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Synapsid Diversity and the Rock Record in the Permian-Triassic Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa

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Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida

Part of the book series: Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology ((VERT))

Abstract

This study investigates diversity patterns of Synapsida in the Permian-Triassic sequence of the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Permian-Triassic synapsids represent the dominant terrestrial tetrapods of their time and play a central role in assessing the impact of the end-Permian mass extinction on terrestrial ecosystems. On the regional scale of the Karoo Basin, synapsid diversity shows a mid-Permian extinction and a pronounced extinction event at the end of the Permian, whereas the subclades of Synapsida exhibit clade-specific diversity patterns. Taxonomic diversity estimates (TDEs) of Synapsida and its subclades are not significantly correlated with outcrop area for the complete time series. However, after exclusion of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone from all data series, the TDEs of the majority of synapsid subclades show statistically significant strong positive correlations with outcrop area. Nonetheless, diversity residuals, resulting from modeled diversity estimates, exhibit clade-specific patterns with varying support for a mid-Permian event and strong support for an end-Permian extinction. The results confirm studies at the global scale and imply that synapsid diversity in the Karoo Basin is at least partially biased by the Permian-Triassic terrestrial rock record. Moreover, Anomodontia, the most speciose clade of non-mammalian synapsids, is not the sole driver of the synapsid diversity signal. Instead, there seems to be a general synapsid pattern, with each subclade diverging from this pattern to varying degrees for clade-specific reasons. Thus, despite the obvious rock record bias, the end-Permian extinction maintains its major impact on synapsid diversity and therefore on the composition and structure of past and present terrestrial ecosystems.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Ken Angielczyk and Christian Kammerer for organizing the ‘Synapsid Symposium’ at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Bristol, UK. Ken Angielczyk further provided the majority of the taxonomic and stratigraphic data on Karoo vertebrates. This work greatly benefited from reviews by Roger Benson, Philip Mannion, and Marcello Ruta. This study was financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FR 2457/3-1) and a Sofja Kovalevskaja Award of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Humboldt-Universität, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany

    Jörg Fröbisch

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  1. Jörg Fröbisch
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Correspondence to Jörg Fröbisch .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Paleontology and Richard Gilder, Graduate School American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA

    Christian F. Kammerer

  2. Department of Geology, Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Kenneth D. Angielczyk

  3. Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Jörg Fröbisch

Appendices

Appendix 18.1

List of synapsid genera per assemblage zone of the South African Karoo Basin

Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone

  • Australosyodon

  • Eodicynodon

  • “Eodicynodon” oelofseni

  • Glanosuchus

  • Ictidosaurus

  • Patranomodon

  • Tapinocaninus

  • indet. gorgonopsian

Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone

  • Alopecodon

  • Anomocephalus

  • Anteosaurus

  • Avenantia

  • Brachyprosopus

  • Bullacephalus

  • Chelydontops

  • Colobodectes

  • Crapartinella

  • Criocephalosaurus

  • Delphinognathus

  • Diictodon

  • Elliotsmithia

  • Eoarctops

  • Eosimops

  • Galechirus

  • Galeops

  • Galepus

  • Glanosuchus

  • Heleosaurus

  • Hipposaurus

  • Ictidosaurus

  • Jonkeria

  • Keratocephalus

  • Lanthanostegus

  • Lycosuchus

  • Mormosaurus

  • Moschops

  • Pachydectes

  • Pardosuchus

  • Phocosaurus

  • Pristerodon

  • Pristerognathus

  • Prosictodon

  • Riebeeckosaurus

  • Robertia

  • Scylacognathus

  • Scylacosaurus

  • Simorhinella

  • Struthiocephalus

  • Struthiocephaloides

  • Styracocephalus

  • Tapinocephalus

  • Taurocephalus

  • Titanosuchus

Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone

  • Dicynodontoides

  • Diictodon

  • Emydops

  • Endothiodon

  • Eosimops

  • Glanosuchus

  • Hipposaurus

  • Hofmeyria

  • Pristerodon

  • Pristerognathus

  • Scylacognathus

Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone

  • Charassognathus

  • Cistecephalus

  • Cyonosaurus

  • Dicynodontoides

  • Diictodon

  • Emydops

  • Endothiodon

  • Gorgonops

  • Hofmeyria

  • Ictidosuchoides

  • Ictidosuchops

  • Lobalopex

  • Lophorhinus

  • Lycaenops

  • Oudenodon

  • Pristerodon

  • Procynosuchus

  • Rhachiocephalus

  • Scylacognathus

  • Tropidostoma

Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone

  • Aelurognathus

  • Aelurosaurus

  • Aloposaurus

  • Arctognathus

  • Aulacephalodon

  • Basilodon

  • Choerosaurus

  • Cistecephalus

  • Clelandina

  • Compsodon

  • Cyonosaurus

  • Dicynodon

  • Dicynodontoides

  • Diictodon

  • Dinanomodon

  • Emydops

  • Endothiodon

  • Euchambersia

  • Euptychognathus

  • Gorgonops

  • Herpetoskylax

  • Ictidostoma

  • Ictidosuchoides

  • Ictidosuchops

  • Kitchinganomodon

  • Lycaenodon

  • Lycaenops

  • Mirotenthes

  • Myosauroides

  • Notaelurodon

  • Odontocyclops

  • Oudenodon

  • Paraburnetia

  • Pristerodon

  • Procynosuchus

  • Rhachiocephalus

  • Rubidgea

  • Scylacognathus

  • Sintocephalus

Dicynodon Assemblage Zone

  • Aelurognathus

  • Aelurosaurus

  • Akidnognathus

  • Aloposaurus

  • Arctognathus

  • Aulacephalodon

  • Basilodon

  • Burnetia

  • Cerdosuchoides

  • Cistecephaloides

  • Clelandina

  • Cynosaurus

  • Cyonosaurus

  • Daptocephalus

  • Dicynodon

  • Dicynodontoides

  • Diictodon

  • Dinanomodon

  • Emydops

  • Ictidochampsa

  • Ictidorhinus

  • Ictidosuchoides

  • Ictidosuchops

  • Keyseria

  • Kwazulusaurus

  • Lemurosaurus

  • Lycaenops

  • Lycideops

  • Lystrosaurus

  • Myosauroides

  • Nanictidops

  • Nanictosaurus

  • Notaelurodon

  • Oudenodon

  • Pelanomodon

  • Polycynodon

  • Pristerodon

  • Procynosuchus

  • Propelanomodon

  • Rubidgea

  • Scaloporhinus

  • Scylacognathus

  • Sycosaurus

  • Theriognathus

  • Tigrisuchus

Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone

  • Ericiolacerta

  • Galesaurus

  • Ictidosuchoides

  • Lystrosaurus

  • Myosaurus

  • Notaelurodon

  • Olivierosuchus

  • Platycraniellus

  • Progalesaurus

  • Regisaurus

  • Scaloposaurus

  • Thrinaxodon

  • Tigrisuchus

Cynognathus Assemblage Zone

  • Angonisaurus

  • Bauria

  • Bolotridon

  • Cistecynodon

  • Cricodon

  • Cynognathus

  • Diademodon

  • Kannemeyeria

  • Kombuisia

  • Langbergia

  • Lumkuia

  • Mircrogomphodon

  • Shansiodon

  • Trirachodon

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Fröbisch, J. (2014). Synapsid Diversity and the Rock Record in the Permian-Triassic Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa. In: Kammerer, C., Angielczyk, K., Fröbisch, J. (eds) Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_18

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