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Permian and Triassic Dicynodont (Therapsida: Anomodontia) Faunas of the Luangwa Basin, Zambia: Taxonomic Update and Implications for Dicynodont Biogeography and Biostratigraphy

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Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida

Part of the book series: Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology ((VERT))

Abstract

Dicynodont fossils were first collected in the Luangwa Basin, Zambia, in the 1920s, but limited detailed study and taxonomic uncertainty have obscured their biostratigraphic utility and their implications for topics such as dicynodont biogeography and the effects of the end-Permian extinction. Here we present a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the dicynodonts of the Luangwa Basin, taking into account specimens in all major museum collections and new material collected by our team in 2009. We recognize 14 dicynodont species from the Upper Permian Upper Madumabisa Mudstone: Pristerodon mackayi, Endothiodon sp., Diictodon feliceps, Compsodon helmoedi, Emydops sp., Dicynodontoides cf. D. nowacki, a new tusked cistecephalid, cf. Katumbia parringtoni, Kitchinganomodon crassus, Oudenodon bainii, Odontocyclops whaitsi, Dicynodon huenei, Syops vanhoepeni, and a new lystrosaurid. Previous reports of Lystrosaurus in the basin appear to be in error. In addition, we found no significant partitioning of dicynodont taxa in the northern and southern parts of the basin, despite substantial differences in preservation, indicating the presence of a single faunal assemblage in the Upper Permian. The Madumabisa dicynodont assemblage is best correlated with the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa. The shared presence of Dicynodon huenei and possibly Katumbia in the Luangwa Basin and the Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania suggests that the Tanzanian Usili Formation also can be correlated with the Cistecephalus zone. Interestingly, the Madumabisa assemblage from Zambia is more similar to the coeval assemblage from South Africa, despite its closer geographic proximity to Tanzania. The Karoo and Ruhuhu basins also include more endemic species in the Permian than the Luangwa Basin. The Middle Triassic Ntawere Formation preserves four dicynodont species (Kannemeyeria lophorhinus, “Kannemeyeria” latirostris, Zambiasaurus submersus, Sangusaurus edentatus), which occur at two stratigraphic levels. The lower Ntawere assemblage resembles that of the Omingonde Formation of Namibia in the presence of Kannemeyeria lophorhinus and potentially Dolichuranus (if “K.” latirostris represents this taxon). The upper Ntawere assemblage shares the genus Sangusaurus with that of the Manda beds of Tanzania and includes the endemic Zambiasaurus. Comparisons of these assemblages to the Omingonde and Manda suggest that both are best correlated with the Cynognathus C subzone. When combined with data on other tetrapod taxa, our revised dicynodont assemblages contribute to an emerging picture of broad faunal similarity in southern and eastern Africa during the Late Permian, and increasing differentiation between the South African and other Karoo basins following the end-Permian extinction.

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Acknowledgments

Fieldwork in Zambia in 2009 was made possible by a grant from the National Geographic Society (CRE 8571-08 to J.S.S.) and additional support from the Field Museum of Natural History. R.L.W.’s participation in the 2009 expedition was made possible by a grant from The Field Museum/IDP Foundation, Inc. African Training Fund (to K.D.A.). K. Mwamulowe and C. Chipote (NHCC) provided much helpful assistance in planning and carrying out the 2009 expedition, and in obtaining our temporary export permits. J.S.S. thanks the UMR 7207 of the CNRS (Paris) for additional support. A. Goulding and J. Menke made valuable contributions to the fieldwork and provided additional logistical support in Zambia. B. Rubidge and B. Zipfel (BP) arranged the loan of BP/1/3337, BP/1/3591, and BP/1/3603 to K.D.A. A. Shinya, L. Herzog, and C. Van Beek (Field Museum of Natural History) prepared many of the specimens figured in this paper, including all of the figured material from the 2009 expedition. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA

    Kenneth D. Angielczyk

  2. Department of Earth History, CNRS-Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, 8 rue Buffon, CP 38, 75005, Paris, France

    Jean-Sébastien Steyer

  3. Burke Museum and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

    Christian A. Sidor

  4. Department of Karoo Palaeontology, Iziko: South African Museum, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa

    Roger M. H. Smith

  5. Department of Science and Mathematics, Columbia College Chicago, 600 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA

    Robin L. Whatley

  6. Chipembele Wildlife Education Centre, Chowo Site, Malama Road, P. O. Box 67, Mfuwe, Zambia

    Stephen Tolan

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Correspondence to Kenneth D. Angielczyk .

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  1. Division of Paleontology and Richard Gilder, Graduate School American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA

    Christian F. Kammerer

  2. Department of Geology, Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Kenneth D. Angielczyk

  3. Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Jörg Fröbisch

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Angielczyk, K.D., Steyer, JS., Sidor, C.A., Smith, R.M.H., Whatley, R.L., Tolan, S. (2014). Permian and Triassic Dicynodont (Therapsida: Anomodontia) Faunas of the Luangwa Basin, Zambia: Taxonomic Update and Implications for Dicynodont Biogeography and Biostratigraphy. In: Kammerer, C., Angielczyk, K., Fröbisch, J. (eds) Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_7

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