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Integrated Genomics Approaches in Evolutionary and Ecological Endocrinology

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Ecological Genomics

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 781))

Abstract

Hormones can act on a variety of target tissues to regulate the expression of multiple phenotypic traits. Therefore, phenotypes regulated by the same hormones can be genetically correlated due to their common regulatory mechanism. Such genetic correlations may either facilitate or constrain adaptive evolution. In addition, hormone signaling pathways are regulated by external environmental factors, so hormones can mediate phenotypic plasticity and polyphenism. When different responses to environmental signals are favored, hormone signaling pathways can vary between populations and species exploiting dissimilar environments and thus mediate genotype-by-environment interactions. A complete understanding of the evolutionary causes and ecological implications of hormone signal variation requires examining several components of hormone signaling pathways across multiple individuals, populations, and species. Genomic technologies are excellent tools for undertaking genetic studies of naturally occurring variation in hormone signals. In this chapter, we review how genomic approaches can help to answer major questions in evolutionary endocrinology, including how environmental cues can be translated into phenotypic development through hormone pathways, how multiple hormone-mediated phenotypic traits are coupled and decoupled, how gene functions in hormone pathways influence the evolutionary rate of genes, and how divergence in hormone pathways can contribute to phenotypic diversification and speciation in non-model organisms. We also discuss how emerging analytical and experimental technologies in genomics and hormone measurement can provide valuable new insights into the roles of hormone signal variation in adaptive evolution and phenotypic diversification.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan

    Jun Kitano & Asano Ishikawa

  2. Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan

    Jun Kitano

  3. Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA

    Sean C. Lema

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  1. Jun Kitano
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  2. Asano Ishikawa
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  3. Sean C. Lema
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Correspondence to Jun Kitano .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Quebec, Québec, Canada

    Christian R. Landry

  2. Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Quebec, Québec, Canada

    Nadia Aubin-Horth

Glossary

Endocrine signaling pathway

The collection of physiologically-linked hormones, binding proteins, membrane transporters, conversion enzymes and receptors that jointly mediate the effects of a hormone signal on a target cell

Endocrine system

The system of ductless glands or organs that secrete hormone molecules into systemic circulation

Epigenetics

There exists several definitions of epigenetics. Here, we define epigenetic modification as mitotically heritable functional modification of gene expression, including DNA methylation and histone modification, which can remain through cell divisions for the reminder of the cell’s life. Some of them are meiotically heritable and show transgenerational inheritance

Genetic assimilation

Environmentally induced phenotypic variation that becomes constitutively produced without environmental cues

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

Identification of common genetic variants associated with a particular phenotypic trait, such as disease, by genotyping many individuals

Hormone

Chemical messenger produced by specialized populations of cells located in an endocrine organ, released into systemic circulation, and carried throughout the organism’s body. Examples of hormones include polypeptides (e.g., growth hormone [GH], arginine vasotocin [AVT], gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]), modified amino acids (e.g., thyroid hormones, epinephrine, serotonin), and cholesterol-derived steroids (e.g., androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids)

Hormone pleiotropy

The phenomenon in which a single hormone affects two or more different phenotypic traits

Phenotypic plasticity

The ability of a single genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental stimuli

Polyphenism

The ability of a single genotype to produce different discrete phenotypes in response to environmental stimuli

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping

Identifying genomic regions that explain substantial variation of a particular quantitative trait in experimental crosses

Small RNA

Non-coding RNAs, ranging from 20 to 30 nucleotides in length, which contribute to the regulation of gene expression

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Kitano, J., Ishikawa, A., Lema, S.C. (2014). Integrated Genomics Approaches in Evolutionary and Ecological Endocrinology. In: Landry, C., Aubin-Horth, N. (eds) Ecological Genomics. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 781. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7347-9_15

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