Abstract
The ever-increasing popularity of nanomechanical testing is being accompanied by the development of more and more novel test techniques and adaptation of existing techniques to work in increasingly environmentally challenging test conditions. Considerable progress has been made and reliable mechanical properties of materials can now be obtained at a range of temperature and surrounding media, greatly aiding development for operation under these environmental conditions. In this chapter several of these developments are reviewed, focussing on their use in the non-ambient nanomechanical testing of polymers and nanocomposites.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Altaf K, Ashcroft IA, Hague R (2012) Modelling the effect of moisture on the depth sensing indentation response of a stereolithography polymer. Comput Mater Sci 52:112–117
Beake BD (2005) Evaluation of the fracture resistance of DLC coatings on tool steel under dynamic loading. Surf Coat Technol 198:90–93
Beake B (2006) Modelling indentation creep of polymers: a phenomenological approach. J Phys D Appl Phys 39:4478–4485
Beake BD (2010) Nanomechanical testing under nonambient conditions. American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles
Beake BD, Lau SP (2005) Nanotribological and nanomechanical properties of 5–80 nm tetrahedral amorphous carbon films on silicon. Diamond Relat Mater 14:1535–1542
Beake BD, Leggett GJ (2002) Nanoindentation and nanoscratch testing of uniaxially and biaxially drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. Polymer 43:319–327
Beake BD, Smith JF (2002) High-temperature nanoindentation testing of fused silica and other materials. Philos Mag A 82:2179–2186
Beake BD, Smith JF (2004) Nano-impact testing—an effective tool for assessing the resistance of advanced wear-resistant coatings to fatigue failure and delamination. Surf Coat Technol 188–189:594–598
Beake BD, Leggett GJ, Alexander MR (2002a) Characterisation of the mechanical properties of plasma-polymerised coatings by nanoindentation and nanotribology. J Mater Sci 37:4919–4927
Beake BD, Zheng S, Alexander MR (2002b) Nanoindentation testing of plasma-polymerised hexane films. J Mater Sci 37:3821–3826
Beake BD, Shipway PH, Leggett GJ (2004) Influence of mechanical properties on the nanowear of uniaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. Wear 256:118–125
Beake BD, Bell GA, Brostow W et al (2007) Nanoindentation creep and glass transition temperatures in polymers. Polym Int 56:773–778
Beake BD, Goodes SR, Shi B (2009) Nanomechanical and nanotribological testing of ultra-thin carbon-based and MoST films for increased MEMS durability. J Phys D Appl Phys 42:065301
Beake BD (2011) Nanomechanical testing under non-ambient conditions. In: Nalwa HS (ed) Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2nd edn. Vol. 18. American Scientific Publishers, Valencia, pp 115–120
Bell GA, Bielinski DM, Beake BD (2008) Influence of water on the nanoindentation creep response of Nylon 6. J Appl Polym Sci 107:577–582
Bell GA, Chen J, Dong HS et al (2011) The design of a novel cryogenic nanomechanical and tribological properties instrumentation. Int Heat Treat Surf Eng 5:21–25
Bermudez DM, Brostow W, Carrion-Vilches FJ et al (2005a) Wear of thermoplastics determined by multiple scratching. E-Polymers 001:1–9
Bermudez MD, Brostow W, Carrion-Vilches FJ et al (2005b) Scratch velocity and wear resistance. E-Polymers 003:1–10
Berthoud P, G’Sell C, Hiver JM (1999) Elastic-plastic indentation creep of glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene: characterization using uniaxial compression and indentation tests. J Phys D Appl Phys 32:2923–2932
Bower DI (2002) An introduction to polymer physics. Cambridge Univeristy Press, Cambridge
Briscoe BJ, Sinha SK (2003) Scratch resistance and localised damage characteristics of polymer surfaces—a review. Materialwiss Werkstofftech 34:989–1002
Brostow W, Cassidy PE, Macossay J et al (2003) Connection of surface tension with multiple tribological properties in epoxy plus fluoropolymer systems. Polym Inter 52:1498–1505
Brostow W, Clwnkaew W, Menard KP (2006) Connection between dynamic mechanical properties and sliding wear resistance of polymers. Mater Res Innovations 10:109
Brostow W, Chonkaew W, Rapoport L et al (2007) Grooves in scratch testing. J Mater Res 22:2483–2487
Burris DL, Perry SS, Sawyer WG (2007) Macroscopic evidence of thermally activated friction with polytetrafluoroethylene. Tribol Lett 27:323–328
Casellas D, Caro J, Molas S et al (2007) Fracture toughness of carbides in tool steels evaluated by nanoindentation. Acta Mater 55:4277–4286
Chen J, Lu G (2012) Finite element modeling of nanoindentation based methods for mechanical properties of cells. J Biomec 45:2810–2816
Chen J, Bell GA, Dong HS et al (2010) A study of low temperature mechanical properties and creep behaviour of polypropylene using a new sub-ambient temperature nanoindentation test platform. J Phys D Appl Phys 43:425404
Chen J, Bell GA, Beake BD et al (2011) Low temperature nano-tribological study on a functionally graded tribological coating using nanoscratch tests. Tribol Lett 43:351–360
Chinh NQ, Gubicza J, Kovacs Z et al (2004) Depth-sensing indentation tests in studying plastic instabilities. J Mater Res 19:31–45
Chudoba T, Richter E (2001) Investigation of creep behaviour under load during indentation experiments and its influence on hardness and modulus results. Surf Coat Technol 148:191–198
Constantinides G, Kalcioglu ZI, McFarland M et al (2008a) Probing mechanical properties of fully hydrated gels and biological tissues. J Biomec 41:3285–3289
Constantinides G, Tweedie CA, Holbrook DM et al (2008b) Quantifying deformation and energy dissipation of polymeric surfaces under localized impact. Mater Sci Eng, A 489:403–412
Dasari A, Yu ZZ, Mai YW (2009) Fundamental aspects and recent progress on wear/scratch damage in polymer nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng, R 63:31–80
Duan ZC, Hodge AM (2009) High-temperature nanoindentation: new developments and ongoing challenges. JOM 61:32–36
Everitt NM, Davies MI, Smith JF (2011) High temperature nanoindentation—the importance of isothermal contact. Philos Mag 91:1221–1244
Feng G, Ngan AHW (2002) Effects of creep and thermal drift on modulus measurement using depth-sensing indentation. J Mater Res 17:660
Fink M, Fabing T, Scheerer M et al (2008) Measurement of mechanical properties of electronic materials at temperatures down to 4.2 K. Cryogenics 48:497–510
Fischer-Cripps AC (2006) Critical review of analysis and interpretation of nanoindentation test data. Surf Coat Technol 200:4153–4165
Fox-Rabinovich GS, Beake BD, Endrino JL et al (2006) Effect of mechanical properties measured at room and elevated temperatures on the wear resistance of cutting tools with TiAlN and AlCrN coatings. Surf Coat Technol 200:5738–5742
Gray A, Beake BD (2007) Elevated temperature nanoindentation and viscoelastic behaviour of thin poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 7:2530–2533
Gray A, Orecchia D, Beake BD (2009) Nanoindentation of advanced polymers under non-ambient conditions: creep modelling and tan delta. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 9:4514–4519
Hysitron (2012) Temperature control stages. http://hysitron.com/products/options-upgrades/temperature-control-stages. Accessed 22 Dec 2012
Iwabuchi, A. and T. Shimizu, et al. (1996). The development of a Vickers-type hardness tester for cryogenic temperatures down to 4.2 K. Cryogenics 36: 75–81
Johnson KL (1985) Contact mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Juliano TF, VanLandingham MR, Tweedie CA et al (2007) Multiscale creep compliance of epoxy networks at elevated temperatures. Exp Mech 47:99–105
Kalcioglu ZI, Qu M, Strawhecker KE et al (2011) Dynamic impact indentation of hydrated biological tissues and tissue surrogate gels. Philos Mag 91:1339–1355
Kaufman JD, Klapperich CM (2009) Surface detection errors cause overestimation of the modulus in nanoindentation on soft materials. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2:312–317
Korte S, Stearn RJ, Wheeler JM et al (2012) High temperature microcompression and nanoindentation in vacuum. J Mater Res 27:167–176
Kranenburg JM, Tweedie CA, van Vliet KJ et al (2009) Challenges and progress in high-throughput screening of polymer mechanical properties by indentation. Adv Mater 21:3551–3561
Li XD, Gao HS, Scrivens WA et al (2004) Nanomechanical characterization of single-walled carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy composites. Nanotechnology 15:1416–1423
Liu TX, Phang IY, Shen L et al (2004) Morphology and mechanical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes reinforced nylon-6 composites. Macromolecules 37:7214–7222
Lu YC, Jones DC, Tandon GP et al (2010) High temperature nanoindentation of PMR-15 polyimide. Exp Mech 50:491–499
Mencik J, He LH, Swain MV (2009) Determination of viscoelastic-plastic material parameters of biomaterials by instrumented indentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2:318
MicroMaterials (2012) High and low temperature control. http://www.micromaterials.co.uk/the-nanotest/high-and-low-temperature-control. Accessed 22 Dec 2012
Monclus MA, Jennett NM (2011) In search of validated measurements of the properties of viscoelastic materials by indentation with sharp indenters. Philos Mag 91:1308–1328
Ngan AHW, Tang B (2002) Viscoelastic effects during unloading in depth-sensing indentation. J Mater Res 17:2604–2610
Ngan AHW, Tang B (2009) Response of power-law-viscoelastic and time-dependent materials to rate jumps. J Mater Res 24:853–862
Oliver WC, Pharr GM (1992) An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J Mater Res 7:1564–1583
Oyen ML (2005) Spherical indentation creep following ramp loading. J Mater Res 20:2094–2100
Oyen ML (2006) Analytical techniques for indentation of viscoelastic materials. Philos Mag 86:5625
Oyen ML (2007) Sensitivity of polymer nanoindentation creep measurements to experimental variables. Acta Mater 55:3633
Oyen ML, Cook RF (2009) A practical guide for analysis of nanoindentation data. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2:396–407
Phang IY, Liu TX, Mohamed A et al (2005) Morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of nylon 12/organoclay nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding. Polym Inter 54:456–464
Round AN, Yan B, Dang S et al (2000) The influence of water on the nanomechanical behavior of the plant biopolyester cutin as studied by AFM and solid-state NMR. Biophys J 79:2761–2767
Sawant A, Tin S (2008) High temperature nanoindentation of a Re-bearing single crystal Ni-base superalloy. Scripta Mater 58:275–278
Schmidt DJ, Cebeci FC, Kalcioglu ZI et al (2009) Electrochemically controlled swelling and mechanical properties of a polymer nanocomposite. ACS Nano 3:2207–2216
Schuh CA, Mason JK, Lund AC et al (2005) High temperature nanoindentation for the study of flow defects. Fundamentals of Nanoindentation and Nanotribology III, Boston
Shen L, Phang IY, Chen L et al (2004a) Nanoindentation and morphological studies on nylon 66 nanocomposites. I. Effect Clay Loading Polym 45:3341–3349
Shen L, Phang IY, Liu TX et al (2004b) Nanoindentation and morphological studies on nylon 66/organoclay nanocomposites. II. Effect Strain Rate Polym 45:8221–8229
Singh SP, Smith JF, Singh RP (2008) Characterization of the damping behavior of a nanoindentation instrument for carrying out dynamic experiments. Exp Mech 48:571–583
Sinha SK, Lim D (2006) Effects of normal load on single-pass scratching of polymer surfaces. Wear 260:751–765
Sneddon IN (1965) The relation between load and penetration in axisymmetric Boussinesq problem for punch of arbitrary profile. Int J Eng Sci 3:47–57
Suzuki T, Ohmura T (1996) Ultra-microindentation of silicon at elevated temperatures. Philos Mag A 74:1073–1084
Tehrani M, Safdari M, Al-Haik MS (2011) Nanocharacterization of creep behavior of multiwall carbon nanotubes/epoxy nanocomposite. Int J Plast 27:887–901
Tehrani M, Al-Haik M, Garmestani H et al (2012) Effect of moderate magnetic annealing on the microstructure, quasi-static, and viscoelastic mechanical behavior of a structural epoxy. J Eng, Mater Technol 134
Tweedie CA, Van Vliet KJ (2006) Contact creep compliance of viscoelastic materials via nanoindentation. J Mater Res 21:1576–1589
Tweedie CA, Constantinides G, Lehman KE et al (2007) Enhanced stiffness of amorphous polymer surfaces under confinement of localized contact loads. Adv Mater 19:2540–2546
Xia J, Li CX, Dong H (2003) Hot-stage nano-characterisations of an iron aluminide. Mater Sci Eng, A 354:112–120
Xu GC, Li AY, De Zhang L et al (2004) Nanomechanic properties of polymer-based nanocomposites with nanosilica by nanoindentation. J Reinf Plast Compos 23:1365–1372
Ye JP, Kojima N, Shimizu S et al (2005) High-temperature nanoindentation measurement for hardness and modulus evaluation of low-k films. Materials, Technology and Reliability for Advanced Interconnects, San Francisco
Yoshino Y, Iwabuchi A, Onodera R et al (2001) Vickers hardness properties of structural materials for superconducting magnet at cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenics 41:505–511
Zhu Y, Okui N, Tanaka T et al (1991) Low temperature properties of hard elastic polypropylene fibres. Polymer 32:2588–2593
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chen, J., Beake, B.D., Dong, H., Bell, G.A. (2014). Environmental Nanomechanical Testing of Polymers and Nanocomposites. In: Tiwari, A. (eds) Nanomechanical Analysis of High Performance Materials. Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, vol 203. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6919-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6919-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-6918-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-6919-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)