Skip to main content

Frequency Profiles of EFL Learners’ Lexical Availability

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Lexical Availability in English and Spanish as a Second Language

Part of the book series: Educational Linguistics ((EDUL,volume 17))

Abstract

In the present study, we propose a complementary approach to the traditional analysis of lexical availability studies by looking at learners’ word responses from the perspective of word frequency. We apply a word frequency framework to data produced by 6th and 8th English as a Foreign Language Learners in Spanish Primary and Secondary schools in response to nine cue words traditionally used in lexical availability studies. The chapter looks at learner profiles according to the number of words produced in the nine semantic domains, and the proportion of infrequent words to frequent words in each domain. The findings are relevant for lexical availability studies as they open a new line of research in the field. They are also relevant for vocabulary research as they question the assumption of a linear pattern of vocabulary acquisition through frequency bands.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    By Anglo-Saxon tradition we mean vocabulary research on second or foreign language learners entirely conducted in English, and published by publishing houses and academic journals based on English speaking countries. The term is used in opposition to PanHispanic tradition, where research on second or foreign language learners’ vocabulary knowledge has also been conducted but from the perspective of lexical availability rather than frequency. This research is published in Spanish by publishing houses and academic journals based on Spain as well as on Latin American countries and other Spanish speaking countries.

  2. 2.

    See Jiménez Catalán and Ojeda Alba (2009) for a detailed description of the whole sample.

References

  • Alderson, C. 2007. Judging the frequency of English words. Applied Linguistics 28(3): 383–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, V. J. 1971. A study of lexical availability among monolingual-bilingual speakers of Spanish and English. Master thesis, Rice University, Houston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carcedo, A. 1998. Tradición y novedad en las aportaciones hispánicas a los estudios de disponibilidad léxica. Lingüística 10: 5–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Celaya, M.L., M.R. Torras, and C. Pérez-Vidal. 2001. Short and mid-term effects of an earlier start: An analysis of EFL written production. In EUROSLA yearbook, ed. S. Foster Cohen and A. Nizegorodcew, 195–209. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cenoz, J. 2002. Age differences in foreign language learning. ITL- International Journal of Applied Linguistics 135(136): 125–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coxhead, A. 1998. An academic word list. Occasional Publication Number 18, LALS, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitrijévic, N. 1969. Lexical availability. Heidelberg: Julius Gross Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, D. 2004. Vocabulary input through extensive reading: A comparison of words found in children’s narrative and expository reading materials. Applied Linguistics 25(1): 1–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Muñoz, N., C. Izura, and A.W. Ellis. 2006. Cognitive aspects of lexical availability. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 18(5): 730–755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horst, M. 2010. How well does teacher talk support incidental vocabulary acquisition? Reading in a Foreign Language 22(1): 161–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horst, M., and L. Collins. 2006. From faible to strong: How does their vocabulary grow? The Canadian Modern Language Review 63(1): 83–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez Catalán, R., and S. Moreno. 2005. Promoting English vocabulary research in primary and secondary education: Test review and test selection criteria. English Studies ES 26: 171–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez Catalán, R., and J. Ojeda Alba. 2009. Girls’ and boys’ lexical availability in EFL. ITL International Journal of Applied Linguistics 158: 57–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, B. 1991. Knowing a word: What is so difficult about it? English Teachers’ Journal 42: 82–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, B. 1992. How much lexis is necessary for reading comprehension? In Vocabulary and applied linguistics, ed. Henri Bejoint and Pierre J.L. Arnaud, 126–132. Basingstoke/London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, B. 1994. The lexical profile of second language writing: Does it change over time? RELC Journal 25(2): 21–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, B. 1998. The development of passive and active vocabulary in a second language: Same or different? Applied linguistics 19: 255–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, B., and P. Nation. 1999. A vocabulary size test of controlled productive ability. Language Testing 16: 36–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, B., and P. Nation. 1995. Vocabulary size and use: Lexical richness in L2 written productions. Applied Linguistics 16(3): 307–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, B., and T.S. Paribakht. 1998. The relationship between passive and active vocabularies: Effects of language learning context. Language Learning 48: 365–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, T., and J. Maclean. 2000. Exploring the benefits of task repetition and recycling for classroom language learning. Language Teaching Research 4(3): 221–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meara, P. 1993. Tintin and the world service: A look at lexical environments. IATEFL: Annual Conference Report, 32–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meara, P., and T. Fitzpatrick. 2000. Lex30: An improved method of assessing productive vocabulary in an L2. System 28: 9–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meara, P., P. Lightbown, and R. Halter. 1997. Classroom as lexical environments. Language Teaching Research 1(1): 28–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, L., and T. Cobb. 2004. Vocabulary profiles as predictors of the academic performance of Teaching English as a Second Language trainees. System 32: 75–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muncie, J. 2002. Process writing and vocabulary development: Comparing lexical frequency profiles across drafts. System 30: 225–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nation, P. 1990. What is involved in learning a word? In Teaching and learning vocabulary, ed. I.S.P. Nation, 29–50. Rowley: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nation, P. 1997. The language learning benefits of extensive reading. The Language Teacher 21(5): 13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nation, P. 2001/2007. Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge Applied Linguistics.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nation, P., and R. Waring. 1997. Vocabulary size, text coverage and word lists. In Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy, eds. N. Schmitt and M. McCarthy, 6–19. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimsleur, P. 1967. A memory schedule. The Modern Language Journal 51(2): 73–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. 1988. Measuring the vocabulary knowledge of second language learners. RELC Journal 19: 12–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. 2000. Assessing vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. 1974. Word lists: Problems and prospects. RELC Journal 5(2): 84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. 1976. The role of vocabulary teaching. TESOL Quarterly 10(1): 77–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. 1985. Lexical knowledge and the teaching of vocabulary. In The context of language teaching, ed. J. Richards, 176–188. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarborough, D.L., C. Cortese, and H.S. Scarborough. 1997. Frequency and repetition effects in lexical memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 31: 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidtt, N. 2000. Vocabulary in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, M. 1953. A general service list of English words. London: Longman, Green and Co.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the financial support of Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación through grant nº FFI2010-19334.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rosa María Jiménez Catalán .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jiménez Catalán, R.M., Fitzpatrick, T. (2014). Frequency Profiles of EFL Learners’ Lexical Availability. In: Jiménez Catalán, R. (eds) Lexical Availability in English and Spanish as a Second Language. Educational Linguistics, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7158-1_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics