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Emissions of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants During the Combustion of Wood, Straw and Biogas

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Abstract

In Europe, wood combustion in stoves and boilers is widely applied for residential heating. In Germany, approximately 15 million of 40 million households own small-scale furnaces, which deliver 7 % of Germany’s heat consumption. Using state-of-the-art small-scale combustion systems, we investigated how the air quality changes due to the emissions of harmful elements and organic pollutants during the combustion of wood and straw.

Heavy metals: Beside the fuel, we analysed all the originating ashes – grate ash, heat exchanger ash, and fly ash – to reconstruct element fluxes. As the input/output balance calculations show, some elements – such as cadmium, zinc, tin, thallium, lead, bismuth and antimony – may also be retained within the cooler zones of the furnace, in the chimney, or in the refractory lining material where samples could not be taken. Only the elements contained in the filter ash are emitted; at most, these element portions represent 30 % of the amount contained in the fuel.

Organic pollutants: The concentration of organic compounds strongly depends on the fuel type, the furnace and the combustion conditions. The emission of, for instance, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; especially Benzo(a)pyrene) can only barely be detected in wood pellet boilers, is more in wood chip furnaces and is more than a factor 100 higher in wood-log-fuelled fireplaces, indicating inappropriate conditions for complete oxidation. This situation is critical, considering that there are now six million wood log fireplaces in Germany.

The pollutants are bound in fine (<1 μm) particles or gaseous compounds and may enter the lungs’ alveoli and contaminate the body. Clearly, effective emission reduction measures are necessary.

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Abbreviations

CHE:

condensing heat exchanger

CHP plant:

combined heat and power plant

EC:

elemental carbon

ESP:

electrostatic precipitator

ICP-OES:

inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer

ICP-MS:

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer

MJ:

Megajoule = 106 Joule

OC:

organic carbon

PAH:

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PJ:

Petajoule = 1015 Joule

PM:

particulate matter

PM2.5 :

particulate matter with a diameter of smaller than 2.5 μm

SOA:

secondary organic aerosol

TEQ:

toxic equivalent

TSP:

total suspended particulate matter (the total of all particles in the air)

TTC:

threshold of toxicological concern

WSOC:

water-soluble organic compounds

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany

    Torben Seidel, Jürgen Orasche & Hans Ruppert

  2. Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany

    Jürgen Orasche & Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis

  3. Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany

    Jürgen Orasche

  4. Technology- and Support Centre of Renewable Raw Materials (TFZ), Schulgassse 18, Straubing, D-94315, Germany

    Hans Hartmann

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  1. Torben Seidel
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  2. Jürgen Orasche
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  3. Hans Ruppert
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  4. Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
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  5. Hans Hartmann
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Correspondence to Hans Ruppert .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Sedimentology and Environm, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, Göttingen, 37077, Germany

    Hans Ruppert

  2. Institute of Geography, Department of Cartography, GIS and Remot, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 5, Göttingen, 37077, Germany

    Martin Kappas

  3. , Interdisciplinary Centre for Sustainable, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, Göttingen, 37077, Germany

    Jens Ibendorf

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Seidel, T., Orasche, J., Ruppert, H., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Hartmann, H. (2013). Emissions of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants During the Combustion of Wood, Straw and Biogas. In: Ruppert, H., Kappas, M., Ibendorf, J. (eds) Sustainable Bioenergy Production - An Integrated Approach. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6642-6_13

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