organ of Angiosperms (the flower) is itself a hermaphroditic organ, producing both pollen and ovules.

Selfing versus outcrossing
figure 5

A major consequence of hermaphroditism is the potential for self-fertilization, the most extreme form of inbreeding.

Self-incompatibility (SI)

A genetic system promoting allogamy in many plants. There are two different types of SI, homomorphic and heteromorphic. In homomorphic SI, the different groups of mating partners differ by the type of recognition proteins they produce, but remain morphologically undistinguishable. In heteromorphic SI (e.g. heterostyly), the two (distyly) or three (tristyly) self- and within-morph incompatible mating groups typically differ by style length, anther height and pollen size.

Inbreeding depression

Inbreeding depression is the decrease of fitness of offspring produced by inbred parents relatively to those produced by unrelated parents.

Pollen limitation

A plant is pollen-limited if it does not receive enough pollen to fertilize all its ovules. Pollen limitation thus leads to a reduction in reproductive output through the female function.

Pollen discounting

The loss of male reproduction in cross-fertilization due to the decrease of exported pollen, which occurs especially in autogamous species.

Gynodioecy (resp. androdioecy)

Gynodioecy (resp. androdioecy) is a mating system whereby hermaphrodite individuals coexist with female (resp. male) individuals (Fig. 2.1).

Dioecy

Dioecy is the separation of sexual functions in specialized (male and female) individuals (Fig. 2.1). Species in which some individuals with incomplete sexual specialization occur along with strictly unisexual individuals are termed subdioecious.

Monoecious

Monoecious species are composed of hermaphrodites only, but in which male and female flowers are separated on each individual.

In gynomonoecious species, some individuals produce female-only flowers in variable proportion along with hermaphroditic flowers, while in andromonoecious species, some individuals produce male-only flowers along with hermaphroditic flowers.

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Castric, V., Billiard, S., Vekemans, X. (2014). Trait Transitions in Explicit Ecological and Genomic Contexts: Plant Mating Systems as Case Studies. In: Landry, C., Aubin-Horth, N. (eds) Ecological Genomics. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 781. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7347-9_2

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