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Life Cycles, Development and Size

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Abstract

As mammals, we receive a lot of help from mom in the form of milk and protection during our early postpartum years, and of course many months of room and board inside the womb before then. Maternal care is likewise widespread among arachnids and mothers often carry eggs and developing young. Some horseshoe crab females also carry their eggs until they hatch (Shipley 1909). On land, arachnid mothers often build a burrow, a silk-lined chamber or a silken egg sac (spiders) in which eggs or hatchlings are protected. Many scorpions, whipscorpions, sun scorpions, spiders and pseudoscorpion females guard their young after hatching until they are fully active and ready to begin hunting. In contrast, paternal care appears to be much rarer among arachnids, but is known from five families of harvestmen in the superfamily Gonyleptoidea (Proud et al.2011). For example, males in the neotropical genus Zygopachylus construct a nest into which females place their eggs after mating. The males clean the eggs of fungal parasites and ward off potential predators, especially other opilionids (Mora 1990). Other cases of paternal care have been reported (Martens 1993) and some female opilionids also guard their eggs and young juveniles (Mitchell 1971; Ramires and Giaretta 1994; Proud et al. 2011); however, most opilionids limit maternal care to the use of ovipositors to hide eggs in crevices or in the soil (Preston-Mafham and Preston-Mafham 1993).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Invertebrate Zoology, University of the Sunshine Coast Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    David Evans Walter

  2. Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Heather C. Proctor

Authors
  1. David Evans Walter
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  2. Heather C. Proctor
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Walter, D.E., Proctor, H.C. (2013). Life Cycles, Development and Size. In: Mites: Ecology, Evolution & Behaviour. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7164-2_4

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