Abstract
Citizens with impairments manage a disabling environment of barriers, borders, walls, steps and inconvenience. Yet there have been transformations of buildings, roads and signs after decades of activism. Cake and Kent investigate how this analogue history applies to digital environments. The imperative for universal design – being aware of the multiple uses and literacies that approach any product of environment – is crucial when enabling a digital city.
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Notes
- 1.
APIs allow different software programs to communicate, in this case allowing for the information to be accessed through a variety of different programs and devices.
- 2.
The prevalence of this practice has been contested, and there are obviously impairments that are not apparent in a new born child in any case. See Rose (2003).
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
V. Finkelstein “Attitudes and Disabled People: Issues for Discussion.” Disability Archive UK, http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/finkelstein/attitudes.pdf
- 5.
Ibid., p. 6.
- 6.
The Union of Physically Impaired Against Segregation Fundamental Principles of Disability November 1975 http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/UPIAS/fundamental\%20principles.pdf
- 7.
WC3 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0), December 2008, http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-WCAG20-20081211/
- 8.
See Open311, http://open311.org/
- 9.
For example the New South Wales Guide Dog association provides training for people with vision impairments to use GPS enabled smart phones, http://www.guidedogs.com.au/what-we-do/mobility-devices
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Cake, D., Kent, M. (2014). Hacking the City: Disability and Access in Cities Made of Software. In: Brabazon, T. (eds) City Imaging: Regeneration, Renewal and Decay. GeoJournal Library, vol 108. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7235-9_8
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