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Climate and Security in Asia and the Pacific (Food, Water and Energy)

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Climate in Asia and the Pacific

Part of the book series: Advances in Global Change Research ((AGLO,volume 56))

Abstract

The impacts of increasing natural climate disasters are threatening food security in the Asia-Pacific region. Rice is Asia’s most important staple food. Climate variability and change directly impact rice production, through changes in rainfall, temperature and CO2 concentrations. The key for sustainable rice crop is water management. Adaptation can occur through shifts of cropping to higher latitudes and can profit from river systems (via irrigation) so far not considered. New opportunities arise to produce more than one crop per year in cooler areas. Asian wheat production in 2005 represents about 43 % of the global total. Changes in agronomic practices, such as earlier plant dates and cultivar substitution will be required. Fisheries play a crucial role in providing food security with the contribution of fish to dietary animal protein being very high in the region – up to 90 % in small island developing states (SIDS). With the warming of the Pacific and Indian Oceans and increased acidification, marine ecosystems are presently under stress. Despite these trends, maintaining or enhancing food production from the sea is critical. However, future sustainability must be maintained whilst also securing biodiversity conservation. Improved fisheries management to address the existing non-climate threats remains paramount in the Indian and Pacific Oceans with sustainable management regimes being established. Climate-related impacts are expected to increase in magnitude over the coming decades, thus preliminary adaptation to climate change is valuable.

Water security has become a defining issue of the twenty-first century for Asia and the Pacific. In the case of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau (HTP) region, cross-border conflicts over international water rights have also led to increased geopolitical tensions. For the Pacific, the main sources of freshwater for island communities is very limited being constrained to rainwater, surface water and groundwater. There is a need for a range of effective water management strategies for dealing with water security issues ranging from more effective water governance through to enhanced community participation. Flood disasters are the most frequent and devastating and their impacts have grown in the region. For longer term disaster risk reduction planning procedures are required as integral elements for ‘good governance’ of floods.

Energy security in three major energy-consuming economies in Asia; namely China, India and Japan is crucial, and requires climate change mitigation policies. Both energy efficiency and renewable energy are important factors in solutions to the energy conundrum. Technological innovation and diffusion is an important component for improving energy efficiency, with the promotion of renewable energy requiring financial investment and innovation. However, costs of new technologies are likely to decrease as they become more widely adopted. Demand side management is also need to provide key solutions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    While we use rice as a case study, most of the principles we discuss are equally valid for other crops.

  2. 2.

    A glacier catchment that experiences snowfall in winter and monsoon precipitation in summer with peak discharge from the glacier contributing to the crest of the annual stream-flow hydrograph (Thayyen and Gergan 2010 ).

  3. 3.

    IPCC (2007) defines mitigation as an anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Climate Change Institute (CCI), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia

    Lance Heath

  2. University of Auckland, 3/7 Mattson Road, Pakuranga, Auckland, 2010, New Zealand

    Michael James Salinger

  3. Island Hydrology Services, 9 Tivey Place, Hughes, ACT, 2605, Australia

    Tony Falkland

  4. The International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), Columbia University Lamont Campus, 1000, 61 Route 9 W, Monell Building, Palisades, NY, 10964-1000, USA

    James Hansen

  5. Energy Research Institute, National Development and Reform Commission, B1403, GuoHong Mansion, Muxidi Beili jia No.11, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100038, China

    Kejun Jiang

  6. Centre for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan

    Yasuko Kameyama

  7. Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan

    Michio Kishi

  8. Unit for Social and Environmental Research (USER), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Louis Lebel

  9. Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Level 2, Life Sciences Building (building no.16), College Road, Sandy Bay Campus, Hobart, TAS, 7005, Australia

    Holger Meinke

  10. International Relations Research School of Pacific & Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Building 130, Hedley Bull Centre, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia

    Katherine Morton

  11. EcoPolicy Research and Consulting (EcoPolicy), Piluigina st., 4/1/182, Moscow, 117393, Russia

    Elena Nikitina

  12. Public Systems Group, Indian Institute of Management, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad, 380015, Gujarat, India

    P. R. Shukla

  13. The Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Building 141, Frank Fenner Building, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia

    Ian White

Authors
  1. Lance Heath
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  2. Michael James Salinger
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  3. Tony Falkland
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  4. James Hansen
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  5. Kejun Jiang
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  6. Yasuko Kameyama
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  7. Michio Kishi
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  8. Louis Lebel
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  9. Holger Meinke
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  10. Katherine Morton
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  11. Elena Nikitina
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  12. P. R. Shukla
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  13. Ian White
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Lance Heath or Michael James Salinger .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Michael Manton

  2. APN Secretariat, Asia-Pacific Network Global Change Res., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

    Linda Anne Stevenson

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Heath, L. et al. (2014). Climate and Security in Asia and the Pacific (Food, Water and Energy). In: Manton, M., Stevenson, L. (eds) Climate in Asia and the Pacific. Advances in Global Change Research, vol 56. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7338-7_4

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