Skip to main content

Drainage Water Reuse: Concepts, Practices and Potential Crops

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Salinity and Drainage in San Joaquin Valley, California

Part of the book series: Global Issues in Water Policy ((GLOB,volume 5))

Abstract

Reuse of drainage water for irrigation is recognized as a viable means of reducing the amount of saline-sodic spent water that will ultimately require treatment or disposal in the western San Joaquin Valley (SJVDP 1990). This practice is not a long-term solution in itself, but rather an integral component to drainage water management in the San Joaquin Valley. For reuse to be successful, soil salinity and boron (B) cannot accumulate to levels damaging to crop growth; soil physical conditions conducive to water infiltration must be sustained; and trace element accumulation in crops and forages must remain low enough not to threaten the health of humans or livestock (Oster and Grattan 2002).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ayar, J. E, Basinal, L. (2005). A technical advisor’s manual. Managing agricultural irrigation drainage water. A guide for developing integrated on-farm drainage management systems. (Eds.), Chapters 1 to 9. Fresno: Westside Resources Conservation District and Center for Irrigation Technology, California State University Fresno.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayars, J. E., Hutmacher, R. B., Hoffman, G. J., Ben-Asher, J., & Pflaum, T. (1990). Response of sugar beet to non-uniform irrigation. Irrigation Science, 11, 101–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayars, J. E., Hutmacher, R. B., Schoneman, R. A., Vail, S. S., & Pflaum, T. (1993). Long-term use of saline water for irrigation. Irrigation Science, 14, 27–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, R. S. & Westcot, D. W. (1985). Water quality for agriculture (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29 Rev.1, 174pp.). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bañuelos, G. S., Sharmarsakar, S., Cone, D., & Stuhr, G. (2003). Vegetative approach for improving the quality of water produced from soils in the Westside of central California. Plant and Soil, 249, 229–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bari, M. A., & Schofield, N. J. (1992). Lowering of a shallow, saline water table by extensive eucalypt reforestation. Journal of Hydrology, 133, 273–291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bassil, E., & Kaffka, S. R. (2002a). Response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to saline soils and irrigation. II. Consumptive water use. Agricultural Water Management, 54, 67–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bassil, E., & Kaffka, S. R. (2002b). Response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to saline soils and irrigation. II. Crop growth and yield. Agricultural Water Management, 54, 81–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benes, S., Grattan, S. R., Finch, C., & Basinal, L. (2004). Plant selection for IFDM. In: T. Jacobsen & L. Basinal (Eds.), A landowner’s manual: Managing agricultural irrigation drainage water. A guide for developing integrated on-farm drainage management systems (pp. 6–1 to 6–21). Fresno: California State Water Resources Control Board. Hudson Orth Communications. http://cit.cati.csufresno.edu/DrainageManual/Content/Chapter6.pdf. Accessed June 2012.

  • Bradford, S., & Letey, J. (1992). Cyclic and blending strategies for using nonsaline and saline waters for irrigation. Irrigation Science, 13, 123–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. H., & Shelp, B. J. (1997). Boron mobility in plants. Plant and Soil, 193, 85–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. H., Bellaloui, N., Wimmer, M. A., Bassil, E. S., Ruis, J., Hu, H., Pfeffer, H., Dannel, F., & Römheld, V. (2002). Boron in plant biology. Plant Boil, 4, 211–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardon, G. E., & Letey, J. (1992). Soil-based irrigation and salinity management model: I. Plant water uptake calculations. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 56, 1881–1887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cervinka, V. (1994). Agroforestry farming system for the management of selenium and salt on irrigated farmland. In W. T. Frankenberger Jr. & S. Benson (Eds.), Selenium in the environment (pp. 237–250). New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corwin, D., Kaffka, S. R., Oster, J. D., Hopmans, J. W., Mori, Y., van Groenigen, J. W., & van Kessel, C. (2003). Assessment and field-scale mapping of soil quality properties of a saline-sodic soil. Geoderma, 114, 231–259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corwin, D. L., Lesch, S. M., Oster, J. D., & Kaffka, S. R. (2006). Monitoring management-induced spatio–temporal changes in soil quality through soil sampling directed by apparent electrical conductivity. Geoderma, 131(3/4), 369–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinar, A., Letey, J., & Vaux, H. J., Jr. (1986). Optimal ratios of saline and nonsaline irrigation waters for crop production. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50(2), 440–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, G. L., Meiri, A., & Letey, J. (2003). Evaluation of a model for irrigation management under saline conditions: I. Effects on plant growth. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 67, 71–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, E. P., Brown, J. J., & O’Leary, J. W. (1998, August). Irrigating crops with seawater. Scientific American, 279, 76–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, E. P., Brown, J. J., & Blumwald, E. (1999). Salt tolerance and crop potential as halophytes. Critical Reviews in Plants Sciences, 18, 227–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, S. R., & Oster, J. D. (2003). Use and reuse of saline-sodic waters for irrigation of crops. In S. S. Goyal, S. K. Sharma, & D. W. Rains (Eds.), Crop production in saline environments: Global and integrative perspectives (pp. 131–162). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, S. R., Shennan, C., May, D. M., Mitchell, J. P., & Burau, R. G. (1987). Use of drainage water for irrigation of melons and tomatoes. California Agriculture, 41, 27–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, S. R., Shannon, M. C., Grieve, C. M., Poss, J. A., Suarez, D. L., & Francois, L. E. (1996). Interactive effects of salinity and boron on the performance and water use of eucalyptus. Acta Horticulture, 449, 607–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, S. R., Benes, S. E., & Peters, D.W., & Mitchell, J. P. (1999, September 11–19). Potential suitability of the halophyte Salicornia bigelovii as the final crop in a drainage water reuse sequence. In: Proceeding of 17th international congress on irrigation and drainage (pp. 107–120). Granada, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, S. R., Grieve, C. M., Poss, J. A., Robinson, P. H., Suarez, D. L., & Benes, S. E. (2004a). Evaluation of salt-tolerant forages for sequential water reuse systems. I. Biomass production. Agricultural Water Management, 70, 109–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, S. R., Grieve, C. M., Poss, J. A., Robinson, P. H., Suarez, D. L., & Benes, S. E. (2004b). Evaluation of salt-tolerant forages for sequential water reuse systems. III. Potential implications for ruminant mineral nutrition. Agricultural Water Management, 70, 137–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, S. R., Benes, S. E., Diaz, F., & Peters, D. W. (2008). Feasibility of irrigating Salicornia bigelovii Torr. with hyper-saline drainage water. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37:S, 149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieve, C. M., & Suarez, D. L. (1997). Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L): A halophytic crop for drainage water reuse systems. Plant and Soil, 192, 277–283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, U. C., Jame, Y. W., Campbell, C. A., Leyshon, A. J., & Nicholaichuk, W. (1985). Boron toxicity and deficiency: A review. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 65, 381–409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, D. W., Jackson, T. L., & Harvard, M. E. (1968). Effect of molybdenum and lime on the growth and molybdenum content of alfalfa grown on acid soils. Soil Science, 105(6), 397–402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jury, W. A., Tuli, A., & Letey, J. (2003). Effect of travel time on management of a sequential reuse drainage operation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 67, 1122–1126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaffka, S. R., & Hembree, K. (2004). The effects of saline soil and irrigation on sugarbeet stand establishment. The Journal of Sugar Beet Research, 41(3), 61–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaffka, S. R., Daxue, D., & Peterson, G. (1999). Saline water can be used to irrigate sugarbeets, but sugar may be low. California Agriculture, 53(1), 11–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaffka, S. R., Oster, J. D., & Corwin, D. L. (2002, August 14–21). Using forages and livestock to manage drainage water in the San Joaquin Valley. In: I. Kheoruenrome (Ed.), 17th world congress of soil science (Symp. No. 34: 2059-1 to 2059-12). Bangkok, World Congress of Soil Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaffka, S., Oster, J., Maas, J., & Corwin, D. (2004, December 13–15). Forage production and soil reclamation using saline drainage water. In: Proceedings of the 2004 National Alfalfa Symposium and the 34th CA Alfalfa Symposium (pp. 247–253), San Diego, CA. Davis: Department of Agricultural and Range Science Cooperative Extension, UC Davis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, J., & Allaway, W. H. (1972). Geographic distribution of trace element problems. In J. J. Mordtvedt, P. M. Giordano, & W. L. Lindsay (Eds.), Micronutrients in agriculture. Madison: Soil Science Society of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Läuchli, A. (2002). Functions of boron in higher plants: Recent advances and open questions. Plant Biol, 4, 190–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Läuchli, A., & Grattan, S. R. (2007). Plant growth and development under salinity stress. In M. A. Jenks, P. A. Hasegawa, & S. M. Jain (Eds.), Advances in molecular-breeding towards salinity and drought tolerance (pp. 1–31). London: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Läuchli, A., Grieve, C. M., Grattan, S. R., Smith, T. E., Poss, J. A. & Suarez, D. L. (2008, March 30–April 3). Does boron limit the use of saline water for irrigation? In Proceedings 2nd International Salinity Forum, Adelaide.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesch, S. M., Rhoades, J. D., & Corwin, D. L. (2000) ESAP-95 version 2.01R: User manual and tutorial guide (Research Report No. 146). Riverside: United States Department of Agriculture, George E. Brown Jr., Salinity Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letey, J., & Dinar, A. (1986). Simulated crop-production functions for several crops when irrigated with saline waters. Hilgarida, 54, 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letey, J., & Feng, G. L. (2007). Dynamic versus steady-state approaches to evaluate irrigation management of saline waters. Agricultural Water Management, 91, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Letey, J., Dinar, A., & Knapp, K. C. (1985). Crop-water production function model for saline irrigation waters. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49, 1005–1009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maas, E. V., & Grattan, S. R. (1999). Crop yields as affected by salinity. In R. W. Skaggs & J. van Schilfgaarde (Eds.), Agricultural drainage (Monograph 38, pp. 55–108). Madison: American Society of Agronomy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maas, E. V., & Hoffman, G. J. (1977). Crop salt tolerance – Current assessment. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division ASCE, 103(IR2), 115–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, J. (1990). The biochemical pathogenesis of molybdenum-induced copper deficiency syndromes in ruminants: Towards the final chapter. Irish Veterinary Journal, 43(1), 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masters, D. G., Benes, S. E., & Norman, H. (2007). Biosaline agriculture for forage and livestock production. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 119, 234–248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikkelsen, R. L., Page, A. L., & Bingham, F. T. (1989). Factors affecting selenium accumulation by agricultural crops. In L. W. Jacobs (Ed.), Selenium in agriculture and the environment (Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 23, pp. 65–94). Madison: American Society of Agriculture and Soil Science Society of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. P., Shennan, C., Singer, M. J., Peters, D., Miller, R. O., Prichard, T., Grattan, S. R., Rhoades, J. D., May, D. M., & Munk, D. (2000). Impacts of gypsum and winter cover crops on soil physical properties and crop productivity when irrigated with saline water. Agricultural Water Management, 45(1), 55–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, J. D., & Thomson, L. A. J. (1983). The role of trees in dryland salinity control. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 95(3), 123–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nable, R. O., Bañuelos, G. S., & Paul, J. G. (1997). Boron toxicity. Plant and Soil, 193, 181–198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NRC (National Research Council). (1996). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC (National Research Council). (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohlendorf, H. M. (1989). Bioaccumulation and effects of selenium in wildlife. In L. W. Jacobs (Ed.), Selenium in agriculture and the environment (pp. 133–177). Madison: Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oster, J. D. (1994). Irrigation with poor quality water. Agricultural Water Management, 25, 271–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oster, J. D., & Grattan, S. R. (2002). Drainage water reuse. Irrigation Drainage Systems, 16, 297–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osweiler, G. D., Carson, T. L., Buck, W. B., & van Gelder, G. A. (1985). Clinical and diagnostic veterinary toxicology (3rd ed.). Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt (Publishers).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pang, X. P., & Letey, J. (1998). Development and evaluation of ENVIRO-GRO, an integrated water, salinity, and nitrogen model. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 62, 1418–1427.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasternak, D., DeMhalach, Y., & Borovic, I. (1986). Irrigation with brackish water under desert conditions VII. Effect of time of application of brackish water on production of processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.). Agricultural Water Mangement, 12, 149–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillippo, M., Humphries, W. R., Atkinson, T., Henderson, G. D., & Garhwaite, P. H. (1987). The effect of dietary molybdenum and iron on copper status, puberty, fertility and oestrus cycles in cattle. Journal of Agricultural Science, 109, 321–336.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qadir, M., & Oster, J. D. (2004). Crop and irrigation management strategies for saline-sodic soils and waters aimed at environmentally sustainable agriculture. Science of the Total Environment, 323, 1–19. Elsevier Press. www.sciencedirect.com.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rains, D. W., Goyal, S., Weyrauch, R., & Lauchli, A. (1987). Saline drainage water reuse in a cotton rotation system. California Agriculture, 41, 24–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, J. D. (1984). Use of saline water for irrigation. California Agriculture, 38(10), 42–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, J. D. (1987). Use of saline water for irrigation. Water Quality Bulletin, 12, 14–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, J. D., Bingham, F. T., Letey, J., Dedrick, A. R., Bean, M., Hoffman, G. J., Alves, W. J., Swain, R. V., Acheco, P. G., & Lemert, R. D. (1988). Reuse of drainage water for irrigation: Results of imperial valley study. Hilgardia, 56, 1–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, J. D., Bingham, F. T., Letey, J., Hoffman, G. D., Pinter, A. R., Alves, W. J., Swain, R., Pacheco, P., Lemert, R., & Replogle, J. A. (1989). Use of saline drainage water for irrigation: Imperial valley study. Agricultural Water Management, 16, 25–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, J. D., Kandiah, A., & Mashali, A. M. (1992). The use of saline waters for crop production (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 48, 133pp.). Rome: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, P. R., Grattan, S. R., Getachew, G., Grieve, C. M., Poss, J. A., Suarez, D. S., & Benes, S. E. (2004). Biomass accumulation and potential nutritive value of some forages irrigated with saline-sodic drainage water. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 111, 175–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, I., & Beath, O. A. (1964). Selenium: Geobotany, biochemistry, toxicity and nutrition. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanden, B. L., Ferguson, L., Reyes, H. C., & Grattan, S. R. (2004). Effect of salinity on evapotranspiration and yield of San Joaquin valley pistachios. Acta Horticulture, 664, 583–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shalhevet, J. (1984). Management of irrigation with brackish water. In I. Shainberg & J. Shalhevet (Eds.), Soil salinity under irrigation, processes and management (pp. 298–318). London: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, D. P., & Tyagi, N. K. (2004). On-farm management of saline drainage water in arid and semi-arid regions. Irrigation and Drainage, 53, 87–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shennan, C., Grattan, S. R., May, D. M., Hillhouse, C. J., Schactman, D. P., Wander, M., Roberts, B., Burau, R. G., McNeish, C., & Zelinski, L. (1995). Feasibility of cyclic reuse of saline drainage in a tomato-cotton rotation. Journal of Environmental Quality, 24, 476–486.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SJVDP (San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program). (1990). A management plan for agricultural subsurface drainage and related problems on the Westside San Joaquin Valley (Final report of the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program, 183pp.). Sacramento: U.S. Dept. Interior and Calif. Resources Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suttle, F. N. (1991). The interactions between copper, molybdenum and sulfur in ruminant nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition, 2, 121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suyama, H., Benes, S. E., Robinson, P. H., Getachew, G., Grattan, S. R., & Grieve, C. M. (2007a). Biomass yield and nutritional quality of forage species under long-term irrigation with saline-sodic drainage water: Field evaluation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 135, 329–345.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suyam, H., Benes, S. E., Robinson, P. H., Grattan, S. R., Grieve, C. M., & Getachew, G. (2007b). Forage productivity, and quality under irrigation with saline-sodic drainage water: Greenhouse evaluation. Agriculture Water Management, 88, 159–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanji, K. K., Valoppi. L.,& Woodring, R. C. (Eds.). (1988). Selenium contents in animal and human food crops grown in California. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Publication 3330, 102pp.). Oakland: University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valoppi, L., & Tanji, K. K. (1988). Are the selenium levels in food crops and waters of concern? In: K. K. Tanji, L. Valoppi & R. C. Woodring (Eds.), Selenium contents in animal and human food crops grown in California. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Publication 3330, 102pp.). Oakland: University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Schilfgaarde, J. (1990). Irrigated agriculture: Is it sustainable? , In: K. K. Tanji (Ed.), Agricultural salinity assessment and management (Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 71, pp. 584–594). New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velarde, M., Felker, P., & Degano, C. (2003). Evaluation of Argentine & Peruvian Prosopis germplasm for growth at seawater salinities. Journal of Arid Environments, 55, 515–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, G. M. L. (1978). Molybdenum toxicity and hypocuprosis in ruminants: A review. Journal of Animal Science, 46, 1078–1085.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stephen R. Grattan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grattan, S.R., Oster, J.D., Letey, J., Kaffka, S.R. (2014). Drainage Water Reuse: Concepts, Practices and Potential Crops. In: Chang, A., Brawer Silva, D. (eds) Salinity and Drainage in San Joaquin Valley, California. Global Issues in Water Policy, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6851-2_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics