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Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics of Thyroid and Parathyroid Malignancies

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Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics of Cancer

Part of the book series: Cancer Growth and Progression ((CAGP,volume 16))

Abstract

Malignancies of the thyroid and parathyroid glands are rare oncologic entities that range in clinical behavior from relatively indolent to extremely aggressive malignancies. Presently, establishing a diagnosis and prognosis for thyroid and parathyroid malignancies largely depends on histology supplemented with immunohistochemical analysis. Over the past 20 years, different histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer have been shown to carry specific genetic alterations, which are often preferentially associated with, or unique to, each subtype. In many cases, these genetic alterations have been analyzed via molecular-genetic testing techniques to help establish a diagnosis in cases where histology and immunohistochemistry alone cannot. In addition, such testing has occasionally been used to determine prognosis. Presently, clinical molecular diagnostic testing is not performed on parathyroid tumors. However, differences between parathyroid hyperplasia, adenomas, and carcinomas have been detected via molecular testing. With additional research, these differences may become more fully understood and applied to molecular diagnostics. Thus, although presently not extensively employed, molecular diagnostics of the thyroid and parathyroid are likely to become increasingly important in determining the diagnosis and prognosis of these malignancies, especially for histologically difficult cases. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibitors of many of the oncogenes mutated in these malignancies are being developed. With time, molecular diagnostic testing for these mutations is likely to be implemented to aid in choosing optimal chemotherapeutic treatment regimens.

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Abbreviations

ACT:

Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid

ASA:

Allele-specific amplification

ATC:

Anaplastic thyroid cancer

FA:

Follicular adenomas

FC:

Follicular carcinoma

FCT:

Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid

FMTC:

Familial medullary thyroid cancer

FNA:

Fine needle aspirations

HRM:

High-resolution melting

HT:

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

IR:

Ionizing radiation

MEN:

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

MTC:

Medullary thyroid cancer

PA:

Parathyroid adenoma

PC:

Parathyroid carcinoma

PCR:

Polymerase chair chain reaction

PTC:

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

SSCP:

Single-strand conformational polymorphism

STAT:

Shifted termination assay technology

TC:

Thyroid cancers

TSH:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Miss Jennifer Burton for her help in manuscript preparation and proofreading.

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  1. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2699, USA

    Rodney E. Shackelford

  2. H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA

    Jason Savell M.D.

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  1. Anatomic Pathology, University of South Florida, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Domenico Coppola

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Shackelford, R.E., Savell, J. (2014). Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics of Thyroid and Parathyroid Malignancies. In: Coppola, D. (eds) Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics of Cancer. Cancer Growth and Progression, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7192-5_2

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