Skip to main content

Benefits of Travel: Needs Versus Constraints in Uncertain Environments

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Handbook of Sustainable Travel

Abstract

Why do we travel? Because we want to – or because we have no other choice? Some thoughts are presented about the benefits of travel from an individual and societal perspective. Travel is considered to represent induced demand in that the spatial configuration of land use and facilities requires individuals and households to travel in order to participate in their daily activities, which in turn are instrumental to achieving their needs, desires, and aspirations. Travel is however often more than only an episode of negative utility between two activity episodes. It may be a positive act of a temporary break from routines or an opportunity to release frustration, chill down, and recharge for things to come. Moreover, travel is also an opportunity to having a moment for oneself and enjoying the passing of the landscape and the brief non-obligatory, superficial encounters with others. These notions are used to derive a formalization that identifies the conditions under which the utility of travel becomes positive.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aitken, S. C. (2000). Fathering and faltering: ‘Sorry, but you don’t have the necessary accoutrements’. Environment and Planning A, 32, 581–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arentze, T., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (2005). Information gain, novelty seeking and travel: A model of dynamic activity-travel behavior under conditions of uncertainty. Transportation Research Part A, 39, 125–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axhausen, K. W. (2002). Social networks and travel behavior. Paper presented in the ESRC mobile network seminar series – Seminar 2: New communication technologies and transportation systems. Cambridge University, Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargeman, B., & van der Poel, H. J. J. (2006). The role of routines in the vacation decision-making process of Dutch vacationers. Tourism Management, 27, 707–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batty, M. (1976). Urban modelling. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beavon, K. S. O. (1977). Central place theory: A reinterpretation. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Akiva, M., & Lerman, S. (1985). Discrete choice analysis: Theory and application to travel demand. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. (1967). Arousal and reinforcement. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 1–116). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, B. J. L., & Pred, A. (1961). Central place studies (Bibliography series no. 1). Philadelphia: Regional Science Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cass, N., Shove, E., & Urry, J. (2003). Changing infrastructures: Measuring socio-spatial inclusion/exclusion. Lancaster, UK: Lancaster University, Department of Sociology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connolly, D., Caulfield, B., & O’Mahony, M. (2009). Rail passengers’ preferences for on-board Wi-fi internet access. In Proceedings of the 88th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board (CD-ROM), Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijst, M. (2004). ICT and accessibility: An action space perspective on the impact of new information and communication technologies. In M. Beuthe, V. Himanen, A. Reggiani, & L. Zamparini (Eds.), Transport developments and innovation in an evolving world (pp. 27–46). Berlin, Germany: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dowling, R. (2000). Cultures of mothering and car use in suburban Sydney: A preliminary investigation. Geoforum, 31, 345–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, E. (1962). Activation and behavior. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettema, D., Schwanen, T., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (2004). The effect of locational factors on task and time allocation in households. In Proceedings of the 83th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board (CD-ROM), Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettema, D., Schwanen, T., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (2007). The effect of location, mobility and socio-demographic factors on task and time allocation in households. Transportation, 34, 89–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gärling, T., & Golledge, R. G. (2000). Cognitive mapping and spatial decision making. In R. Kitchin & S. Freundschuh (Eds.), Cognitive mapping: Past, present and future (pp. 44–65). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1994). Living in a post-traditional society. In U. Beck, A. Giddens, & S. Lash (Eds.), Reflexive modernization: Politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order (pp. 56–109). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golledge, R. G., & Gärling, T. (2001). Spatial behavior in transportation modellign and planning. In K. Goulias (Ed.), Transportation and engineering handbook. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golledge, R. G., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (1988). Behavioral modeling in geography and planning. London: Croom Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hägerstrand, T. (1970). What about people in regional science? Paper of the Regional Science Association, 14, 7–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halden, D., Jones, P., & Wixey, S. (2005). Accessibility analysis literature review. London: University of Westminster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handy, S., & Yantis, T. (1997). The impacts of telecommunications on nonwork travel behaviour (Research Report SWUTC/97/721927-1F). Austin, TX: University of Texas, Center for Transportation Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, S., & Hanson, P. (1980). Gender and urban activity patterns in Uppsala, Sweden. Geographical Review, 70, 291–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, S., & Hanson, P. (1981). The impact of married women’s employment on household travel patterns: A Swedish example. Transportation, 10, 165–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, S., & Johnston, I. (1985). Gender differences in work-trip length: Explanations and implications. Urban Geography, 6, 193–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, S., & Pratt, G. (1990). Geographic perspectives on the occupational segregation of women. National Geographic Research, 6, 376–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensher, D. A., & Johnson, L. W. (1981). Applied discrete choice modelling. London: Croon Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewstone, M. (1989). Causal attribution: From cognitive processes to cognitive beliefs. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, J. D., Johnston, R. A., Abraham, J. E., Rodier, C. J., Garry, G. R., Putman, S. H., et al. (2001). Comparisons from Sacramento model test bed. Transportation Research Record: The Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1780, 53–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983). Mental models. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, S., & Lyons, G. (2007). Introducing multi-tasking to the study of travel and ICT: Examining its extent and assessing its potential importance. Transportation Research Part A, 41, 161–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, S., Lyons, G., & Rafferty, J. (2002). Transport and social exclusion: Investigating the possibility of promoting inclusion through virtual mobility. Journal of Transport Geography, 10, 207–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, H. R., Smith, A. W., & Carreno, M. (2007). Useful activity whilst traveling adds value. In Proceedings of the 11th WCTR Conference, Berkeley, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwan, M.-P. (1999). Gender, the home-work link and space-time patterns of non-employment activities. Economic Geography, 76, 370–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwan, M.-P. (2000). Gender differences in space-time constraints. Area, 32, 145–156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, G., Jain, J., & Holley, D. (2006). The use of travel time by rail passengers in Great Britain. Transportation Research Part A, 41, 107–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, G., & Urry, J. (2005). Travel time use in the information age. Transportation Research Part A, 39, 257–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H., & Lowery, R. (Eds.). (1998). Toward a psychology of being (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. C. (1975). Power: The inner experience. New York: Irvington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E. J. (2005). An integrated framework for modeling household-based decision-making. In H. J. P. Timmermans (Ed.), Progress in activity-based analysis (pp. 175–202). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokhtarian, P. L., & Salomon, I. (2001). How derived is the demand for travel? Some conceptual and measurement considerations. Transportation Research Part A, 35, 695–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mokhtarian, P. L., Salomon, I., & Handy, S. L. (2006). The impacts of ICT on leisure activities and travel: A conceptual exploration. Transportation, 33, 263–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ory, D. T., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2005). When is getting there half the fun? Modeling the liking for travel. Transportation Research Part A, 39, 97–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petri, H. (1991). Motivation: Theory, research and application (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proust, M. (1923). La Prisonniere. Paris: Gallimard Collection Folio Classiques.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, L. S., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2001). The positive utility of the commute: Modeling ideal commute time and relative desired commute amount. Transportation, 28, 179–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, G. (1969). Analysis of spatial behavior by revealed space preferences. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 59, 391–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salomon, I. (1986). Telecommunications and travel relationships: A review. Transportation Research Part A, 20, 223–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salomon, I., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (1998). What happens when mobility-inclined market segments face accessibility-enhancing policies? Transportation Research Part D, 3, 129–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strathman, J. G., Dueker, K. J., & Davis, J. S. (1994). Effects of household structure and selected travel characteristics on trip chaining. Transportation, 24, 23–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2000). Attitudes, behavior, and social context. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmermans, H. J. P., Arentze, T. A., & Joh, C. H. (2002). Analysing space-time behaviour: New approaches to old problems. Progress in Human Geography, 26, 175–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmermans, H. J. P., & van der Waerden, P. J. H. J. (2008). Synchronicity of activity engagement and travel in time and space: Descriptors and correlates of field observations. Transportation Research Record: The Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2054, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmermans, H. J. P., & Veldhuisen, K. J. (1981). Behavioural modelling and spatial planning: Some methodological considerations and empirical tests. Environment and Planning A, 13, 1485–1498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmermans, H. J. P., & Zhang, J. (2009). Analyses of multi-tasking on public buses during work commute using support vector machines and boosted regression trees. In Proceedings of the international HKSTS conference, Hong Kong, China.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Waerden, P. J. H. J., Kemperman, A. D. A. M., Timmermans, H. J. P., & van Hulle, R. (2009). The influence of multitasking on individual’s travel decisions in the context of work trips. In Proceedings of the RARSS Conference, Niagara Falls, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Waerden, P. J. H. J., Timmermans, H. J. P., & van Neerven, R. (2009). Extent, nature and covariates of multitasking of rail passengers in an urban corridor: A Dutch case study. In Proceedings of the 88th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, M., Arentze, T. A., Timmermans, H. J. P., & van der Waerden, P. J. H. J. (2005). Modeling impact of key events on long-term transport mode choice decisions: Decision network approach using event history data. Transportation Research Record: The Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1926, 106–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waddell, P. (2002). UrbanSim: Modeling urban development for land use, transportation and environmental planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68, 297–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wardrop, J. G. (1952). Some theoretical aspects of road traffic research. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Part II, 1, 325–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegener, M. (2004). Overview of land use transport models. In D. A. Hensher & K. Button (Eds.), Handbook in transport (pp. 127–146). Kidlington, UK: Pergamon/Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. G. (1967). A statistical theory of spatial distribution models. Transportation Research, 1, 253–269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. G. (1970). Entropy in urban and regional planning. London: Pion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., & Timmermans, H.J.P. (2010). Scobit-based panel analysis of public transport users’ multitasking behavior. In Proceedings of the 89th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board (CD-ROM), Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Soora Rasouli .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rasouli, S., Timmermans, H.J.P. (2014). Benefits of Travel: Needs Versus Constraints in Uncertain Environments. In: Gärling, T., Ettema, D., Friman, M. (eds) Handbook of Sustainable Travel. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7034-8_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics